CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM A. Introduction Students nowadays are always lack of sleep due to different circumstances. The researchers decided to study this topic because this is the most rampant problem that they observe inside their classroom. Some of their classmates are always late, and occasionally they sleep inside their classroom during free time or even when someone is teaching. The researchers themselves experience this kind of scenario, which is why they chose this area of study to address the problem. From the observation of the researchers, sleep deprivation has more negative effects than benefits. For instance, when a student is sleep deprived, he or she cannot focus during class hour, and their mind is always preoccupied by something. There are also causes that can be observed, such as doing their homework or activities, scrolling thru their cellphones, playing online games, etc., that lead them to not sleep on time. The impact of sleep deprivation on academic performance has long been a subject of interest and concern. As students often caught in the all too familiar struggle between the demands of their academic pursuits and the necessity for adequate rest. In this perpetual battle for time, it is easy to overlook the detrimental effects that sleep deprivation can have on students’ cognitive abilities and overall educational outcomes. Research consistently reveals that sacrificing sleep for studying is an ill-fated decision. Far from being a commendable habit, depriving oneself of sufficient sleep not only impairs attention and memory but also hampers critical thinking skills – qualities indispensable to achieving academic excellence. Amidst these pitfalls lie fascinating paybacks awaiting those who prioritize their slumber. Contrary to popular belief, obtaining enough rest has been proven to enhance cognitive function and boost learning capacities significantly. Adequate sleep fosters optimal brain functioning by consolidating newly acquired information during various stages of sleep cycles. Considering these revelations about the perils associated with neglecting proper rest alongside its potential rewards, three key talking points emerge: (1) The detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on attention and memory; (2) The compromises made in critical thinking when deprived of adequate rest; (3) The positive correlation between quality slumber and improved cognitive abilities leading to better academic achievements. According to Christian & Ellis (2011), "Sleep deprivation can have potential disastrous consequences, including decreased alertness, decision-making capacity, and worker well-being." Specifically, in the context of academia, these consequences manifest themselves in poor concentration and memory retention. When students do not get enough sleep at night, they may find it difficult to stay focused during lectures or while studying for exams. Furthermore, when they attempt to recall information learned earlier on that day or week with limited rest time between each study session; their ability to retain that information decreases significantly resulting in poor academic performance. In addition to its impact on cognition related to learning material presented by teachers or professors; sleep also plays a crucial role in the formation of long-term memories. Therefore, getting enough restful quality sleep should be prioritized as much as studying when aiming for good grades. This research will be conducted at ACLC College of Iriga Inc., and the respondents are grade 12 students only of the said school. The researchers aim to ascertain the pitfalls and payback of sleep deprivation on school performance of grade 12 students at ACLC. The purpose of this research is to discover the effects of sleep deprivation, and how this situation affects the students' performance inside their class. Notes Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. J. (2011). Examining the effects of sleep deprivation on workplace deviance: A self-regulatory perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 913–934. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0179 B. Statement of the Problem The researcher endeavors to discover the pitfalls and payback of sleep deprivation on school performance of grade 12 students at ACLC. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the demographic profile of Grade 12 students at ACLC in terms of: i. Age ii. Sex iii. Strand iv. Time of sleeping 2. What are the underlying causes and contributing factors to sleep deprivation among Grade 12 students at ACLC? 3. What are the effects of sleep deprivation on school performance of the students? 4. Is there a significant relationship between sleep deprivation and students performance? 5. What strategies or interventions can be recommended to mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation on school performance of Grade 12 students at ACLC? C. Hypotheses 1. The pitfalls and payback of Sleep Deprivation has a significant effect on School Performance of Grade 12 students of ACLC. 2. The pitfalls and payback of Sleep Deprivation has no significant effect on School Performance of Grade 12 students of ACLC. D. Assumptions The purpose of the study is to determine the pitfalls and payback of sleep deprivation on school performance of grade 12 students at ACLC. The following assumptions were made: 1. The researchers assumed that the respondents have different age, sex, strand, and time of sleeping. 2. The researchers assumed that there are causes of sleep deprivation. 3. The researchers assumed that there are effects of sleep deprivation on academic performance of the students. 4. The researchers assumed that there is significant relationship between sleep deprivation and students performance. 5. The researchers assumed that there are interventions can be recommended to mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation on school performance of the students. E. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study aims to investigate the implications of the pitfalls and payback of sleep deprivation on school performance of grade 12 students at ACLC College of Iriga Inc., during the academic year 2023-2024. The research will encompass a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between sleep deprivation and school performance among grade 12 students exclusively enrolled at ACLC. It will explore various dimensions of sleep deprivation, including their sleep duration, quality, patterns, and associated habits. The assessment of school performance will primarily employ quantitative metrics such as GPA, examination scores, and attendance records. One potential limitation of this study may be the willingness of respondents to cooperate with the researchers. Another limitation is the geographical restriction to ACLC College of Iriga, Inc., grade 12 students only, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to a broader context. Respondents will be randomly selected, and data will be collected through a survey questionnaire. All data collected from respondents will be treated as confidential and kept private. F. Significance of the Study This section will provide facts and information about the pitfalls and payback of sleep deprivation on school performance of grade 12 students at ACLC. This study aims to benefit the following stakeholders: STUDENTS. This research could help the students to mitigate their sleep insufficiency and manage their time of sleeping. PARENTS. So that they are aware and monitor their children in terms of sleeping schedules. TEACHERS. For them to be aware of what happened to students that are lack of sleep and the reason behind it. FUTURE RESEARCHERS. This research will benefit and help other researchers as their guide for future development of the study. G. Definition of Terms ACLC. This is a private school institution that offers senior high school and college degree (AMA Education System, n.d.). This specifically refers to ACLC College of Iriga Inc. where the researchers decided to conduct the study. Payback. An advantage received from something (Cambridge Dictionary, 2023). This specifically refers to the advantages of sleep deprivation on academic performance of students. Pitfalls. A danger or difficulty that is hidden or not easily recognized (Merriam Webster, 2023). This refers to the negative effects of sleep deprivation on academic performance of students. School Performance. Positive effects of school and its actors to attaining the goals, related to the academic achievement and personal development of students; according to the social constructivist view, dependent on the social views of the school stakeholders (Infoscipedia, n.d). This refers to the performance of the students during class hour when they are sleep deprived. Sleep Deprivation. Is a condition that occurs if you do not get enough sleep (National Institutes of Health, 2022). This is the main topic of the study, which refers to the students who experience sleep insufficiency. Students. A person who is studying at college, university, or school (Cambridge Dictionary, 2023). This specifically refers to grade 12 students in ACLC College of Iriga Inc. Notes AMA Education System. (n.d). ACLC. Retrieved from: https://www.amaes.edu.ph/aclccollege/ Cambridge Dictionary. (2023). Payback. Retrieved from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/payback?q=payback+ Merriam Webster. (2023). Pitfalls. webster.com/thesaurus/pitfalls Retrieved from: https://www.merriam- Infoscipedia. (n.d). What is School Performance (School Effectiveness). IGI Global. Retrieved from: https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/nurturing-spiritualintelligence-in-the-classroom/42383 National Institutes of Health. (2022). What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency. Retrieved from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation Cambridge Dictionary. (2023). Student. Retrieved https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/student?q=students from: H. Conceptual Framework The researcher adopted the Input Process Output (IPO) model. It includes all the materials and the information that are required in the process; the specific details itself. The concept model shows what is the process of determining the pitfalls and payback of sleep deprivation on school performance of grade 12 students at ACLC. For input, it consists of the respondent's profile as well as aspects related to the educational research's dependent and independent variables. Usually, all the details specified in the statement of the problems are stipulated here. For process, it includes the questionnaires that were utilized and the data collection method. For output, this includes the action taken or the recommendation after interpreting the results of the study. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT 1. The demographic profile of Grade 12 students at ACLC in terms of: Age, Sex, Strand, Time of sleeping. 2. The causes of sleep deprivation among grade 12 students at ACLC. 3. The effects of sleep deprivation on school performance of the students. Gathering data using survey questionnaires by giving the questions directly to the respondents. 4. The significant relationship between sleep deprivation and students’ performance. 5. Recommendations mitigate the effects sleep deprivation school performance Grade 12 students ACLC. to of on of at Figure 1 Conceptual Paradigm Create a program for educating people about sleep deprivation that includes workshops, seminars, and educational sessions. Inform students on the value of sleep, the effects of sleep loss on academic performance, and useful sleep techniques. I. Related Theories The theoretical underpinning of this study are Self-determination Theory by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, and Oswald's Restoration Theory by Dr. Ian Oswald. Self-Determination Theory: Self-Determination Theory (SDT) was introduced by psychologists Edward Deci and Richard Ryan in their 1985 book Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. They created a theory of motivation that contends that human motivation is typically fueled by the desire to advance and find contentment. According to SDT, three fundamental psychological needs are necessary for both physical and psychological health. These necessities are autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Autonomy refers to the experience of having free will and self-acceptance in one's activity. Competence is the experience of being effective when interacting with one's environment. Relatedness is the experience of having reciprocal care and concern for others. This theory examine how sleep deprivation can affect students' motivation and selfregulation. It discusses how tiredness and reduced motivation may lead to procrastination, decreased effort, and diminished academic achievement. Thus, this theory is applicable in the study that the researchers conducted. Oswald's Restoration Theory: Oswald's Restoration Theory states that you need to rest to recover energy lost throughout the day so that you can be productive and healthy. This was formulated by Dr. Ian Oswald, a sleep researcher and psychiatrist. Oswald first suggested the restoration theory of sleep in 1931. Further building on the restoration concepts discovered by his predecessor Johannis Mayer. This theory is supported by research showing that people who get less sleep than usual tend to be less productive and experience health problems. This theory suggests that by sleeping or napping during the day, people might be able to sleep less at night without experiencing negative effects. This examines the how sleep affect the performance of students when they lack sleep, which connects this theory to the study. Self-determination Theory by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan Oswald's Restoration Theory by Dr. Ian Oswald The Pitfalls and Payback of Sleep Deprivation on School Performance of Grade 12 students at ACLC Figure 2 Theoretical Paradigm Notes Kendra Cherry. (2022). What Is Self-Determination Theory. Dotdash Media, Inc. Retrieved from: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-determination-theory2795387#:~:text=Self%2Ddetermination%20theory%20grew%20out,Intrinsic%20 Motivation%20in%20Human%20Behavior. SONU Editorial Team. (2022). Oswald's Restoration Theory: What Is It. SONU Sleep. https://sonusleep.com/blogs/news/oswalds-restoration-theory-of-sleep-a-briefsummary#:~:text=Dr.,productive%20and%20experience%20health%20problems.
