Ear t hSci ence—Rev i ewerf or1stMi dQuar t erExam ▪ Ear t hSci ence-Thest udyofourEar t h. Ear t h. ▪ Cosmol ogy-Thest udyont heor i gi noft heuni v er se, i ncl udi ngi t spr oper t i es, st r uct ur eandev ol ut i on. ▪ Ast r onomy-Thest udyoft hepl anet ' sor i gi nandmember sofsol arsy t em ▪ Ast r ol ogy-Apseudosci ence, consi st sofanumberofbel i efsy st emst hathol dt hatt her ei sar el at i onshi p bet weenast r onomi cal phenomenaandev ent si nt hehumanwor l d. Et i ol ogy-t hest udyofcausat i onort heor i gi nat i onofsomet hi ng.Theol ogy-t hest udyofGod. ◾ Theor i esont heOr i gi noft heUni v er se 1.Cr eat i onMy t h-I ti sasy mbol i cnar r at i v eoft hebegi nni ngoft hewor l dasunder st oodbycul t ur e. -Thenar r at i v ef r om Genesi s,oneoft hebooksoft heHebr ew Bi bl eandChr i st i anOl dTest ament , descr i beshowGodsepar at edl i ghtf r om dar kness,andcr eat edt hesky ,l and,sea,moon,st ar s,andl i v i ng cr eat ur ei naspanofsi xday s. 2.Sci ent i f i cTheor y ▪ BI GBANGTHEORY—Pr oponent s: Al exanderFr i edmanandGeor geLamai t r e( 1920) -Theuni v er sebegi nsast hesi zeofasi ngl eat om • Theuni v er sebeganasav i ol entexpansi on ▪ STEADYSTATETHEORY•Pr oponent : Bondi , Gol d, andHoy l e( 1948) -I tst at est hatt heuni v er sehasbeenpr esentev ersi nceandt her ef or ehasnobegi nni ngandnoend. •Uni v er sei nunchangi ngi nt i meanduni f or mi nspace ▪ CYCLI CAL/ OSCI LLATI NGUNI VERSETHEORY-Al ber tEi nst ei n –Theuni v er sei sexpandi ngf orat i meandt hent oi t scont r adi ct i onduet ogr av i t yi naper pet ualcy cl eof bi gbangandbi gcr unch. ◾ Or i gi noft heSol arSy st em Thesol arsy st em i scomposedoft heSun, t hepl anet sandt hei rsat el l i t es, t hecomet s, andt heast er oi ds. I ti sbel i ev edt hatt hesol arsy st em hasbeenf or medar ound4. 6bi l l i ony ear sago,andt heev i dence suggest st hatt hemember soft hesol arsy st em hav eaf ai r l yuni f or m age. Ter r est r i alandJov i anPl anet s Ter r est r i alpl anet s,i ncl udi ngMer cur y ,Venus,Ear t h,andMar s,wer ef or medbecauseonl yt hemat er i al s wi t hhi gherdensi t i esandmel t i ngpoi nt swer eabl et of or m neart hev er yhi ght emper at ur eoft heSun. Jov i anpl anet scomposedofJupi t er ,Sat ur n,Ur anus,andNept une,ar ehugepl anet smadeupofgases wi t houtl andsur f aces.Thesepl anet swer ef or medf ar t herf r om t heSunbecauset het emper at ur eaway f r om t heSunwascool enoughf orgasest ocondense, f or mi ngt hesel essdensepl anet s. Nebul arTheor y–Emmanuel Swedenbor g, I mmanuel Kant , andPi er r e–Si monLapl ace. Thenebul art heor yexpl ai nst hatt hesol arsy st em or i gi nat edf r om anebul a– agascl oudmadeupof hy dr ogenpar t i cl es.Bef or et henebul ai sst abl e,i ti sbel i ev edt hatanear bysuper nov ar esul t edi nt he di sr upt i onofanebul a. Encount erTheor y–pr oposedbyGeor gesLecl er candComt edeBuf f on Thesol arsy st em f or medasar esul tofanearcol l i si onbet weenapassi ngst arandt heSun.Ast hest ar passesneart heSun, t hemat er i al sofbot ht heSunandt hest arwer edr awnout .Thei nt er act i onf r om t he gr av i t yoft hepassi ngst arandt heSunl edt ot hef or mat i onoft hepl anet si nt hesol arsy st em. Hel i ocent r i cModel•TheGr eekast r onomerandmat hemat i ci an, Ni caul usCoper ni cuswast hef i r stper son t opr esentanexpl i ci tar gumentf orahel i ocent r i cmodel oft hesol arsy st em, pl aci ngt heSun, nott heEar t h att hecent er . Geocent r i cModel•TheRomanEgy pt i anmat hemat i ci anandast r onomerCl adi usPt ol emydescr i beda geocent r i cmodeloft heuni v er sebasedont het heor yofAr i st ot l ei nwhi cht hepl anet sandt her estoft he uni v er seor bi tast at i onar yEar t hi nci r cul arepi cy cl es. ◾ Li f eOnEar t h ShapeofEar t h-Ear t h’ spr esentshapei snotaper f ectspher ebutanobl at espher oi d. Apogeev s.Per i gee Apogeeandper i geer ef er st ot hedi st ancef r om t heEar t ht ot heMoon.Apogeei st hef ar t hestpoi ntf r om t heEar t h.Per i geei st hecl osestpoi ntt ot heEar t handi ti si nt hi sst aget hatt hemoonappear sl ar ger . Per i hel i onv s.Aphel i on Ear t hSci ence—Rev i ewerf or1stMi dQuar t erExam Thepl acewher et hepl aneti scl osestt ot heSuni scal l edPer i hel i on.Whent hepl aneti sf ur t hestaway f r om t heSun, i ti satAphel i on. Whatmakest heEar t hhabi t abl e? Thef ol l owi ngar et hef act or st hatmakeourpl anetcapabl eofsust ai ni ngv ar i edl i f ef or mswhi cht hr i v ei n t hev ar i ousecosy st ems. 1.Temper at ur e 2.Wat er 3.Ener gy 4.Ri ghtdi st anceawayf r om t hesun 5.St r ongmagnet i cf i el d 6.Nut r i ent s 7.Gr eenhousegases 8.I ti spr ot ect edbyt hepl at et ect oni csf r om t hev er yhott emper at ur eoft hecor e ◾ EARTH SUBSYSTEM ( GEOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE, AND BI OSPHERE) ▪ Geospher ei sconsi der edt hatpor t i onoft heEar t hsy st em t hati ncl udest heEar t h' si nt er i or ,r ocksand mi ner al s, l andf or msandt hepr ocessest hatshapet heEar t h' ssur f ace. LAYERSOFTHEEARTH( Ear t h' sI nt er i or ) 1.CRUST–hasat hi nl ay ermeasur i ng40km deepcomposedofsol i dr ocksandmi ner al s.I ti sdi v i ded i nt ot wof or msOceani candCont i nent al Cr ust Oceani ccr usti st heupper mostl ay eroft heoceani cpor t i onofat ect oni cpl at e. Cont i nent alcr usti st hel ay erofi gneous,sedi ment ar y ,andmet amor phi cr ockst hatf or mst hecont i nent s andt hear easofshal l owseabedcl oset ot hei rshor es, knownascont i nent al shel v es. 2.MANTLE– I tr epr esent sabout85% oft het ot alwei ghtandmassofourpl anet .I tcanbef ound bet weent hecr ustandt hecor e.Themant l ei sdi v i dedi nt oUpperandLowermant l e UpperMant l e-ext endsf r om t hecr ustt oadept hofabout410ki l omet er s( 255mi l es) .Theuppermant l e i smost l ysol i d, buti t smor emal l eabl er egi onscont r i but et ot ect oni cact i v i t y . LowerMant l e-ext endsf r om about660ki l omet er s( 410mi l es)t oabout2, 700ki l omet er s( 1, 678mi l es) beneat hEar t h’ ssur f ace.Thel owermant l ei shot t eranddensert hant heuppermant l eandt r ansi t i onzone. Thel owermant l ei smuchl essduct i l et hant heuppermant l eandt r ansi t i onzone.Al t oughheatusual l y cor r espondst osof t eni ngr ocks, i nt ensepr essur ekeepst hel owermant l esol i d. 3.CORESci ent i st sbel i ev et hatdeepdowni nsi det heEar t h,t her e’ sahugebal lofl i qui dandsol i di r on. Thi si st heEar t h’ scor e, andi tpr ot ect susf r om t hedanger ousr adi at i onofspace. Out erCor e–i saf l ui dl ay erabout2, 300km ( 1, 400mi )t hi ckandcomposedofmost l yi r onandni ckelt hat l i esabov eEar t h' ssol i di nnercor eandbel owi t smant l e. I nnerCor e-TheEar t h' si nnercor ei st heEar t h' si nner mostpar tandaccor di ngt osei smol ogi calst udi es, i t hasbeenbel i ev edt obepr i mar i l yasol i dbal lwi t har adi usofabout1, 220ki l omet r es( 760mi l es) , whi chi s about70%oft heMoon' sr adi us.I ti scomposedofani r on–ni ckel al l oyandsomel i ghtel ement s. Not e: Lay er soft heEar t h’ si nt er i orf r om t hecent eroft heEar t ht ot heout si de. ( I nnercor e➡ Out ercor e➡ Mant l e➡ Cr ust ) ▪ Hy dr ospher ei st hecombi nedmassofwat erf oundon, under , andabov et hesur f aceofapl anet , mi nor pl anetornat ur alsat el l i t e.Most l y70%ofEar t hi scomposedofwat er , 97%ofEar t h’ swat eri si nt hef or m ofoceans( sal t y )andt her esti sf r eshwat er ( nonsal t y ) . Cr y ospher ei st hef r ozenpar toft hehy dr ospher esuchasgl aci er s, i cecapsandi ceber gs. ▪ At mospher ei snotj ustmer el yt heai rt hatwebr eat hebutal soabl anketofgast hatsur r oundsour pl anetupt ot heedgeofspace. Theat mospher eofEar t hi smost l ycomposedofni t r ogen( about78%) , oxy gen( about21%) , ar gon( about 0. 9%)wi t hcar bondi oxi deandot hergasesi nt r aceamount s. Ear t hSci ence—Rev i ewerf or1stMi dQuar t erExam 1. Tr opospher e– Al l weat hert y pesar ei nt hi sr egi on. 2. St r at ospher e–I nt hi sr egi onwher ewecanf i ndt heoz onel ay erwhi chabsor bsandscat t er st hesol ar ul t r av i ol etr adi at i on. 3. Mesospher e–Met eor susual l ybur nupi nt hi sr egi onast heyappr oachourpl anet . 4.Ther mospher e–Aur or abor eal i s, aur or aaust r al i sandsat t el i t esar el ocat edher e. 5.Exospher e–Thehi ghestl ay erofEar t h’ sat mospher e.Ther e' snoweat heratal li nt hi sl ay er , mostear t h sat el l i t esor bi ti nt heexospher e. ( Tr opospher e➡St r at ospher e➡Mesospher e➡Ther mospher e➡Exospher e) ▪Bi ospher ei st er medast he“ zoneofl i f e” , i ti st hepar twher el i f eexi st s. ◾ MI NERALSandROCKS Mi ner al s-t hebui l di ngbl ocksofr ocks. Mi ner al ogi st-t heonewhouset hecr i t er i at odet er mi newhet heramat er i ali scl assi f i edasami ner alor not . ◾ Char act er i st i csofMi ner al s .Nat ur al l yoccur i ng .I nor gani c .Homogeneoussol i d .Def i ni t echemi cal composi t i on .Or der l ycr y st al l i nest r uct ur e ◾ Pr oper t i esofMi ner al s .Col or .St r eak .Har dness .Cl eav age .Cr y st al l i nest r uct ur eorhabi t .Di aphanei t y / amountoft r anspar ency .Lust er .Tenaci t y ◾ COLOROFCOMMONGEMSANDMI NERALS Gemst oneMi ner al Azur i t e Mal achi t e Amet hy st Ruby Gar net Obsi di an Andsi ne Magnet i t e MOHSHARDNESSSCALE Col or Bl ue Gr een Pur pl e Red Gr een Bl ack Or ange Bl ack Gemst oneMi ner al Sapphi r e Jade Ol i v i ne Emer al d Py r i t e Amber Li moni t e Col or Bl ue Gr een Gr een Gr een Yel l ow/ Gol d Or ange Yel l owor ange Ear t hSci ence—Rev i ewerf or1stMi dQuar t erExam Pet r ol ogy-st udyofr ocks Pet r ol ogi st scl assi f yr ocksbasedonhowt heywer ef or med. ◾ Thet y pesofRocks ▪I gneous-f or medf r om har deni ngandcr y st al l i zat i onofmagmaormol t enmat er i alt hator i gi nat es deepwi t hi nt heear t h. 1..Ext r usi v e/ Vol cani cRock-f or mswhenmagmamakesi t swayt oEar t h’ ssur f aceasl av aand t hencool s.( f i negr ai ned)si ncet hecool i ngpr ocessi sf ast . 2. .I nt r usi v e/ Pl ut oni c-I tcool ssl owl ybeneat ht heEar t hsur f aceandar ecr eat edbymagma. ( coar segr ai ned) . ▪Sedi ment ar y-pr ov i dei nf or mat i onaboutsur f acecondi t i onst hatexi st edi nt heEar t h’ spast . ▪Met amor phi c-f or msf r om pr eexi st i ngr ocks: ei t hermet amor phi c, i gneous, sedi ment ar y Exampl es: Quar t z i t e, mar bl e, sl at e, phy l l i t e Met amor phi sm -t r ansf or mat i onofoner ockt y pei nt oanot her .
