Where the Founding Fathers Got Their Ideas
Select passages from the “Magna Carta” (1215)
“No sheriff or bailiff of ours or of anyone else is to take anyone’s horses or
carts to make carriage, unless he renders the payment customarily due,
namely for a two-horse cart ten pence per day, and for a three-horse cart
fourteen pence per day. No demesne cart belonging to any churchman or
knight or any other lady (sic) is to be taken by our bailiffs, nor will we or our
bailiffs or anyone else take someone else’s timber for a castle or any other of
our business save by the will of he to whom the timber belongs.”
“No bailiff is henceforth to put any man on his open law or on oath simply by
virtue of his spoken word, without reliable witnesses being produced for the
same.”
“No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned or disseised of his free tenement or
of his liberties or free customs, or outlawed or exiled or in any way ruined, nor
will we go against such a man or send against him save by lawful judgment of
his peers or by the law of the land. To no-one will we sell or deny or delay right
or justice.”
English Bill of Rights (1689)
That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments
and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;
That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense
suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;
That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government (1690)
“Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal and independent, no
one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of
another, without his own consent.”
“Slavery is so vile and miserable an Estate of Man, and so directly opposite to
the generous Temper and Courage of our Nation; that 'tis hardly to be
conceived, that an Englishman, much less a Gentleman, should plead for't.. “
Iroquois Confederacy (1751)
The Iroquois Confederacy dates back several centuries, to when the Great
Peacemaker founded it by uniting five nations: the Mohawks, the Onondaga, the
Cayuga, the Oneida and the Seneca. In around 1722, the Tuscarora nation joined the
Iroquois, also known as the Haudenosaunee. Together, these six nations formed a
multi-state government while maintaining their own individual governance.
This is from a 1751 letter Benjamin Franklin wrote on the Iroquois Confederacy:
“It would be a very strange Thing, if six Nations of ignorant Savages should be
capable of forming a Scheme for such an Union, and be able to execute it in
such a Manner, as that it has subsisted Ages, and appears indissoluble; and yet
that a like Union should be impracticable for ten or a Dozen English Colonies,
to whom it is more necessary, and must be more advantageous; and who
cannot be supposed to want an equal Understanding of their Interests.”
Thomas Paine’s Common sense (1776)
“Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but
a necessary evil in its worst state an intolerable one; for when we suffer, or are
exposed to the same miseries by a government, which we might expect in a
country without government, our calamities is heightened by reflecting that
we furnish the means by which we suffer! Government, like dress, is the badge
of lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built on the ruins of the bowers of
paradise. For were the impulses of conscience clear, uniform, and irresistibly
obeyed, man would need no other lawgiver; but that not being the case, he
finds it necessary to surrender up a part of his property to furnish means for
the protection of the rest; and this he is induced to do by the same prudence
which in every other case advises him out of two evils to choose the least.
Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it
unanswerably follows that whatever expense and greatest benefit, is preferable
to all others.”
Declaration of Independence (1776)
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among
these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these
rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to
abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such
principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”
Articles of Confederation (1777)
ARTICLE II. Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and
every power, jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation
expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
ARTICLE III. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of
friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their
liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist
each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of
them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence
whatever.
Bill of Rights (1791)
Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of
grievances.
Amendment II
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the
people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Amendment V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on
a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall
any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb;
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property
be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Amendment VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.
Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it
to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.