AN ENVIRONMENTAL
PRODUCT DECLARATION
FOR GENERAL USE (GU) &
PORTLAND-LIMESTONE (GUL)
CEMENTS
The Cement Association of Canada (CAC) is
pleased to present this Canadian and CAC
member regionalized industry average
environmental product declaration (EPD) for
general use (GU) and portland-limestone (GUL)
cements. This EPD was developed in compliance
with CAN/CSA-ISO 14025 and is verified by ASTM
International.
The EPD includes life cycle assessment (LCA)
results for the production stage or cradle-to-gate
manufacture of GU and GUL cements as
produced in three regions of Canada by CAC
members in 2020. It is intended for business-tobusiness communication.
For more information about [Cement Association
of Canada], please go to [www.cement.ca].
AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
ASTM CERTIFICATION PAGE
This document is a Type III industry-average Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) describing portland cement (GU)
and portland-limestone (GUL) cements produced in 3 regions of Canada by Cement Association of Canada (CAC)
members. The results of the underlying LCA are computed with the North American (N.A.) version of the Global Cement
and Concrete Association (GCCA) Industry EPD tool for cement and concrete [4]. This tool and the underlying LCA model
and database have been previously verified to conform to the prevailing sub-product category rule (PCR) [11], ISO
21930:2017 (the core PCR) [10] as well as ISO 14025:2006 [7], ISO 14040/44:2006 Amd: 2020 LCA standards [7], [8] and
ASTM International’s General Program Instructions [1].
This EPD is certified by ASTM to conform to the Sub-Product Category Rule (PCR) as well as to the requirements of ISO
14025 and ISO 21930. This EPD is intended for business-to-business audiences.
DECLARATION HOLDER
Cement Association of Canada
502-350 Sparks Street
Ottawa, ON, K1R 7S8
Phone: (613) 236-9471
Link (URL): http://www.cement.ca
This declaration is valid for all CAC member companies
manufacturing GU and GUL cements. The complete list of
CAC Members is available at https://cement.ca/aboutcac/our-members/
DECLARATION NUMBER
EPD #452
PRODUCT GROUP AND NAME
Cement, UN CPC 3744
DECLARED PRODUCT AND UNIT
General use (GU) and portland-limestone (GUL) cements –
one metric tonne
REFERENCE PCR
NSF Product Category Rule for Preparing an
Environmental Product Declaration for Portland, Blended
Hydraulic, Masonry, Mortar, and Plastic (Stucco) Cements.
V3.2, September 2021.
PROGRAM OPERATOR
DATE OF ISSUE AND VALIDITY PERIOD
ASTM International
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA, USA
19428-2959
www.astm.org
04-21-2023 – 5 YEARS
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
EPD VERIFICATION
This EPD was independently verified by ASTM in
accordance with ISO 14025 and the reference PCR:
Tim Brooke
ASTM International
100 Barr Harbor Drive
PO Box C700
West Conshohocken
PA 19428-2959, USA
cert@astm.org
Thomas P. Gloria, Ph. D.
Industrial Ecology Consultants
35 Bracebridge Rd.
Newton, MA
External X
The EPD results are computed using the N.A. version of
GCCA Industry EPD tool for Cement and Concrete v3.2
(https://concrete-epd-tool.org ).
NOTES
EPD Prepared by:
Athena Sustainable Materials Institute
280 Albert Street, Suite 404
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 5G8
info@athenasmi.org
www.athenasmi.org
ABOUT THE CEMENT ASSOCIATION OF CANADA
The Cement Association of Canada (CAC) is the voice of Canada's cement manufacturers. The industry provides a
reliable, domestic supply of cement required to build Canada's communities and critical infrastructure. The CAC and its
members are committed to the environmentally responsible manufacturing of cement and concrete products. This EPD
demonstrates the Cement Association of Canada’s commitment to transparently sharing the environmental footprint of
major cement products produced by its members in various regions of the country. In support of the study, primary LCI
data were collected to produce portland cement (Type GU) and portland-limestone cement (Type GUL) for the reference
year 2020. The cement plant study sample included all CAC member facilities (13 plants) producing grey cements:
•
Eastern Region (QC and NS): 4 Facilities
•
Central Region (ON): 5 facilities
•
Western Region (AB and BC): 4 Facilities
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICABLE STANDARDS
Cement is primarily used as one ingredient in the production of concrete. Concrete is used in a myriad of building and
civil engineering works. Table 1 below presents the related standards for the two cement products covered under this
EPD.
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
Table 1: EPD Cement Products
Product Name
Applicable Standards
Type
Portland Cement
CSA A3001 & ASTM C150,
ASTM C1157, AASHTO M85
Type GU / Type Ia)
Portland-Limestone Cement
CSA A3001 & ASTM C595,
ASTM C1157, AASHTO M240
Type GUL / Type ILb)
Note a,b): U.S. cement type designations
Definitions
Hydraulic cement — a type of cement that sets and hardens through a chemical reaction with water and is capable of
setting and hardening under water (CSA A23.1). Blended hydraulic cement, portland cement, portland-limestone
cement, mortar cement, and masonry cement are examples of hydraulic cement.
Cement, portland: a product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, to which
the various forms of calcium sulphate, up to 5% limestone, water, and processing additions may be added at the option
of the manufacturer (CSA A3001).
Cement, portland-limestone: a product obtained by intergrinding portland cement clinker and limestone, to which the
various forms of calcium sulphate, water, and processing additions may be added at the option of the manufacturer
(CSA A3001).
In Canada, CSA recognizes six types of portland cement under Standard A3001, as follows:
Type GU: General use cement
Type MS: Moderate sulphate resistant cement
Type MH: Moderate heat of hydration cement
Type HE: High early strength cement
Type LH: Low heat of hydration cement, and
Type HS: High sulphate resistant cement.
CSA 3001 defines Type GU, as a general-purpose portland cement suitable wherever the special properties of other
types are not required.
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
In Canada, CSA recognizes four types of portland-limestone cement under Standards A3001 and A23.1, as follows,
Type GUL: General use cement
Type MHL: Moderate heat of hydration cement
Type HEL: High early strength cement, and
Type LHL: Low heat of hydration cement.
U.S.A. cement type designation for GU and GUL are Types I and IL, respectively. ASTM C150 defines Type I, as portland
cement for use when the special properties specified for any other type is not required. ASTM C595 defines Type IL, as
portland-limestone cement with up to 15% limestone permitted. Canada is a major supplier of cements to the U.S.A.
Product Standards
Applicable product standards for portland cement (Type GU) and portland-limestone cement (Type GUL), UN CPC 3744,
include:
Portland cement:
o
CSA A3001 – Cementitious Materials for Use in Concrete
o
ASTM C150 – Standard Specification for Portland Cement
o
ASTM C1157 – Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
o
AASHTO M85 – Standard Specification for Portland Cement (Chemical and Physical)
Portland-limestone cement:
o
o
CSA A3001 – Cementitious Materials for Use in Concrete
CSA A23.1 – Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction
o
ASTM C595 – Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
o
ASTM C1157 – Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
o
AASHTO M240 – Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement
Material Content
Table 2 below presents the material content of GU and GUL cements as calculated on a regional production weighted
per cent basis (%).
Table 2: Average Material Content for 1 metric ton (1,000 kg) of GU and GUL, percentage basis
Material Inputs
Clinker
Limestone
Gypsum
(including anhydrites)
Processing aids
Total
TYPE GU %
West
Central
91
91
3
4
East
93
2
TYPE GUL %
West
Central
East
87
84
84
9
11
8
6
5
5
6
5
5
<1
100%
<1
100%
<1
100%
1
100%
<1
100%
<1
100%
5
AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
DECLARED UNIT
The declared unit for this study is the production of one metric ton (1 t) of portland cement awaiting delivery to a
customer. The cement is either packaged and stored on pallets or housed unpackaged in silos and ready for bulk
transport.
SYSTEM BOUNDARY
This EPD describes GU and GUL cement production from cradle-to-gate, as depicted in Figure 1. This includes all
modules (A1-A3) of the Production stage, as defined by the PCR. Specifically, Production stage modules capture the
following aspects of the life cycle:
Extraction and processing of raw materials to produce cement and packaging where applicable(A1);
Transportation of raw materials and packaging from source to cement production site (A2);
Consumption of energy and water required to produce cement (A3);
Emissions and wastes generated from producing cement(A3);
Transportation of wastes from cement production to end-of-life (A3); and
End-of-life of wastes generated during cement production (A3).
The Construction, Use and End-of-life stages are excluded from the scope of the PCR and therefore from the impact
results provided by this EPD.
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
PRODUCTION
Stage
A1
Extraction and
upstream production
CONSTRUCTION
Stage
USE
Stage
A4
B1
Transport to site
Use
END OF LIFE
Stage
C1
De-construction
Demolition
A2
A5
B2
C2
Transport to factory
Installation
Maintenance
Transport
A3
B3
C3
Manufacturing
Repair
Waste Processing
B4
C4
Replacement
Disposal of waste
Optional
supplementary
information
beyond the
system boundary
D
Potential net
benefits from
reuse,
recycling, and/or
energy recovery
beyond the system
boundary
B5
Refurbishment
Included
B6
Operational Energy
Use
Excluded
B7
Operational Water
Use
Life Cycle Information within the System Boundary
Figure 1. Boundary of the industry-average cement production processes.
EXCLUSIONS AND CUT-OFF CRITERIA
Several items are excluded from the foreground life cycle inventories (LCIs) used in the LCA. These relate specifically to
operations at cement production plants:
Capital equipment and infrastructure. These are expected to contribute negligibly (<1%) to the total impact of
cement production given the long lifetime of these items and high output of cement over this period.
Personnel-related activities, such as travel, furniture and office supplies. (Energy and water use related to on-site
office operations, such as company management and sales activities, are included.)
These two categories of items are included in upstream processes (e.g., electricity generation) where they are captured
in the background data used in the LCA underlying GCCA Industry EPD tool.
The cut-off criteria as per NSF PCR, Section 7.1.8 [11] and ISO 21930, 7.1.8 [9] were followed. Per ISO 21930, 7.1.8, all
input/output data required were collected and included in the LCI modelling. No substances with hazardous and toxic
properties that pose a concern for human health and/or the environment were identified in the framework of this EPD.
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
ALLOCATION APPROACH
Allocation of inventory flows and subsequently environmental impact is relevant when assets are shared between
product systems. The allocation method prescribed by the PCR is applied in the underlying LCA. The sub-category PCR
recognizes fly ash, furnace bottom ash, bypass dust, mill scale, polluted soils, spent catalyst, aluminum oxide waste,
silica fume, granulated blast furnace slag, iron rich waste, cement kiln dust (CKD), flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum,
calcium fluoride rich waste and postconsumer gypsum as recovered materials and thus, the environmental impacts
allocated to these materials are limited to the treatment and transportation required to use as a cement material input.
Further, used tires, plastics, solvents, used oil and oily waste, coal/carbon waste, roofing asphalt, household refusederived waste, non-hazardous liquid waste, industrial sludge, and agricultural waste are considered non-renewable
and/or renewable secondary fuels. Only the materials, water, energy, emissions, and other elemental flows associated
with reprocessing, handling, sorting and transportation from the point of the generating industrial process to their use in
the production process are considered. All emissions from combustion at the point of use are considered. For coproducts, no credit is considered, and no allocation is applied. See the LCA model and LCA database reports of the N.A.
version of GCCA’s Industry Tool for EPDs of cement and concrete for more information [3], [4].
DATA QUALITY REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENT
Data Quality
Requirements
Technology
Coverage
Description
Data represents the prevailing technology in use at CAC member facilities. Whenever available, for all
upstream and core material and processes, North American typical or global average industry LCI datasets
were utilized as captured in the GCCA EPD Tool.
Technological representativeness is characterized as “high”.
Geographic
Coverage
Time Coverage
The geographic region considered is Canada and various sub-regions – west, central and east.
Geographical representativeness is characterized as "high".
Regional activity (primary) data are representative of 2020 calendar year (12 months).
- limestone extraction,
- clinker production,
- GU and GUL cement manufacturing,
- In-bound/out-bound transportation data - primary data collected for quarry sites and cement manufacturing
plants.
Temporal representativeness is characterized as “high”.
Completeness
All relevant, specific processes, including inputs (raw materials, energy and ancillary materials) and outputs
(emissions and production volume) were considered and modeled in the GCCA Tool to complete the
production profile for GU and GUL cement products. CAC member plants report various emissions to the
National Pollution Release Inventory. These data for 2020 were drawn on in the completion of this project
report. The completeness of the foreground process chain in terms of process steps is rigorously assessed.
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
Data Quality
Requirements
Description
Consistency
To ensure consistency, cross checks of the energy demand and the calculated raw meal to clinker ratio
against ranges reported in the WBCSD Cement Sustainability Initiative, Cement CO2 and Energy Protocol,
v3.1 December, 2013 were conducted [13]. The LCA team conducted mass and energy balances at the
facility level and selected process levels to maintain a high level of consistency
Reproducibility
External reproducibility is not strictly possible as the source LCI data and subsequent LCA background
reports are confidential.
Transparency
Activity datasets are disclosed in the project LCI compilation, and the background reports generated by the
GCCA Tool.
Uncertainty
A sensitivity check was conducted relative to the PCA industry average [12]. The variation across significant
inputs were found to be well within the expected range and hence, there is high degree of confidence in the
results.
LIMITATIONS
This EPD represents regional industry average performance for CAC members producing GU and GUL cements. It
considers only cement plants located in Canada. Results may not adequately represent cement production systems that
differ greatly from those captured by the data used in the underlying LCA.
This EPD is a declaration of potential environmental impact and does not support or provide definitive comparisons of
the environmental performance of specific products. Only EPDs prepared from cradle-to-grave life cycle results and
based on the same function and reference service life and quantified by the same functional unit can be used to assist
purchasers and users in making informed comparisons between products.
The EPD provided here in and the underlying LCA conform to the NSF Product Category Rule for Preparing an
Environmental Product Declaration for Portland, Blended Hydraulic, Masonry, Mortar, and Plastic (Stucco) Cements.
EPDs of cements that follow a different PCR may not be comparable.
LCIA results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category endpoints, the exceeding of thresholds,
safety margins or risks. Further, LCA offers a wide array of environmental impact indicators, and this EPD reports a
collection of those, as specified by the PCR.
In addition to the impact results, this EPD provides several metrics related to resource consumption and waste
generation. These data are informational as they do not provide a measure of impact on the environment. Further,
severalLCA impact categories and inventory items are still emerging or under development and can have high levels of
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
uncertainty that preclude international acceptance pending further development. Use caution when interpreting results
for these categories – identified with an “*”in Tables 3 and 4.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION REGARDING LCA METHODOLOGY
Additional information regarding databases and impact methodologies used for conducting the LCA for this EPD can be
found in the LCA core model and LCA database reports of the N.A. version of GCCA’s Industry EPD Tool for Cement and
Concrete [4], [5] (see demo.gcca.quantis.solutions/)
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT RESULTS
The cradle-to-gate (A1 to A3) EPD results for producing one metric ton of GU cement are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Production stage EPD Results for General Use (GU) portland cement.
Impact category and inventory
indicators
Unit
Global warming potential, GWP 100,
kg CO2 eq
IPCC 2013
kg CFC-11 eq
Ozone depletion potential, ODP
Acidification potential, AP
kg SO2 eq
Eutrophication potential, EP
kg N eq
Smog formation potential, SFP
kg O3 eq
Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil
kg Sb eq
mineral resources, ADP elements*
Abiotic depletion potential for fossil
MJ Surplus
resources, ADP fossil*
Renewable primary resources used as
MJ LHV
an energy carrier (fuel), RPRE*
Renewable primary resources with
MJ LHV
energy content used as material, RPRM*
Non-renewable primary resources used
MJ LHV
as an energy carrier (fuel), NRPRE*
Non-renewable primary resources with
energy content used as material,
MJ LHV
NRPRM*
Secondary materials, SM*
kg
Renewable secondary fuels, RSF*
MJ LHV
Non-renewable secondary fuels, NRSF*
MJ LHV
Net use of freshwater, NFW*
m3
Hazardous waste disposed, HWD*
kg
Non-hazardous waste disposed,
kg
NHWD*
High-level radioactive waste,
conditioned, to final repository, HLRW*
Intermediate- and low-level radioactive
kg
waste, conditioned, to final repository,
ILLRW* x1)
Components for re-use, CRU*
kg
West
Central
East
796
854
898
1.92E-05
0.85
0.56
6.41
1.83E-05
0.44
0.53
5.51
1.54E-05
0.53
0.37
6.68
1.12E-04
1.22E-04
2.65E-04
579
148
183
258
237
567
0.00
<1
<1
4015
3908
2904
0.00
<1
<1
11.03
115
356
1.09
0.01
26.68
155
10
1.39
0.02
42.09
87.15
432
2.28
0.001
0.07
5.56
0.24
1.79E-07
2.64E-07
1.15E-07
0.19
0.00
0.00
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
Impact category and inventory
indicators
Unit
West
Central
East
Materials for recycling, MFR*
kg
0.00
0.40
0.31
Materials for energy recovery, MER*
Recovered energy exported from the
product system, EE*
Additional Inventory Parameters
for Transparency
Global warming potential - biogenic,
GWPbio*
kg
0.00
0.00
0.00
MJ LHV
0.00
0.00
0.00
kg CO₂ eq
1.49
0.25
0.37
kg CO₂ eq
475
475
493
kg CO₂ eq
0.06
0.14
0.04
kg CO₂ eq
32.35
3.36
41.16
Emissions from calcination*
Emissions from combustion of waste
from renewable sources*
Emissions from combustion of waste
from non-renewable sources*
1)
x – Not all LCA datasets for upstream materials include these impact categories and thus results may be incomplete.
*) Use caution when interpreting results for these categories
Table 4. Production stage EPD Results for General Use (GUL) portland-limestone cement.
Impact category and inventory
indicators
Unit
Global warming potential, GWP 100,
kg CO2 eq
IPCC 2013
kg CFC-11 eq
Ozone depletion potential, ODP
Acidification potential, AP
kg SO2 eq
Eutrophication potential, EP
kg N eq
Smog formation potential, SFP
kg O3 eq
Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil
kg Sb eq
mineral resources, ADP elements*
Abiotic depletion potential for fossil
MJ Surplus
resources, ADP fossil*
Renewable primary resources used as
MJ LHV
an energy carrier (fuel), RPRE*
Renewable primary resources with
MJ LHV
energy content used as material, RPRM*
Non-renewable primary resources used
MJ LHV
as an energy carrier (fuel), NRPRE*
Non-renewable primary resources with
energy content used as material,
MJ LHV
NRPRM*
Secondary materials, SM*
kg
Renewable secondary fuels, RSF*
MJ LHV
Non-renewable secondary fuels, NRSF*
MJ LHV
Net use of freshwater, NFW*
m3
Hazardous waste disposed, HWD*
kg
Non-hazardous waste disposed,
kg
NHWD*
West
Central
East
732
798
864
1.69E-05
0.79
0.44
6.19
1.78E-05
0.42
0.49
5.37
1.59E-05
0.57
0.47
7.07
1.12E-04
1.21E-04
2.69E-04
538
142
192
334
232
548
0.00
1.32
0.00
3625
3693
2914
0.00
<1
0.00
10.29
108
334
1.41
0.01
24.97
144
9
1.57
0.02
44.59
82
408
2.21
0.001
0.07
5.35
0.24
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
Impact category and inventory
indicators
High-level radioactive waste,
conditioned, to final repository, HLRW*
Intermediate- and low-level radioactive
waste, conditioned, to final repository,
ILLRW* x1)
Components for re-use, CRU*
Materials for recycling, MFR*
Materials for energy recovery, MER*
Recovered energy exported from the
product system, EE*
Additional Inventory Parameters
for Transparency
Global warming potential - biogenic,
GWPbio*
Emissions from calcination*
Emissions from combustion of waste
from renewable sources*
Emissions from combustion of waste
from non-renewable sources*
1)
Unit
West
Central
East
kg
1.77E-07
1.95E-07
1.13E-07
kg
0.18
0.00
0.00
kg
kg
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.00
0.29
0.00
MJ LHV
0.00
0.00
0.00
kg CO₂ eq
1.72
0.10
0.57
kg CO₂ eq
444
443
464
kg CO₂ eq
0.06
0.13
0.03
kg CO₂ eq
30.18
3.13
38.8
x – Not all LCA datasets for upstream materials include these impact categories and thus results may be incomplete.
*) Use caution when interpreting results for these categories
INTERPRETATION
Based on the Gu and GUL EPD results calculated with the GCCA Industry EPD Tool for cement and concrete, the
following conclusions could be reached. The Manufacturing module (A3) drives most of the potential environmental
impacts. Manufacturing impacts are primarily driven by energy use (electricity and thermal fuels) used during the
pyroprocessing of limestone in the production of clinker. Clinker content in cement similarly defines the relative
environmental profile of the final cement products. Raw material extraction (A1) is the second largest contributor to the
Production stage EPD results, followed by raw material transportation (A2).
ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
Air pollution abatement equipment used at PCA members cement facilities may consist of any mix of the following
technologies: high and low temperature baghouses, bin vents, drum filters, dry filters, cartridge filters, precipitators,
water sprinklers for dust control, Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), wet
scrubbers, dry scrubbers (dry sorbent injection, DSI), Activated Carbon Injection (ASI), and Regenerative Thermal
Oxidizer (RTO).
It is also noted that about a third of the plants package some of their cements, the majority bulk load their cements for
sale.
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AN ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
GU and GUL Cements
REFERENCES
1. ASTM General Program Instructions. V.8.0, April 29, 2020.
2. Athena Sustainable Materials Institute 2021, Portland Cement Association (PCA) – Life Cycle Inventory Summary
Report. Prepared by: Mr. Jamie Meil, Mr. Grant Finlayson and Lindita Bushi, PhD, Prepared for: PCA, February 2021.
3. Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA) 2020. N.A. version of Industry EPD tool for Cement and
Concrete. https://concrete-epd-tool.org/.
4. GCCA and PCA, GCCA Industry EPD Tool for Cement and Concrete (V3.2), LCA Model, North American version,
Prepared by Quantis, November 2021.
5. Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA) 2021. LCA Database, North American version – v3.2,
Prepared by Quantis https://demo.gcca.quantis.solutions/
6. ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labeling and declarations - Type III environmental declarations - Principles and
procedures.
7. ISO 14040:2006/Amd1:2020 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework.
8. ISO 14044:2006/Amd1:2017/Amd2:2020 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and
guidelines.
9. ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works - Core rules for environmental product
declarations of construction products and services.
10. NSF International, Product Category Rule Environmental Product Declarations, PCR for Portland, Blended, Masonry,
Mortar, and Plastic (Stucco) Cements, v3.2, Sept. 2021.
11. NSF International, Product Category Rule Environmental Product Declarations, PCR for Concrete, February 2020.
12. Portland Cement Association Environmental Product Declaration – Portland Cement, ASTM International, March
12, 2021. https://www.astm.org/CERTIFICATION/DOCS/634.EPD_for_Portland_Athena_Final_revised_04082021.pdf
13. WBCSD CSI 2013: CO2 and Energy Protocol Version 3.1 of 9 December 2013. https://www.cement-co2protocol.org/en/
13