SociologyLiterature Literature Review/ASA Citation Style Sociology Review/ASA Citation Style Green boxes contain information specific to ASA formatting. Blue bubbles with dashed lines contain information specific to writing a sociology literature review. Note: This message can only be read by screen readers. This paper contacts numerous comments regarding ASA formatting and literature review According to ASA formatting, the According to ASA formatting, the title page should only include the title page should only include the following information: title of the following information: essay, name of student, name of Title of the Essay school, and word count. *This Name of Student Name of School information should be Word Count double-spaced and centered on *This information should be doublethe page. Additionally, page spaced and centered on the page. numbers should be included on the upper right-hand corner of each page. specific information. Ageism in the To Workplace not disrupt the flow of the paper, these comments Jane Doe have been moved theHawai'i footnotes - West O'ahu Universitytoof on each page. Word Count: 972 Page numbers should be included on the upper righthand corner of each page. Literature Comment: Thereview introduction TheReview introduction of the literature should: of 1. Introduce the topic the literature review should: 1. Introduce the 2. Identify overall trends in what has been published on the topic 2. Identify overalltopic trends in what has been 3. Include a thesis statement the a overall purpose and published on the topic 3.stating Include thesis the factors discussed throughout the literature review statement stating the overall purpose and the factors The title of the essay should also be placed on the second page of the essay. The title should be centered. discussed throughout the literature review Ageism in the Workplace Generally, older workers are more likely than workers of other ages to remain unemployed long term (Barrington 2015). Literature Review Barrington (2015) suggests that ageist thinking is very much Comment: intersects with ageism and creates more dimensions to discrimination This This thesis thesis statement statement clearly states states the main clearly thetopic that will be main topic that will discussed be discussed throughout the literature throughout the review.Typically, literature review. thesis statements Typically, thesis are placed at the statements very endare of the introductory placed at the very paragraph(s). experienced by aging women in the workplace. introductory present in workplaces across America, and more supportive, inclusive workplaces are needed for older employees. Older women may be set a further disadvantage because they tend to face additional discrimination based on gender (Barrnett 2005). This literature review examines the social factors that lead to ageism in the workplace. Additionally, it illustrates how gender discrimination also Literature Review In the body: In the 1. Group articles body: 1. Group articlesto: together according together according to factors/variables, factors/variables, conclusions conclusions of authors, or specific of authors, or specific purposes/objectives purposes/objectives 2. 2. Compare and Compare and evaluate the evaluate the articles articles or documents or documents Comment: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF AGE While age is often viewed as a purely biological process, age is socially constructed. A person's birth date dictates their chronological age, societies differ in their perceptions of what "old" means (Overall 2006). Overall (2006) illustrates the idea that age is socially constructed by drawing on the baby boomers--the cohort of people born in the years following World War II. The baby boomers support this idea of age as a social construction because as they have aged, American society's definitions of "oldness" have changed. Sayings like "60 is the new 50" show that age is more social than it is biological. While views on aging have been improving in America, aging is primarily seen as being synonymous with decline, whether it be in relation to bodily function, work, skill, or productivity (Barnett 2000). ASA Formatting Level 1 headings 1. The title of AGEISM IN THE WORKPLACE introduce a new the essay should be thought, also idea, placed on the second page argument, or topic. Ageism is discrimination based on age, including negative stereotyping and prejudice and is of the essay. The title are Level 1 headings typically targeted against those who are of older age (Jyrkinen 2014). should be centered. 2. helpful because they allow readersintroduce to clearly Level 1 headings indicate a new a new thought, idea, section within argument, or the topic.review. Level 1 Each Level 1 headings are helpful Subheading should be because they allow readers flushed left on the page to clearly indicate a new and formatted in ALLsection within the review. CAPS. Comment: Each Level 1 Subheading should be flush left on the page and formatted in ALL-CAPS. end of the paragraph(s). LiteratureThe Review first Comment: sentenceThe in first this sentence in this paragraph paragraph is an is a strong an example example ofof a strong topic topic sentence. Topic sentence. Topic sentences sentences introduce introduce the reader to the the reader to the content that will throughout the paragraph. follow throughout When forming topic the paragraph. When sentences, it helps to look at forming topic thesentences, entire paragraph andto it helps ask, look "Whatat is the this entire paragraph about?" Being able paragraph andtoask, is thisin a answer“What this question paragraph single statementabout?” will help Being ableantoeffective answer you formulate this question in a topic sentence. single statement will help you formulate an effective topic sentence. content that will follow A literature review can be challenging to write because it should not be a source-by-source summary, but instead it should synthesize or bring multiple sources together. Each paragraph within a literature review should contain at least two sources that speak to the same sociological factor. Your goal is to essentially highlight the relationship between sources. In other words, the goal is to discover if researchers agree or disagree on a given factor. Literature Review Reskin (2000) elaborates that in order to evaluate age discrimination, explanations must be grounded in conflict theory. Conflict theory perspective posits that ageism is due to intergroup competition--where those who benefit from the systems of inequality protect their privileges so that they may continue to reap the benefits (Reskin 2000). For instance, in the workplace, younger workers reap benefits due to positive stereotypes associated with their age, whereas older workers are disadvantaged due to the negative stereotypes associated with old age (Malinen and Johnston 2013). Several studies have shown evidence that older workers' productivity do not differ from younger workers' productivity, yet older workers are still thought to be less productive (Barrington 2015). Overall, many studies suggest ageism in the workplace is due to intergroup competition and stereotyping based on age perception. ASA Formatting A Level 2 heading is 1. A used when one of the Level 2 heading used main ideas ofisthe paper can when one of be thebroken main down further ideas of the paperinto can sub-sections. Level 2 be headings broken down further should be intotyped sub-sections. Level in Title Case, and flushed 2 italicized, headings should be left on the page. Comment: sources/groups of authors to support one point. Also notice that the discussion of each source is concise and limited to typed in Title Case, italicized, and flushed left on the page. Notice the way 1. A literature that this and all review can be challenging to other paragraphs write because it should not be a include the findings/ source-by-source summary, but research from instead it should synthesize or sources/ bringmultiple multiple sources together. groups of authors to Each paragraphs within a support one point. literature review should contain at least sources that Alsotwonotice thatspeak theto the discussion same sociological offactor. each Yoursource goal is to discover if is concise researchers agree or disagree and limited to theiron a given factor. Notice the relevance2.of the way that this and all other topic stated in the paragraphs include the topic sentence. findings/research from multiple Comment: their relevance of the topic stated in the topic sentence. Discriminatory Hiring Practices 3. Throughout the paper, take note of how the writing is very sterile and objective. Description, The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 was aimed especially narrative description, toward ridding workplaces of age discrimination, yet ageism still persists instead focuses on reporting in hiring practices (Barrington 2015). Job candidates re forty percent Throughout the paper, take note of more likely to be contacted for an interview if the high school graduation how the writing is date on his/her resume if more recent (Barrington 2015). Widely held very sterile and attitudes contribute to workplace behaviors that are discriminatory objective. Description, especially narrative (Malinen and Johnston 2013), and furthermore, discriminatory behaviors description, is not are implicit and harder to identify compared to more explicit practices used, and the writing instead focuses on carried out in the past (Jyrkinen 2014). Literature suggests that reporting “cold, workplace attitudes are still inclined to favor younger workers as hard” information. There should be an compared to older workers, regardless of the promotion of absence of judgement INTERSECTIONS OF AGE AND GENDERED DISCRIMINATION or argumentative anti-discriminatory measures. statements. All The construction of age, along with age discrimination, affects men and women differently, where references to women face a "double jeopardy" because of their gender (Barnett 2005). situations of phenomena being “bad,” “good,” “positive,” or “negative” should be omitted. Literature reviews are objective reports of the material and do not argue a point. is not used, and the writing "cold, hard" information. There should be an absence of judgement or argumentative statements. All references to situations of phenomena being "bad," "good," or "negative" should be omitted. Literature reviews are objective reports of the material and do not argue a point. Both older men and women are viewed as less valuable in the workplace than their younger counterparts, but older women have a much harder time gaining access to promotions and more Prestigious occupations than do older men (Wilks and Neto 2012). Additionally, while men are seen to advance and grow in skill and wisdom as they age in their professions, women do not enjoy the same "premium for experience" (Barnett 2005:26). Women who age in traditionally feminine positions, such as teachers and nurses, do not hold the same prestige as men who age in traditinally masculine professions (Barnett 2005). Older women are seen as "too old" and must carry the burden of trying to look younger so that they can earn the respect of their younger colleagues (Jykinen 2014). Researchers ultimately find that aging female workers are mroe prone to age discrimination as compared to males. As you write Literature Review your conclusion: Comment: 1. Develop 1. Develop a from a summary of points summary of points the article into a closing from the article paragraph 2. into a closing Consider developing a paragraph single2.sentence at the Consider end of the conclusion that developing a single points readers to a new sentence at the end of for the conclusion area that points readers research/scholars to to a new 3. area for consider Consider research/scholars the discipline of which it to consider is a part. Provide 3. Consider the implications of the studies discipline of which or documents discussed it is a part. Provide for the professionoforthe s implications discipline at large. tudies or d ocuments d iscussed for the p rofession or d iscipline at large. CONCLUSION An increased focus has been placed on research and polices that surround age in the workplace because of the prevalence of ageist thinking across workplaces in the U.S. (Barrington 2015). While research shows that older people in the workplace are just as capable as their younger colleagues, negative stereotyping o older workers are still prevalent. Additionally, gender roles inform the differences in attitudes placed on aging women and aging men. The term "double jeopardy" is often used to describe the way aging women are discriminated against based on both gender and age (Barnett 2005). Jyrkinen (2014) suggests that more studies should be conducted to evaluate the way that men's gender intersects with their age in a workplace environment, since most age discrimination studies focus only on women's disadvantages in the workplace. Take notice of ASA Formatting the use of in-text citations Comment: 1. Take throughout the notice of the use of in-text literature review. citations throughout the When citing several literature review. When sources after one citing several sources after sentence/idea, one separate sentence/idea, authors’ separate authors' names with names semiwith semi-colons. Keep in colons. Keep in mind withwith ASA mind ASAformatting, formatting, anytime time a paraphrase, any a paraphrase, direct quotation, direct quotation, borrowed borrowed phrase, or phrase, or quantitative date quantitative data (financial figures, statistics, (financial figures, sales numbers, etc.) is statistics, sales referenced, the in-text numbers, etc.) is citation must also a referenced, theinclude in-text page numbermust or paragraph citation also includeExamples a page number. number or paragraph ("2014 Annual Report" number. 2013:312). Examples: (“2014 Annual Report” 2013:312). Types of References: Literature reviews usually Types of References: contain peer-reviewed articles that focus on Literature reviews usually contain peerresearch andarticles data collection. andand other reviewed that focusWebsites on research data collection. and other non-peer reviewedWebsites journal articles are non-peer not generally reviewed journal articles are not generally used used in literature reviews. in literature reviews. References Barnett, Rosalind Chait. 2005. "Ageism and Sexism in the Workplace." Ageism in the New Mellenium 25-30. Barrington, Linda. 2015. "Ageism and Bias in the American Workplace." Journal of the American Society on Aging 39(3):34-37. Jykinen, Marjut. 2014. "Women Managers, Careers and Gendered Ageism." Scandinavian Journal of Management 30(2):175-85. Malinen, Sanna and Lucy Johnston. 2013. "Workplace Ageism: Discovering Hidden Bias." Experimental Aging Research 39(4):445-65. Overall, Christine. 2006. "Old Age Ageism, Impairment and Ableism: Exploring the Conceptual and material Connections." NWSA Journal 18(1):126-37. Reskin, Barbara. F. 2000. "The Proximate Causes Of Employment Discrimination." Contemporary Sociology 29(2):319. Wilks, Daniela Carvalho and Felix Neto. 2012. "Workplace Well-being, Gender and Age Examining the 'Double Jeopardy' Effect." Soc Indic Res Social Indicators Research 114(3): 975-90. All references used should be cited on the References page! According to All references used should be cited on the References page! According to ASA, ASA, citations of peer-reviewed journal articles should be formatted as citations of peer-reviewed journal articles should be formatted as such: such: Last name, First name. Year. "Title of Article in Quotation Marks." Last name, First name. Year. “Title of Article in Quotation Marks.” The Title of the The Title of the Journal in italics Volume Number):page Number(Issue Number):page Journal in italics Volume Number(Issue numbers. numbers. Citations should be formatted in alphabetical order (A-Z) with a Citations should be formatted in alphabetical order (A-Z) with a hanging indent. For hanging indent. For moresources, information onanciting sources, refer to an ASA more information on citing refer to ASA Publication Manual. Publication Manual.
