Waves:

Imagine waves as invisible energy ripples that move through air, water, and
even space.

These energy ripples help us explain things like how sound travels and why
we see colours.
Types of Waves
1. Mechanical
2. Electromagnetic
Mechanical Waves
Definition: Mechanical waves require a medium (substance) to travel through.
They cannot travel through a vacuum (empty space).
Examples:

Water waves on the surface of a pond.

Sound waves traveling through the air.

Seismic waves during an earthquake.
Parts of a Mechanical Wave:

Crest: The highest point of a wave.

Trough: The lowest point of a wave.

Amplitude: The distance from the rest position to the crest or trough.

Wavelength (λ): The distance between two consecutive crests or
troughs.

Frequency (f): The number of waves passing a point per second
(measured in Hertz, Hz).

Period (T): The time it takes for one complete wave to pass a point (T
= 1/f).
Diagram of a Mechanical Wave:
Example: Sound Waves

Sound is a mechanical wave that travels through air, water, or solids.

When you speak, your vocal cords create sound waves that travel to
the ears of the listener.
Electromagnetic Waves
Definition: Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum (empty space) and
do not need a medium. They consist of electric and magnetic fields that oscillate
perpendicular to each other.
Examples:

Light waves from the Sun.

Radio waves from your radio or Wi-Fi signals.

X-rays used in medical imaging.
2. Parts of an Electromagnetic Wave:

Crest and Trough: Similar to mechanical waves.

Amplitude: The height of the wave.

Wavelength (λ): The distance between two consecutive crests or
troughs.

Frequency (f): The number of waves passing a point per second
(measured in Hertz, Hz).
3. Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave:
4. Example: Light Waves

Light is an electromagnetic wave that allows us to see objects.

Different colors of light have different wavelengths, with red having
longer wavelengths than blue.
Movement of a wave
1. Transverse
2. Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Transverse
Conclusion:

Waves are all around us and play a crucial role in our understanding of the
natural world.

They come in different types, each with its unique properties and behaviors.

Understanding waves helps us explain everything from the music we hear
to the colors we see and the communication technology we use.
Introduction to Waves:

Imagine waves as invisible energy ripples that move through air, water, and
even space.

These energy ripples help us explain things like how sound travels and why
we see colors.
Types of Waves:
1. Mechanical Waves:

These waves need stuff (like water or air) to travel through; they can't move
through empty space.

Think of them as waves you can feel and see around you.
Examples:

Water waves in a pool when you splash.

Sound waves when you clap your hands.
Parts of a Mechanical Wave:

Crest: The high point.

Trough: The low point.

Amplitude: How tall the wave is.

Wavelength (λ): How long one wave is.

Frequency (f): How fast waves come by.
Diagram of a Mechanical Wave:
Example: Sound Waves

When you talk or sing, your voice makes sound waves that travel to your
friend's ears.
2. Electromagnetic Waves:

These waves don't need anything to travel through; they can go through
empty space.
Examples:

Light from a flashlight.

Radio signals for your favourite songs.
Parts of an Electromagnetic Wave:

Crest and Trough: Like the ups and downs of a roller coaster.

Amplitude: How high the wave goes.

Wavelength (λ): How long one wave is.

Frequency (f): How fast waves come by.
Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave:
Example: Light Waves

Sunlight is light waves, and it helps us see everything around us.
Movement of a wave
1. Transverse
2. Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Transverse