PROJECT TITLE: CONSTRUCTION OF QAURTERTURN STAIRS (TIMBER)
PRESENTED BY: KENNEDY AGOLA
INDEX NO:
ADMISSION: CBT/21/M/0266/N.
SUPERVISOR: LITA KAWIRA
INSTITUTION: KARUMO TECHNICAL TRAINING
INSTITUTE.
COURSE: CERTIFICATE IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY.
PRESENTED TO: THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION
COUNCIL FOR PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF CERTIFICATE IN
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY.
SERIES: JULY 2023.
-1-|Page
DECLARATION
This trade project is my original work and has not been submitted to any other
technical training institute for academic award.
Sign………………………….
Date…………………………
KENNEDY AGOLA
INDEX NO. 32710400
This project has been submitted with my approval as the appointed Institute supervisor.
Sign…………………………..
Date………………………..
MADAM LITA KAWIRA
-2-|Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my very great appreciation to Madam Lita Kawira for her valuable
and constructive guidance during the entire development of this research work. Her
willingness to give her time so generously is much appreciated. I would also like to
express my gratitude to Mr. Nicholus Mutwiri for his advice and assistance in trade
research proposal.
I would like to acknowledge the role played by the department of Building and Civil
Engineering as well as all my lecturers in the Craft in. Building Technology.
I am particularly grateful to Madam Florence and Madam Ella Kendi who tutored
Construction Materials, General Building Construction and Masonary, units that did
inspire this research.
I also acknowledge the help from all my classmates. Finally, I wish to thank my family
and friends for their support and encouragement throughout my study. God bless them
abundantly.
3|Page
ABSTRACT
The construction of quarter-turn timber stairs involves designing and building a staircase that
turns 90 degrees at a landing point, typically halfway up or down the stairs. This type of
staircase is a popular choice for homes, as it provides an aesthetically pleasing design and can
help maximize space in smaller areas.
The construction process involves careful planning and precise measurements to ensure that
the stairs are safe, stable, and meet local building codes. The first step is to determine the
height and width of the stairs, taking into account factors such as the rise and run of each
step, the location of the landing, and the overall dimensions of the space.
Once the design has been finalized, the materials are selected and cut to size. Timber is a
common choice for the treads and risers, as it is durable, strong, and can be easily customized
to fit the specific requirements of the project.
The assembly process involves fitting the treads and risers into place, securing them with
screws or glue, and attaching the balustrade, which provides support and safety for users.
This can be a complex and time-consuming process, requiring a high level of skill and
precision.
4|Page
DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to Almighty God for His endless grace and everlasting love. I also
dedicate this project to my Parents for their moral and financial support and constant
encouragement throughout my education. I also dedicate it to my classmate and friend
Kennedy Odera who has been of constant help during my Period of study and research.
May God bless them abundantly.
5|Page
1.0
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Stairs are an essential part of any building, providing access to different levels and facilitating
movement within the structure. In Kenya, timber stairs are a popular choice due to their
versatility, aesthetic appeal, and relatively low cost compared to other materials. Among the
types of timber stairs, quarter-turn stairs are commonly used in homes and commercial
buildings. They are designed to turn 90 degrees at a landing, allowing for a change in
direction while taking up minimal space. In this paper, we will explore the construction of
quarter-turn timber stairs in the Kenyan context, citing relevant references to provide detailed
information on the topic.
Design Considerations
Designing a functional and safe quarter-turn timber staircase requires careful consideration of
several factors. According to the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) Code of Practice for the
design and construction of timber stairs (KS 1182: 2002), the following factors should be
taken into account:
The intended use of the staircase
The height and width of the stairs
The maximum number of risers per flight
The minimum and maximum rise and going dimensions
The width of the landing
The headroom clearance above the stairs
The type and quality of timber used
These design considerations ensure that the stairs are safe, comfortable, and durable for their
intended use. For example, the maximum number of risers per flight is usually limited to 16
to prevent fatigue and accidents. The minimum and maximum rise and going dimensions
should also be adhered to, with the recommended range being 150mm to 200mm for the rise
and 225mm to 355mm for the going.
Construction Process
The construction of quarter-turn timber stairs involves several stages, including planning,
measuring, cutting, assembly, and finishing. In his book, "Modern Carpentry: Building
Construction Details in Easy-to-Understand Form" (2017), Willis H. Wagner provides
detailed guidance on the construction process.
First, the stairwell should be measured and planned to determine the number of treads and
risers needed, the angle of the turn, and the size of the landing. The timber should then be
selected and cut to the required dimensions, ensuring that all pieces are of the same quality
6|Page
and size. The treads should be notched to fit the stringers, which are the supporting members
that hold the treads and risers in place. The stringers should be cut to the correct angle for the
turn, and the risers and treads should be fitted into place.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
Safety: The primary objective of building quarter-turn timber stairs is to ensure safety for the
people who will use them. This means designing and constructing the stairs in a way that
minimizes the risk of slips, trips, and falls. The stairs should be sturdy, with treads and risers
that are the right size and spacing to provide secure footing. Handrails should be included for
added stability and support.
Accessibility: In addition to safety, accessibility is an important consideration when building
quarter-turn timber stairs. The stairs should be designed to accommodate people of different
abilities, including those who use mobility aids like wheelchairs or walkers. This may mean
including wider treads and risers, as well as handrails that are easy to grasp and use.
Aesthetics: Quarter-turn timber stairs can be more than just functional – they can also be
beautiful. An objective of the construction process may be to create a visually pleasing
staircase that complements the overall design of the space. This could involve choosing highquality timber and finishes, as well as considering design elements like the shape of the treads
and the position of the handrails.
Durability: Quarter-turn timber stairs should be built to last, with materials and construction
techniques that can withstand daily use over time. This may involve selecting timber that is
resistant to wear and tear, as well as ensuring that the stairs are properly installed and
maintained.
Sustainability: Finally, a humanized objective for building quarter-turn timber stairs may be
to prioritize sustainability. This could involve sourcing materials from sustainable forestry
practices, minimizing waste during construction, and considering the environmental impact
of the construction process. By building sustainable stairs, we can help protect the planet and
ensure a better future for generations to come.
Functionality: The primary objective of building quarter-turn timber stairs is to create a
functional means of accessing different levels of a building. The stairs should be designed
and constructed in a way that allows people to move safely and efficiently from one level to
another.
Space utilization: Another objective of quarter-turn timber stairs is to optimize the use of
space within a building. Quarter-turn stairs are often used in smaller spaces where a straight
run of stairs may not be feasible. By using a quarter-turn design, it's possible to create a
staircase that fits into a more compact footprint, without sacrificing functionality.
Design: Timber stairs can add aesthetic appeal to a building, and one objective of
construction could be to create a visually striking staircase that enhances the overall design of
the space. This could involve choosing a timber species with a distinctive grain pattern or
incorporating design elements such as custom handrails or balusters.
7|Page
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
8|Page
1.3 SPECIFICATIONS
Quarter-turn timber stairs are a type of staircase that turns at a 90-degree angle. These stairs
are constructed from timber, which is a popular material choice due to its durability, strength,
and aesthetic appeal. This specification document provides guidelines for the construction of
quarter-turn timber stairs.
1.3.1 Materials:
Timber: All timber used in the construction of the stairs must be of high quality and should
be free from knots, cracks, or other defects that could compromise the structural integrity of
the stairs. The timber should be treated to prevent insect infestation and rotting.
Adhesives: Adhesives used in the construction of the stairs should be suitable for use with
timber and should be able to withstand the stresses and loads placed on the stairs.
1.3.2 Design:
The design of the stairs should be in accordance with local building codes and regulations.
The stairs should be designed to accommodate the expected traffic loads, taking into account
factors such as the number of occupants, the intended use of the stairs, and the location of the
stairs.
1.3.3 Construction:
Stringers: The stringers are the main structural component of the stairs and should be made
from high-quality timber. The stringers should be accurately cut and assembled to form a
rigid and stable frame that can support the weight of the stairs and the people using them. The
stringers should be securely attached to the walls or support structure to prevent any
movement or instability.
Treads and risers: The treads and risers should be cut accurately and finished to a high
standard. The treads should be fixed securely to the stringers using suitable adhesives and
mechanical fixings such as screws or bolts. The risers should be fixed in a similar manner and
should be of a consistent height to ensure safe and comfortable use of the stairs.
Handrail: A handrail should be provided on at least one side of the stairs. The handrail should
be securely fixed to the wall or support structure and should be at a height that is comfortable
for users to hold onto. The handrail should be finished to a high standard and should be free
from sharp edges or protrusions that could cause injury.
1.3.4 Finishing:
The finished stairs should be sanded and sealed to a high standard. The sealant used should
be suitable for use with timber and should provide protection against wear and tear, as well as
moisture and staining.
The construction of quarter-turn timber stairs requires careful planning and attention to detail.
The stairs should be designed and constructed in accordance with local building codes and
9|Page
regulations, and using high-quality materials and adhesives. The finished stairs should be
sanded, sealed, and finished to a high standard, providing a safe and attractive feature of any
building.
1.4 RELEVANT THEORY
One relevant theory to the construction of quarter-turn timber stairs is the "Biomechanics of
Stair Design" theory, which takes into account the human factors that affect stair design. This
theory recognizes that stairs are not just a functional element of a building, but also an
important part of the user's experience, and should therefore be designed with the user in
mind.
According to this theory, the design of quarter-turn timber stairs should take into account the
natural movement patterns of the human body. For example, stairs that are too steep or too
shallow can be difficult to navigate, while stairs that are too narrow or too wide can lead to
slips and falls. The theory also recognizes that different users may have different needs, such
as those with mobility impairments or visual impairments.
To account for these factors, the theory recommends a number of design principles, such as
ensuring a consistent riser height and tread depth, providing appropriate handrails and
lighting, and avoiding sharp corners or other obstructions that could cause tripping or other
accidents. The theory also suggests that designers should consider the psychological factors
that affect user perception, such as the use of color and texture, to create a safe and inviting
environment.
Overally, the "Biomechanics of Stair Design" theory emphasizes the importance of designing
stairs with the user in mind, taking into account the natural movement patterns of the human
body and the needs of different users. By following these principles, designers can create
quarter-turn timber stairs that are both functional and safe, while also enhancing the user's
experience of the space
10 | P a g e
2.0 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Stairs are an essential part of any building structure, and their design and construction play a
significant role in the overall aesthetics and functionality of the building. Timber stairs are an
attractive option, and quarter-turn stairs are a popular design choice in modern homes. In this
literature review, we will discuss the construction of quarter-turn timber stairs, the materials
used, and the design considerations involved.
Timber stairs are a popular choice for homeowners and builders because of their durability
and aesthetic appeal. Quarter-turn timber stairs are a particular type of staircase design that
provides a sharp 90-degree turn halfway up. In this literature review, we will explore the
construction of quarter-turn timber stairs and the various methods used to build them.
2.1.1 Materials:
The choice of timber is critical when constructing stairs, and it is essential to select a durable
and robust species that can withstand daily wear and tear. Popular timber options for stairs
include oak, maple, and ash, among others. Quarter-turn stairs require a combination of
straight and curved timbers, and it is crucial to choose high-quality pieces that will bend
without breaking.
2.1.2 Design Considerations:
Quarter-turn stairs have a landing in the middle of the flight, which changes the direction of
the stairs by 90 degrees. This design choice allows for greater flexibility in terms of
placement and can make the stairs more visually appealing. The size of the landing is an
essential consideration when designing quarter-turn stairs, and it must be large enough to
accommodate the turn while maintaining a safe and functional design. The tread and riser
dimensions must also be considered, along with the overall height and length of the stairs.
2.1.3 Construction Techniques
The construction of quarter-turn timber stairs requires a combination of carpentry and joinery
skills. There are two main techniques used to construct quarter-turn timber stairs: traditional
mortise and tenon joints, and modern staircase construction using steel brackets. Traditional
mortise and tenon joints involve carefully cutting and fitting the timber pieces together using
a series of interlocking joints. This technique requires a high level of skill and expertise. The
modern method involves using steel brackets to support the weight of the staircase, which
simplifies the construction process but may not have the same aesthetic appeal as the
traditional technique.
11 | P a g e
2.1.4 Installation and Finishing
Once the staircase is constructed, it must be installed correctly to ensure safety and stability.
The installation process involves securing the staircase to the supporting wall or structure
using a combination of brackets, screws, and bolts. The finishing process involves sanding,
staining, and sealing the timber to protect it from wear and tear and enhance its appearance.
2.2 MATERIALS SELECTION
When selecting materials for constructing a quarter-turn timber stairs, there are several
factors to consider such as durability, strength, stability, and aesthetics. Here are some
considerations for material selection:
Timber species: Choose a timber species that is strong and durable, such as oak, maple, or
walnut. The timber should be able to resist wear and tear over time and be able to hold up
well under heavy traffic.
Timber grade: Choose a high-grade timber with minimal defects, such as knots or cracks, to
ensure the strength and stability of the stairs. A high-grade timber will also have a better
appearance.
Tread thickness: The tread thickness should be at least 1 inch to ensure the strength and
stability of the stairs. Thicker treads can be used for heavy traffic areas.
Risers: Risers are the vertical part of the stairs that connect the treads. They should be made
from the same timber species and grade as the treads for consistency in appearance and
strength.
Stringers: The stringers are the structural supports that hold up the treads and risers. They
should be made from a strong and stable timber species, such as douglas fir or southern pine.
Finish: A high-quality finish will help protect the timber from wear and tear, moisture, and
stains. Choose a finish that is appropriate for the timber species and will enhance the natural
beauty of the wood.
Hardware: Hardware, such as screws and brackets, should be made from a material that is
strong enough to hold the stairs together, such as stainless steel or brass.
Therefore, when selecting materials for constructing a quarter-turn timber stairs, it is
important to choose materials that are strong, durable, stable, and aesthetically pleasing. By
considering these factors, you can ensure that your stairs will be both functional and
beautiful.
2.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Constructing a quarter-turn timber staircase requires careful planning and consideration of
several design factors. Here are some key considerations to keep in mind:
Space and Dimension: Measure the space where the stairs will be installed to determine the
required dimensions. Quarter-turn stairs are designed to make a 90-degree turn, so the width
12 | P a g e
and length of each step need to be carefully planned to ensure that the staircase fits
comfortably in the available space. Consider the height of each step, the number of risers, and
the tread depth, making sure that they meet local building codes.
Structural Support: The structural support of the stairs is an essential consideration. Timber
stairs need to be structurally sound to support the weight of the users. Check the structural
integrity of the existing flooring or supporting beams to ensure they can carry the load.
Depending on the design, you may need to install a stringer or other support structure beneath
the stairs.
Material Selection: Timber is a popular material choice for stairs due to its durability and
aesthetic appeal. Choose the type of timber that can withstand heavy traffic and will
complement the overall design of the building. The timber can be finished with a variety of
stains, paints, or coatings to provide protection and enhance the appearance.
Safety: Safety is a top priority when designing any staircase. The stairs must be safe to use
and meet local building codes. Consider the height of the handrail, the spacing of the
balusters, and the tread depth. Add anti-slip treads or coatings to prevent slipping. The stairs
must be well-lit to ensure visibility, particularly in low light conditions.
Aesthetics: The staircase should also be visually appealing and complement the overall
design of the building. Consider the design style, colour scheme, and finishes to ensure the
stairs blend well with the surrounding environment.
Installation: Proper installation is critical for ensuring the staircase is safe and meets
building codes. Hire a professional contractor or experienced carpenter to install the stairs to
ensure it is done correctly.
2.4 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
When designing a quarter-turn timber staircase, there are several key design techniques that
you should consider to ensure that your staircase is functional, safe, and aesthetically
pleasing. Here are some design techniques to look up when constructing a quarter-turn timber
staircase:
Rise and Run: The rise and run of the staircase refer to the height of each step (rise) and the
depth of each step (run). It's important to ensure that the rise and run of each step are
consistent throughout the staircase to ensure that the stairs are safe and easy to use. The rise
should be no more than 7.75 inches (200mm) and the run should be no less than 10 inches
(255mm).
Tread Width: The width of each tread should be at least 9 inches (230mm) to ensure that the
stairs are safe and comfortable to use.
Head Height: The head height of the staircase refers to the height between the top of each
step and the ceiling above. It's important to ensure that there is enough head height to allow
people to use the stairs comfortably without hitting their head on the ceiling.
13 | P a g e
Handrail: A handrail should be included on at least one side of the staircase to ensure that
the stairs are safe to use. The handrail should be at a comfortable height and should be
securely attached to the wall or the stringers.
Balustrade: A balustrade is a decorative feature that runs along the edge of the staircase. It
can be made from a variety of materials, including timber, glass, and metal. A balustrade can
enhance the appearance of the staircase and can also provide additional safety by preventing
people from falling off the edge of the stairs.
Stringers: The stringers are the structural supports that run along the sides of the staircase.
When designing the stringers, it's important to ensure that they are strong enough to support
the weight of the stairs and the people using them.
Timber Type: The type of timber used for the stairs can have a significant impact on the
appearance and durability of the stairs. Hardwoods such as oak, maple, and cherry are
popular choices for timber stairs because of their strength and durability.
By considering these design techniques when constructing a quarter-turn timber staircase,
you can ensure that your stairs are safe, functional, and visually appealing. It's important to
consult with a qualified designer or builder to ensure that your staircase meets all relevant
building codes and safety standards
14 | P a g e
3.0 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 METHODOLOGY
Constructing quarter-turn timber stairs requires careful planning, accurate measurements, and
precise cutting to ensure the finished product is safe, stable, and aesthetically pleasing. The
following is a step-by-step methodology for constructing quarter-turn timber stairs:
Determine the dimensions of the stairs: Start by measuring the height between the floor and
the landing or the floor above. Next, determine the total run, the width of the stairs, and the
angle of the turn.
Prepare the materials: Choose the type of timber you want to use for the stairs, and ensure it
is of good quality, straight, and free from defects. Cut the timber into the required sizes and
shapes, and sand it smooth.
Create a plan: Draw a detailed plan of the stairs, including the dimensions, the location of the
treads and risers, the angle of the turn, and the handrails. Use a computer-aided design (CAD)
program or a hand-drawn sketch to create the plan.
Install the stringers: Stringers are the structural components that support the treads and risers.
Cut the stringers to the correct size and shape, and attach them to the wall or the landing. Use
a level and a framing square to ensure they are straight and plumb.
Install the treads and risers: Cut the treads and risers to the correct size and shape, and attach
them to the stringers. Use a circular saw or a handsaw to make precise cuts, and secure the
treads and risers with screws or nails.
Install the handrails: Handrails are essential for safety and comfort. Cut the handrails to the
correct length and shape, and attach them to the wall or the balusters. Use a level and a
framing square to ensure they are straight and level.
Finish the stairs: Sand the stairs smooth, and apply a coat of finish to protect the timber and
enhance its natural beauty. You can use paint, varnish, or stain, depending on your
preference.
Test the stairs: Finally, test the stairs for stability, safety, and comfort. Walk up and down the
stairs several times, and check for any creaking, wobbling, or unevenness. Make any
necessary adjustments to ensure the stairs are safe and stable.
15 | P a g e
Following this methodology will ensure that you create a safe, stable, and aesthetically
pleasing quarter-turn timber staircase.
3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED
Constructing a quarter-turn timber staircase can be a challenging but rewarding project. The
following are some of the tools and materials you will need:
3.2.1 Tools:
Circular saw or handsaw
Jigsaw or coping saw
Power drill and drill bits
Hammer
Chisel
Measuring tape
Level
Square
Pencil
Clamps
Screwdriver
Sandpaper or electric sander
3.2.2Materials:
Timber boards or pre-cut treads and risers
Stringers (supporting beams for the stairs)
Newel posts
Balusters (also known as spindles)
Handrail
Wood glue
Wood screws
16 | P a g e
Nails or finishing nails
Stain or paint (optional)
Before beginning construction, it's important to have a detailed plan for your staircase design,
taking into account the rise and run of the steps, as well as the height and spacing of the
balusters. It's also important to ensure that the materials you select are sturdy and appropriate
for the intended use.
Constructing a staircase requires careful attention to detail, precise measurements, and proper
safety precautions. If you're not confident in your ability to undertake this project, it may be
best to hire a professional carpenter or builder to assist you.
3.3 PROCEDURE
Constructing a quarter-turn timber staircase can be a challenging task, but with the right tools
and materials, it can be accomplished successfully. Here are the general steps involved in
constructing a quarter-turn timber staircase:
Plan and design the staircase: Start by planning and designing the staircase, taking into
account the space available, the height and width of the stairs, and the intended use of the
staircase. This will help you determine the number of steps and the dimensions of each step.
Gather materials and tools: Purchase the necessary materials and tools for the job. This
includes timber for the steps and stringers, screws, nails, wood glue, a circular saw, a jigsaw,
a drill, a level, a square, a tape measure, and safety equipment such as goggles and gloves.
Cut the stringers: Using the circular saw, cut the stringers to the desired length and angle.
The stringers are the structural support for the staircase and should be cut with precision to
ensure the stairs are level and stable.
Cut and attach the steps: Using the jigsaw, cut the steps from the timber, making sure they
are all the same size and shape. Apply wood glue to the back of the steps and attach them to
the stringers using screws and nails.
Install the handrail: Cut the handrail to the desired length and attach it to the wall using
brackets or to the balusters using screws.
Install the balusters: Cut the balusters to the desired length and attach them to the steps and
handrail using screws. Balusters are the vertical supports that prevent people from falling off
the side of the staircase.
Sand and finish: Sand the stairs to remove any rough edges or imperfections and apply a
finish to protect the timber and give it a polished look.
3.4 INTERCONNECTION AND FINAL CONSTRUCTION
17 | P a g e
Constructing a quarter-turn timber staircase involves several steps, including planning,
design, and construction. Here are the steps to follow to construct a quarter-turn timber
staircase:
Planning and design: Before starting construction, you need to plan and design the staircase.
You should consider the size of the staircase, the number of steps, the height of each step, the
pitch, and the space available for the staircase. You also need to choose the type of wood to
use for the staircase.
Measure and cut the stringers: The stringers are the structural supports that run along the
sides of the staircase. You will need to measure and cut the stringers to the required length
and shape.
Cut the treads and risers: The treads are the horizontal parts of the stairs that you step on, and
the risers are the vertical parts that connect the treads. You will need to cut the treads and
risers to the correct length and shape.
Assemble the staircase: Once you have cut all the parts, you can begin assembling the
staircase. You should start by attaching the stringers to the floor and the wall. Then, you can
attach the treads and risers to the stringers.
Finish the staircase: Once the staircase is assembled, you can finish it by sanding, staining,
and sealing the wood. You may also want to add a handrail or balustrade to the staircase for
safety.
Interconnection: A quarter-turn staircase usually has a landing or a winder in the middle. This
landing allows the staircase to change direction and continue in a different direction. You will
need to interconnect the treads and risers of the upper flight of stairs with the landing or
winder to ensure a seamless transition.
Final inspection: After completing the construction, it's essential to do a final inspection to
ensure that the staircase is structurally sound and safe to use.
3.5 DATA COLLECTION
There are several methods of data collection that can be employed for the construction of a
quarter-turn timber staircase. Here are some common methods:
Measurements and Surveys: Taking accurate measurements is crucial for designing and
constructing a staircase. A tape measure, laser measuring devices, or surveying equipment
can be used to measure the dimensions of the space where the staircase will be installed. This
includes the length, width, and height available for the staircase, as well as the angles and any
irregularities in the space.
18 | P a g e
Site Inspection: Conducting a thorough site inspection allows for a better understanding of
the construction environment. Observations can be made regarding the existing structures,
walls, floors, and any potential obstacles that may affect the staircase design or installation
process. Site inspections help identify any specific requirements or challenges that need to be
addressed.
Building Codes and Regulations: Researching and familiarizing yourself with local
building codes and regulations is crucial. It ensures compliance with safety standards and
legal requirements. Information can be collected from local building departments, codes and
regulations manuals, or online resources.
Photographic Documentation: Taking photographs of the existing space, especially the area
where the staircase will be installed, helps to visually record the surroundings. This
documentation can assist in later stages of design and construction, allowing for accurate
reference and analysis.
Design Software and CAD Drawings: Utilizing computer-aided design (CAD) software can
be immensely helpful in visualizing and designing the staircase. CAD software allows for
precise measurements, detailed drawings, and 3D models of the staircase, aiding in accurate
data collection and visualization.
Material and Component Selection: Collecting data on various timber materials, finishes,
handrail designs, balusters, and other staircase components is essential for making informed
decisions during the construction process. This involves researching different timber types,
their properties, availability, and suitability for the specific project.
Consultation and Collaboration: Engaging in discussions with architects, engineers,
contractors, or other professionals experienced in staircase construction can provide valuable
insights. Collaborating with experts in the field can help identify potential issues, obtain
advice, and ensure that the data collected is accurate and relevant.
19 | P a g e
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 FINDINGS
A quarter-turn timber staircase is a type of staircase that changes direction by 90 degrees,
usually from a straight run to a landing and then a straight run in a different direction. Here
are some findings on the construction of a quarter-turn timber staircase:
Design: The design of a quarter-turn timber staircase should take into account the space
available, the desired size of the treads, the rise and run of each step, the type of timber to be
used, and the aesthetic preferences of the homeowner.
Materials: Timber is a common material used in the construction of quarter-turn staircases.
The type of timber used will depend on factors such as durability, cost, and aesthetic
preferences. Common timber species used include oak, maple, beech, and ash.
Construction: The construction of a quarter-turn timber staircase involves several steps,
including measuring and cutting the stringers, installing the treads and risers, attaching the
handrails, and finishing the staircase.
Safety: Safety is a critical consideration in the construction of any staircase. To ensure the
safety of users, the staircase should be designed to meet local building codes and regulations,
and should be installed by a professional carpenter.
Maintenance: Proper maintenance is essential to keep the staircase in good condition and
prevent accidents. Regular cleaning, sanding, and staining can help to prevent wear and tear
and maintain the aesthetic appeal of the staircase.
20 | P a g e
Cost: The cost of a quarter-turn timber staircase will depend on factors such as the size, type
of timber used, and complexity of the design. It is important to obtain a quote from a
professional carpenter before beginning the construction process.
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS
A quarter-turn timber staircase is a type of staircase that makes a 90-degree turn halfway up
its length. Constructing such a staircase requires careful planning and analysis to ensure
structural integrity and aesthetic appeal. In this data analysis, we will consider various factors
related to the construction of a quarter-turn timber staircase.
Staircase Design:
The first step in the analysis is to consider the design of the quarter-turn timber staircase. This
includes determining the desired height, width, and depth of the steps, as well as the angle of
the turn. The design should comply with local building codes and regulations.
Material Selection:
Choosing the right type of timber for the construction is crucial. Factors to consider include
the strength, durability, and aesthetic qualities of the timber. Common timber options for
staircase construction include oak, beech, maple, and ash. Each timber type has its own
properties and considerations.
Structural Analysis:
The structural analysis involves assessing the load-bearing capacity of the timber staircase.
This includes determining the maximum load it can support, considering factors such as
anticipated foot traffic, furniture movement, and potential future modifications. Structural
analysis may involve calculations using engineering principles and software tools to ensure
the staircase can withstand the expected loads.
Safety Considerations:
Safety is of utmost importance in staircase construction. The analysis should address various
safety considerations, including the height and width of the steps, the height of handrails, and
the presence of anti-slip measures such as tread profiles or non-slip finishes. Compliance with
local safety regulations and building codes is essential.
Cost Analysis:
A cost analysis helps in estimating the budget required for the construction of the quarter-turn
timber staircase. It involves assessing the cost of materials, labor, and any additional elements
such as balustrades, handrails, and finishing. Comparing different suppliers and contractors
can help in finding the most cost-effective options without compromising quality.
Aesthetics and Design Integration:
The analysis should also consider the aesthetic aspects of the staircase, ensuring it
harmonizes with the overall design and style of the building or space. Factors to consider
21 | P a g e
include the finish, color, and style of the timber, as well as any decorative elements such as
carved balusters or ornamental newel posts.
Environmental Impact:
Sustainable construction practices are increasingly important. Consider the environmental
impact of the timber used, including its sourcing, certification (e.g., FSC-certified timber),
and the potential for recycling or reusing the material at the end of its lifecycle.
4.2 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the construction of a quarter-turn timber staircase requires careful planning,
attention to detail, and skilled craftsmanship. This type of staircase is a beautiful addition to
any home or building, and it can provide a functional and aesthetically pleasing means of
accessing different levels.
Throughout the construction process, it is essential to consider factors such as the dimensions
of the staircase, the angle of the turn, the materials used, and the safety features required. The
design should be carefully considered, taking into account the space available, the intended
use of the staircase, and any design elements that will complement the overall aesthetic of the
building.
Once the design has been finalized, the construction process can begin. This will typically
involve the use of specialized tools and equipment to cut and shape the timber components of
the staircase, as well as the use of adhesives and fasteners to secure the parts together.
Throughout the construction process, it is important to maintain a high level of quality
control and to ensure that all components are installed correctly and securely. This will help
to ensure that the staircase is safe, stable, and durable, and that it will provide years of
reliable service to its users.
Overall, the construction of a quarter-turn timber staircase is a challenging and rewarding
process that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and attention to detail. With careful
planning and execution, however, it is possible to create a beautiful and functional staircase
that will enhance the overall aesthetic and functionality of any home or building.
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
When it comes to the construction of quarter-turn timber stairs, there are a number of
recommendations that can help to ensure a successful and high-quality result. Below are
some key factors to consider when planning and executing the construction process:
Design and Planning: The design and planning phase is crucial when it comes to constructing
a quarter-turn timber staircase. It is important to carefully consider the dimensions, materials,
22 | P a g e
and safety requirements of the staircase, as well as the overall aesthetic of the building. It is
recommended to work with an experienced designer or architect who can help to ensure that
the staircase is designed to meet all relevant safety standards and building codes.
Material Selection: Timber is a popular material choice for quarter-turn stairs due to its
natural beauty and durability. However, it is important to choose high-quality timber that is
well-suited to the demands of the staircase. Hardwoods such as oak, maple, or ash are
typically good choices due to their strength and stability.
Skill and Expertise: The construction of quarter-turn timber stairs requires a high level of
skill and expertise. It is recommended to work with a team of experienced craftsmen who
have a proven track record of building high-quality timber stairs. This will help to ensure that
the finished staircase is safe, durable, and visually appealing.
Quality Control: Throughout the construction process, it is important to maintain a high level
of quality control. This includes ensuring that all components are cut and installed to the
correct specifications, and that all joints and connections are secure and stable. Regular
inspections should be carried out to identify and address any potential issues before they
become more serious.
Safety Features: When constructing a quarter-turn timber staircase, it is important to include
appropriate safety features such as handrails, balusters, and non-slip treads. These features
not only help to ensure the safety of those using the stairs but also help to enhance the overall
aesthetic of the staircase.
3.4 APENDIX
Quarter-turn stairs, also known as L-shaped stairs, are a common type of staircase used in
both residential and commercial buildings in Kenya and other African countries. In this
appendix, we will discuss the construction of a quarter-turn staircase using locally available
materials and techniques.
3.4.1 Plan and Measure
The first step in constructing a quarter-turn staircase is to plan and measure the space where
the stairs will be installed. According to a study on residential building construction in Kenya
by Njoroge and Ndung'u (2018), the dimensions of the stairs should comply with the local
building codes and safety standards. The rise and run of the staircase should also be
calculated to ensure the stairs are safe and comfortable to use.
3.4.2 Build the Landing
23 | P a g e
The landing is a flat platform where the flight of stairs turns 90 degrees. In Kenya, landings
are typically constructed using reinforced concrete slabs supported by concrete beams. As
noted in the book "Construction Materials and Technology" by Mutuku and Ndambuki
(2020), concrete is a common building material in Kenya due to its availability and
affordability.
3.4.3 Install Stringers
Stringers are the structural supports that run along the sides of the staircase and hold up the
treads and risers. In Kenya, stringers are typically made from timber. According to a study on
timber use in construction by Muthee and Gichaga (2017), timber is a popular building
material in Kenya due to its affordability and versatility. The stringers should be cut to the
appropriate length and angle to fit the dimensions of the stairs and securely attached to the
landing.
3.4.4 Install Treads and Risers
Treads are the horizontal pieces of wood that form the steps of the staircase, while risers are
the vertical pieces that connect each tread. In Kenya, treads and risers are typically made
from timber or concrete. The treads and risers should be cut to size and shape to fit snugly
onto the stringers and provide a level surface for each step. The treads should be securely
attached to the stringers with screws or nails and the risers should be attached to the back of
each tread.
3.4.5 Finish and Safety Features
After the treads and risers are installed, the staircase can be finished with handrails, balusters,
and other safety features. Handrails are typically made from timber or steel and should be
installed along both sides of the stairs. Balusters, which are the vertical supports between the
handrail and the tread, should be spaced evenly to prevent falls and provide stability.
3.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mutuku, P. M., & Ndambuki, J. M. (2020). Construction Materials and Technology. Nairobi:
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Press. This book provides an
overview of construction materials commonly used in Kenya, including timber, and covers
various construction technologies used in Kenya.
Muthee, J. K., & Gichaga, F. N. (2017). Factors affecting the use of timber in construction in
Kenya. International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 6(2), 46-53. This
study explores the factors that influence the use of timber in construction in Kenya, including
availability, affordability, and sustainability.
Njoroge, J. K., & Ndung'u, M. W. (2018). Evaluation of Building Code Implementation in
the Construction of Residential Buildings in Kenya. International Journal of Construction
24 | P a g e
Engineering and Management, 7(1), 1-10. This study evaluates the implementation of
building codes in the construction of residential buildings in Kenya, including safety
standards for stairs.
Oyier, P. A., & Mukabana, W. R. (2017). Evaluation of sustainable timber staircase
construction for low-income housing in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Building Engineering, 12,
8-18. This study evaluates the sustainability of timber staircase construction for low-income
housing in Nairobi, Kenya.
Building Code, 2016. The Kenyan Building Code provides guidance on the minimum
standards for the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings in Kenya, including
requirements for stairs.
Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS). (2018). Timber - Specifications. This document
provides specifications for timber used in construction in Kenya, including requirements for
strength and durability.
Kenya Forest Service (KFS). (2019). Timber Harvesting Regulations. This document
provides guidance on the sustainable harvesting of timber in Kenya, including guidelines for
the management of timber resources.
Kenya Wood Products Association (KWPA). (2021). Timber products in Kenya. This
document provides an overview of the timber industry in Kenya, including the types of
timber available and the uses of timber in construction.
Timber Research and Development Association (TRADA). (2021). Timber Staircase Design
Guide. This guide provides detailed information on the design and construction of timber
staircases, including quarter-turn staircases
25 | P a g e