Language &
Language Learning
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What are the common views on
language?
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What are the common views on
language?
What are the common views on
language learning?
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What are the common views on
language?
What are the common views on
language learning?
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What are the common views on
language?
What are the common views on
language learning?
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What are the common views on
language?
What are the common views on
language learning?
What are the
common views on language?
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Language is a linguistic system
made up of various subsystems.
Learning a language is to learn
its vocabulary and structural
rules.
What are the
common views on language?
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Structural view:
Language is a linguistic system
made up of various subsystems.
Learning a language is to learn
its vocabulary and structural
rules.
Ferdiand de Saussure
(1857-1913 )
What are the
common views on language?
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Language is a linguistic system
as well as a means for doing
things. Learners learn a
language in order to do things
with it (use it).
What are the
common views on language?
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Functional view:
Language is a linguistic system
as well as a means for doing
things. Learners learn a
language in order to do things
with it (use it).
What are the
common views on language?
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Language is a communicative
tool to maintain social relations.
Learners need to know the rules
of a language and where, when
and how it is appropriate to use
them.
What are the
common views on language?
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Interactional view:
Language is a communicative
tool to maintain social relations.
Learners need to know the rules
of a language and where, when
and how it is appropriate to use
them.
John Dewey
(1859-1952)
Lev Vygosky
(1896-1934)
What are the
common views on language?
Structural view: Language is a linguistic
system made up of structural rules and
vocabulary.
Functional view: Language is a linguistic
system as well as a means for doing things
(to be used in real life).
Interactional view: Language is a
communicative tool to maintain social
relations.
Your view of language
determines your way of
teaching.
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view–
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence
patterns)
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence
patterns)
Functional view–
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence
patterns)
Functional view– communicative
categories
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence
patterns)
Functional view– communicative
categories, communicative ability
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence
patterns)
Functional view– communicative
categories, communicative ability
(to be able to communicate)
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence
patterns)
Functional view– communicative
categories, communicative ability
(to be able to communicate)
Interactional view–
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence
patterns)
Functional view– communicative
categories, communicative ability
(to be able to communicate)
Interactional view– to communicate
appropriately
What will be your focus in
teaching?
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Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence
patterns)
Functional view– communicative
categories, communicative ability
(to be able to communicate)
Interactional view– to communicate
appropriately (communicative
strategies, cultural awareness, etc.)
Your view of language determines
your teaching methods.
Your teaching methods is a major
factor to determine whether you’ll
be a good language teacher or not.
Your view of language determines
your teaching methods.
Your teaching methods is a major
factor to determine whether you’ll
be a good language teacher or not.
What are the common views
on language learning?
Behaviorism
Pavlov
Skinner
Imitation &
repetition
(S-R-R)
External
factors
Cognitivism
Chomsky Thinking
(creativity)
Internal
factors
Constructivism
Piaget
Dewey
Dewey
Personal
construction
Interaction
Vygosky
ZPD &
scaffolds
Socialconstructivism
What are the common views
on language learning?
Behaviorism
Pavlov
Skinner
Imitation &
repetition
(S-R-R)
External
factors
Cognitivism
Chomsky Thinking
(creativity)
Internal
factors
Constructivism
Piaget
Dewey
Dewey
Personal
construction
Interaction
Vygosky
ZPD &
scaffolds
Socialconstructivism
What are the common views
on language learning?
Behaviorism
Pavlov
Skinner
Imitation &
repetition
(S-R-R)
External
factors
Cognitivism
Chomsky Thinking
(creativity)
Internal
factors
Constructivism
Piaget
Dewey
Dewey
Personal
construction
Interaction
Vygosky
ZPD &
scaffolds
Socialconstructivism
What are the common views
on language learning?
Behaviorism
Pavlov
Skinner
Imitation &
repetition
(S-R-R)
External
factors
Cognitivism
Chomsky Thinking
(creativity)
Internal
factors
Constructivism
Piaget
Dewey
Dewey
Personal
construction
Interaction
Vygosky
ZPD &
scaffolds
Socialconstructivism
What are the common views
on language learning?
Behaviorism
Pavlov
Skinner
Imitation &
repetition
(S-R-R)
External
factors
Cognitivism
Chomsky Thinking
(creativity)
Internal
factors
Constructivism
Piaget
Dewey
Dewey
Personal
construction
Interaction
Vygosky
ZPD &
scaffolds
Socialconstructivism
Behaviorist theory
Behaviorism Skinner Imitation
External
& repetition factors
(S-R-R)
Behaviorist theory
Behaviorism Skinner Imitation
External
& repetition factors
(S-R-R)
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Representatives (Pavlov; Skinner)
Behaviorist view of language and
learning
Influence (Audio-Lingual Method)
Ivan Pavlov: S-R
(1849-1936)
B. F. Skinner: S-R-R
(1904 - 1990)
Behaviorist view of
language and learning
Behaviorist view of
language and learning
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All complex forms of behaviors can be learned
by Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement.
Behaviorist view of
language and learning
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All complex forms of behaviors can be learned
by Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement.
Language is a form of behavior.
Behaviorist view of
language and learning
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All complex forms of behaviors can be learned
by Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement.
Language is a form of behavior.
Language can be learned as animals are
trained to respond to stimuli
(by mechanical drills such as imitation &
repetition).
Audio-Lingual Method
Leonard Bloomfield
(1887-1949)
Audio-Lingual Method
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‘Listen and repeat’ drilling activities are
the most important classroom activities.
Audio-Lingual Method
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‘Listen and repeat’ drilling activities are
the most important classroom activities.
Mistakes are immediately corrected and
correct utterances are immediately
praised.
Cognitive theory
Cognitivism Chomsky Thinking
(creativity)
Internal
factors
Cognitive theory
Cognitivism Chomsky Thinking
(creativity)
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Internal
factors
Representative (Chomsky)
Cognitive view of language and
learning
The influence
Noam Chomsky
(1928--)
Cognitive view of language and
learning
Cognitive view of language and
learning
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If all language is learned by imitation and
repetition, how can a child produce a
sentence that has never been said by others
before?
Cognitive view of language and
learning
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If all language is learned by imitation and
repetition, how can a child produce a
sentence that has never been said by others
before?
Is my mum taking me to the doctor so that
she can doc me?
Cognitive view of language and
learning
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If all language is learned by imitation and
repetition, how can a child produce a
sentence that has never been said by others
before?
Language is a rule-based system and with a
knowledge of the finite rules (language
competence), infinite sentences can be
produced
Influence of cognitive theory
Influence of cognitive theory
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Learners should be allowed to create
their own sentences based on their
understanding of certain rules
(creativity)
Constructivist theory
Constructivism Personal
Interaction
construction
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Representative (Piaget; Bruner; Dewey)
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Constructivist view of language and
learning
Jean Piaget
(1896 – 1980)
Piaget’s views and influence
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Learning is a personal construction of
knowledge to be learned based on the
learner’s previous experience.
Piaget’s views and influence
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Learning is a personal construction of
knowledge to be learned based on the
learner’s previous experience.
Learner’s experience
Knowledge to be learned
Learner’s
personal construction
John Dewey
(1859-1952)
Dewey’s views and influence
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Learning by doing
Dewey’s views and influence
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Learning by doing
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Teaching should be built on learners’
experience and engage learners in
learning activities.
Dewey’s views and influence
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Learning by doing
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Teaching should be built on learners’
experience and engage learners in
learning activities.
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Teachers need to design environments
and interact with learners.
Social-constructivist theory
SocialVygosky ZPD &
constructivism
scaffolds
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Interaction
Representative (Vygosky)
Social-constructivist view of language
and learning and the influence
Lev Vygosky
(1896-1934)
Social-constructivist views of
language and language learning
Social-constructivist views of
language and language learning
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Interaction and engagement with the target
language in a social context is important.
Social-constructivist views of
language and language learning
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Interaction and engagement with the target
language in a social context is important.
ZPD—Zone of Proximal Development (最近发展
区)
Zone of Proximal Development
& scaffolding
Zone of Proximal Development
& scaffolding
i+1
i
Social-constructivist views of
language and language learning
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Interaction and engagement with the target
language in a social context is important.
ZPD—Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding—learning is best achieved
through the dynamic interaction between
the teacher and the learner
the learners
Social-constructivist views of
language and language learning
■
■
■
Interaction and engagement with the target
language in a social context is important.
ZPD—Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding—learning is best achieved
through the dynamic interaction between
the teacher and the learner (question & explanation)
the learners
Social-constructivist views of
language and language learning
■
■
■
Interaction and engagement with the target
language in a social context is important.
ZPD—Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding—learning is best achieved
through the dynamic interaction between
the teacher and the learner (question & explanation)
the learners (a more capable peer’s support)