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Sample-Literature-Review

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SociologyLiterature
Literature
Review/ASA
Citation
Style
Sociology
Review/ASA
Citation
Style
Green boxes contain information specific to
ASA formatting.
Blue bubbles with dashed lines contain
information specific to writing a sociology
literature review.
Note: This
message can only
be read by screen
readers. This
paper contacts
numerous
comments
regarding ASA
formatting and
literature review
According to ASA formatting, the
According to ASA formatting, the
title
page should only include the
title page should only include the
following
information:
title of the
following
information:
essay, name of student, name of
Title of the Essay
school, and
word
count.
*This
Name
of Student
Name
of
School
information should be
Word Count
double-spaced and centered on
*This
information
should be doublethe
page.
Additionally,
page
spaced and centered on the page.
numbers should be included on
the upper right-hand corner of
each page.
specific
information.
Ageism
in the To
Workplace
not disrupt the
flow of the paper,
these
comments
Jane
Doe
have been moved
theHawai'i
footnotes - West O'ahu
Universitytoof
on each page.
Word Count: 972
Page numbers should be
included on the upper righthand corner of each page.
Literature
Comment:
Thereview
introduction
TheReview
introduction
of the literature
should: of
1.
Introduce
the
topic
the literature review should:
1. Introduce the
2. Identify overall trends in what has been published on the
topic
2. Identify overalltopic
trends in what has been
3.
Include
a
thesis
statement
the a
overall
purpose and
published on the topic
3.stating
Include
thesis
the factors discussed throughout the literature review
statement stating the overall purpose and the factors
The title of the essay
should also be placed on
the second page of the
essay. The title should be
centered.
discussed throughout the literature review
Ageism in the Workplace
Generally, older workers are more likely than workers of other
ages to remain unemployed long term (Barrington 2015).
Literature Review
Barrington (2015) suggests that ageist thinking is very much
Comment:
intersects with ageism and creates more dimensions to discrimination
This
This thesis
thesis
statement
statement
clearly
states states
the main
clearly
thetopic
that will be
main topic that will
discussed
be discussed
throughout the
literature
throughout
the
review.Typically,
literature review.
thesis statements
Typically, thesis
are placed at the
statements
very endare
of the
introductory
placed
at the very
paragraph(s).
experienced by aging women in the workplace.
introductory
present in workplaces across America, and more supportive,
inclusive workplaces are needed for older employees. Older
women may be set a further disadvantage because they tend to
face additional discrimination based on gender (Barrnett 2005).
This literature review examines the social factors that lead to ageism in
the workplace. Additionally, it illustrates how gender discrimination also
Literature Review
In the body:
In the
1. Group
articles
body:
1. Group
articlesto:
together
according
together
according to
factors/variables,
factors/variables,
conclusions
conclusions
of
authors,
or specific
of authors,
or specific
purposes/objectives
purposes/objectives
2.
2. Compare
and
Compare
and evaluate
the
evaluate the articles
articles or documents
or documents
Comment:
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF AGE
While age is often viewed as a purely biological process, age is socially constructed.
A person's birth date dictates their chronological age, societies differ in their perceptions of what
"old" means (Overall 2006). Overall (2006) illustrates the idea that age is socially constructed by
drawing on the baby boomers--the cohort of people born in the years following World War II. The
baby boomers support this idea of age as a social construction because as they have aged,
American society's definitions of "oldness" have changed. Sayings like "60 is the new 50" show
that age is more social than it is biological. While views on aging have been improving in
America, aging is primarily seen as being synonymous with decline, whether it be in relation to
bodily function, work, skill, or productivity (Barnett 2000).
ASA Formatting
Level 1 headings
1. The title of AGEISM IN THE WORKPLACE
introduce
a new
the essay
should
be
thought, also
idea,
placed
on
the
second
page
argument, or topic. Ageism is discrimination based on age, including negative stereotyping and prejudice and is
of the
essay.
The title are
Level
1 headings
typically targeted against those who are of older age (Jyrkinen 2014).
should
be centered.
2.
helpful
because they
allow
readersintroduce
to clearly
Level
1 headings
indicate
a
new
a new thought, idea, section
within
argument,
or the
topic.review.
Level 1
Each
Level 1
headings are helpful
Subheading should be
because they allow readers
flushed left on the page
to clearly indicate a new
and formatted in ALLsection within
the review.
CAPS.
Comment:
Each Level 1 Subheading
should be flush left on the
page and formatted in
ALL-CAPS.
end of the
paragraph(s).
LiteratureThe
Review
first
Comment:
sentenceThe
in first
this
sentence
in this paragraph
paragraph
is an is
a strong
an example
example ofof
a strong
topic
topic sentence.
Topic
sentence.
Topic sentences
sentences
introduce
introduce
the reader
to the
the reader to the
content that will
throughout the paragraph.
follow throughout
When forming topic
the paragraph. When
sentences,
it helps
to look at
forming
topic
thesentences,
entire paragraph
andto
it helps
ask, look
"Whatat
is the
this entire
paragraph
about?"
Being able
paragraph
andtoask,
is thisin a
answer“What
this question
paragraph
single
statementabout?”
will help
Being
ableantoeffective
answer
you
formulate
this
question
in a
topic sentence.
single statement will
help you formulate
an effective topic
sentence.
content that will follow
A literature review can be challenging to write because it should
not be a source-by-source summary, but instead it should synthesize
or bring multiple sources together. Each paragraph within a
literature review should contain at least two sources that speak to the
same sociological factor. Your goal is to essentially highlight the
relationship between sources. In other words, the goal is to discover
if researchers agree or disagree on a given factor.
Literature Review
Reskin (2000) elaborates that in order to evaluate age discrimination, explanations must be grounded in conflict theory. Conflict theory
perspective posits that ageism is due to intergroup competition--where those who benefit from the systems of inequality protect their privileges so
that they may continue to reap the benefits (Reskin 2000). For instance, in the workplace, younger workers reap benefits due to positive
stereotypes associated with their age, whereas older workers are disadvantaged due to the negative stereotypes associated with old age
(Malinen and Johnston 2013). Several studies have shown evidence that older workers' productivity do not differ from younger workers'
productivity, yet older workers are still thought to be less productive (Barrington 2015). Overall, many studies suggest ageism in the workplace is
due to intergroup competition and stereotyping based on age perception.
ASA Formatting
A Level 2 heading is
1. A
used when one of the
Level
2 heading
used
main
ideas ofisthe
paper
can
when
one
of be
thebroken
main
down
further
ideas
of the
paperinto
can
sub-sections. Level 2
be headings
broken down
further
should
be
intotyped
sub-sections.
Level
in Title Case,
and flushed
2 italicized,
headings should
be
left on the page.
Comment:
sources/groups of authors to
support one point. Also notice
that the discussion of each
source is concise and limited to
typed in Title Case,
italicized, and flushed
left on the page.
Notice the way
1. A literature
that this
and all
review can be challenging to
other paragraphs
write because it should not be a
include the findings/
source-by-source summary, but
research from
instead it should synthesize or
sources/
bringmultiple
multiple sources
together.
groups
of authors
to
Each
paragraphs
within a
support
one
point.
literature review should contain
at least
sources that
Alsotwonotice
thatspeak
theto
the discussion
same sociological
offactor.
each
Yoursource
goal is to discover
if
is concise
researchers
agree
or
disagree
and limited to theiron
a given factor.
Notice the
relevance2.of
the
way that this and all other
topic stated in the
paragraphs include the
topic sentence.
findings/research from multiple
Comment:
their relevance of the topic stated
in the topic sentence.
Discriminatory Hiring Practices
3.
Throughout the paper, take note
of how the writing is very sterile
and objective. Description,
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 was aimed
especially narrative description,
toward ridding workplaces of age discrimination, yet ageism still persists
instead focuses on reporting
in hiring practices (Barrington 2015). Job candidates re forty percent
Throughout the
paper, take note of more likely to be contacted for an interview if the high school graduation
how the writing is date on his/her resume if more recent (Barrington 2015). Widely held
very sterile and
attitudes contribute to workplace behaviors that are discriminatory
objective.
Description,
especially narrative (Malinen and Johnston 2013), and furthermore, discriminatory behaviors
description, is not are implicit and harder to identify compared to more explicit practices
used, and the writing
instead focuses on carried out in the past (Jyrkinen 2014). Literature suggests that
reporting “cold,
workplace attitudes are still inclined to favor younger workers as
hard” information.
There should be an compared to older workers, regardless of the promotion of
absence of judgement
INTERSECTIONS OF AGE AND GENDERED DISCRIMINATION
or argumentative anti-discriminatory measures.
statements. All
The construction of age, along with age discrimination, affects men and women differently, where
references to
women face a "double jeopardy" because of their gender (Barnett 2005).
situations of
phenomena being
“bad,” “good,”
“positive,” or
“negative” should be
omitted. Literature
reviews are objective
reports of the
material and do not
argue a point.
is not used, and the writing
"cold, hard" information. There
should be an absence of
judgement or argumentative
statements. All references to
situations of phenomena being
"bad," "good," or "negative"
should be omitted. Literature
reviews are objective reports of
the material and do not argue a
point.
Both older men and women are viewed as less valuable in the workplace than their younger counterparts, but older
women have a much harder time gaining access to promotions and more
Prestigious occupations than do older men
(Wilks and Neto 2012).
Additionally, while men are
seen to advance and grow in skill and wisdom as they age in their professions,
women do not enjoy the same "premium for experience" (Barnett 2005:26).
Women who age in traditionally feminine positions, such as teachers and nurses,
do not hold the same prestige as men who age in traditinally masculine
professions (Barnett 2005). Older women are seen as "too old" and must carry the
burden of trying to look younger so that they can earn the respect of their younger
colleagues (Jykinen 2014). Researchers ultimately find that aging female workers
are mroe prone to age discrimination as compared to males.
As you
write
Literature
Review
your conclusion:
Comment:
1. Develop
1. Develop
a from
a summary
of points
summary
of
points
the article into a closing
from the article
paragraph
2.
into a closing
Consider developing a
paragraph
single2.sentence
at the
Consider
end
of the conclusion
that
developing
a single
points
readers
to a new
sentence
at the
end
of for
the conclusion
area
that points readers
research/scholars
to
to a new 3.
area
for
consider
Consider
research/scholars
the discipline of which it
to consider
is a part. Provide
3. Consider the
implications of the studies
discipline of which
or documents discussed
it is a part. Provide
for
the professionoforthe s
implications
discipline
at large.
tudies
or
d
ocuments
d
iscussed for the p
rofession or
d
iscipline at large.
CONCLUSION
An increased focus has been placed on research and polices that
surround age in the workplace because of the prevalence of ageist
thinking across workplaces in the U.S. (Barrington 2015). While research
shows that older people in the workplace are just as capable as their
younger colleagues, negative stereotyping o older workers are still
prevalent. Additionally, gender roles inform the differences in attitudes
placed on aging women and aging men. The term "double jeopardy" is
often used to describe the way aging women are discriminated against
based on both gender and age (Barnett 2005). Jyrkinen (2014) suggests
that more studies should be conducted to evaluate the way that men's
gender intersects with their age in a workplace environment, since most
age discrimination studies focus only on women's disadvantages in the
workplace.
Take
notice of
ASA
Formatting
the use
of
in-text
citations
Comment:
1. Take
throughout the
notice of the use of in-text
literature review.
citations throughout the
When citing several
literature review. When
sources after one
citing several sources after
sentence/idea,
one separate
sentence/idea,
authors’
separate
authors'
names
with names
semiwith
semi-colons.
Keep
in
colons.
Keep in
mind
withwith
ASA
mind
ASAformatting,
formatting,
anytime
time
a paraphrase,
any
a paraphrase,
direct
quotation,
direct quotation,
borrowed
borrowed
phrase, or
phrase, or quantitative date
quantitative data
(financial figures, statistics,
(financial figures,
sales numbers, etc.) is
statistics, sales
referenced,
the in-text
numbers,
etc.) is
citation
must also
a
referenced,
theinclude
in-text
page
numbermust
or paragraph
citation
also
includeExamples
a page
number.
number
or paragraph
("2014
Annual
Report"
number.
2013:312).
Examples:
(“2014 Annual
Report” 2013:312).
Types of References:
Literature reviews usually
Types of References:
contain peer-reviewed articles that focus on
Literature reviews usually contain peerresearch
andarticles
data collection.
andand
other
reviewed
that focusWebsites
on research
data collection.
and other
non-peer
reviewedWebsites
journal articles
are non-peer
not generally
reviewed
journal
articles
are
not
generally
used
used in literature reviews.
in literature reviews.
References
Barnett, Rosalind Chait. 2005. "Ageism and Sexism in
the Workplace." Ageism in the New Mellenium 25-30.
Barrington, Linda. 2015. "Ageism and Bias in the American Workplace."
Journal of the American Society on Aging 39(3):34-37.
Jykinen, Marjut. 2014. "Women Managers, Careers and Gendered
Ageism." Scandinavian Journal of Management 30(2):175-85.
Malinen, Sanna and Lucy Johnston. 2013. "Workplace Ageism: Discovering
Hidden Bias." Experimental Aging Research 39(4):445-65.
Overall, Christine. 2006. "Old Age Ageism, Impairment and Ableism: Exploring the
Conceptual and material Connections." NWSA Journal 18(1):126-37.
Reskin, Barbara. F. 2000. "The Proximate Causes Of Employment
Discrimination." Contemporary Sociology 29(2):319.
Wilks, Daniela Carvalho and Felix Neto. 2012. "Workplace
Well-being, Gender and Age Examining the 'Double Jeopardy'
Effect." Soc Indic Res Social Indicators Research 114(3): 975-90.
All references used should be cited on the References page! According to
All references used should be cited on the References page! According to ASA,
ASA,
citations
of peer-reviewed
journal
articles
should be
formatted as
citations
of peer-reviewed
journal articles
should
be formatted
as such:
such:
Last name, First name. Year. "Title of Article in Quotation Marks."
Last name, First name. Year. “Title of Article in Quotation Marks.” The Title of the
The Title
of the
Journal
in italics
Volume Number):page
Number(Issue
Number):page
Journal
in italics
Volume
Number(Issue
numbers.
numbers.
Citations should be formatted in alphabetical order (A-Z) with a
Citations should be formatted in alphabetical order (A-Z) with a hanging indent. For
hanging
indent. For
moresources,
information
onanciting
sources, refer
to an ASA
more information
on citing
refer to
ASA Publication
Manual.
Publication Manual.
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