NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 688 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3. 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit TO thk end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific rad technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade. and (4) technical services to pro. mote public safety. Tbe Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, &e Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciencej and Technology. the office for Information Programs, and the Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program. THE INFOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the Unitui States of a complete anii c o d t ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes tial services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, i n d w , and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics oratory Astrophysics' - Electricity - Mechanics - Heat - Optical Physics - Center for Radiation Research - L*b. - Cryogenics' - Electromagnetics' - Time and Frequency'. TKE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCE conducts materials research leading to improved methods of mCBdufe ment, standards, and data on the properties of wellcharacterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government provides advisory and research services to other Government agenaes; and develops, produas, and distributes standard reference materials. The Institute conskts of the Office of Standard Reference Materials, the.Otticc of Air and Water Measurement, and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry - Polymers -Metallurgy - Inorganic Materials - Reactor Radiation - Physical Chemistry. THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services developing and promoting the w of available technology; cooperates with public and private organizations in developing technological standards, codes, and t a t metbods; and provides technical advice semces, and information to Government agencies and the public. The Institute consists of the following divisions and centers: - - Standards Application and Analysis Electronic Technology Center for Consumer Product Technology: Product Systems Analysis; Product Engineering Center for Building Technology: Structures, Materials. and Safety; Building Environment; Technical Evaluation and Application Center for Fire Research: Fire Science; Fire Safety Engineering. - - lME INSITNTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effectiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective utikation of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus w t l h the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consist of the following divisions: Computer Services - Systems and Software - Computer Systems Engineering - Information Technology. TAE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOLOGY ln(lCENTIYES PROCRAM seeks to affect public policy and p r o a s to facilitate technological change in the private sector by examining and experimenting with Government policies and practica in order to identify and remove Government-related barriers and to correct inherent market imperfections that impede the innovation p r o u s . THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROCRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate Serkcs to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists Of the following organizational units: - Office of Standard Reference Data Officeof Information Activities m c e of International Standards Office of International Relations. - Office of Technical Publications - - Yagi Antenna Design Peter P. Viez bicke Time and Frequency Division Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado 80302 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary Edward 0 . Vetter, Under Secretary Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director Issued December 1976 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS TECHNICAL NOTE 688 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), T e c h N o t e 688, 27 pages ( D e c e m b e r 1976) CODEN: NBTNAE U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1976 For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U S Government Printing Office, Washington. D C 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No C13 4 6 688) Price 65 Cents (Add 25 percent additional for other than U S mailing) FOREWORD T h i s work was c a r r i e d out by the N a t i o n a l Bureau o f Standards a t antenna t e s t ranges l o c a t e d i n S t e r l i n g , V i r g i n i a , and a t T a b l e Mountain near Boulder, Colorado. These measurements were c a r r i e d out by t h e Antenna Research Section o f the Radio System D i v i s i o n , N a t i o n a l Bureau of Standards. iii CONTENTS Page . 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHOD OF MEASUREMENT 3. RESULTS 1 1 . 1 . 3.1 E f f e c t o f R e f l e c t o r Spacing on Measured Gain 3.2 E f f e c t o f D i f f e r e n t Equal Length D i r e c t o r s and Spacing on Heasured Gain f o r D i f f e r e n t Yagi Lengths 2 3.3 E f f e c t o f D i f f e r e n t Diameters and Lengths o f D i r e c t o r s on Heasured Gain 6 3.4 E f f e c t o f t h e S i z e o f a Supporting Boom on t h e Optimum Length o f a P a r a s i t i c Element 6 3.5 E f f e c t o f Spacing and S t a c k i n g o f Yagi Antennas on R e a l i z a b l e Gain 6 3.6 Measured R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f D i f f e r e n t Length Yagi Antennas 6 2 . 4. D E S I G N I N G THE YAGI ANTENNA 16 5. CONCLUS IONS 21 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7. REFERENCES . 2.1 . 21 L I S T OF Table 1. F i g u r e 1. TAGLES and FIGURES Optimized Lengths o f P a r a s i t i c Elements f o r Yagi Antennas o f S i x D i f f e r e n t Lengths 7 Gain i n dB o f a D i p o l e and R e f l e c t o r f o r D i f f e r e n t Spacings Between Elements 3 . F i g u r e 2. Arrangement o f Three R e f l e c t i n g Elements Used With t h e 4.21 Yagi F i g u r e 3. Photograph o f t h e T r i g o n a l R e f l e c t o r Experimental Set-Up Used With t h e 4.21 Yagi F i g u r e 4. . 4 4 Gain o f a Yagi as a F u n c t i o n o f Length (Number of D i r e c t o r s ) f o r D i f f e r e n t Constant Spacings Between D i r e c t o r s o f Length Equal t o 0.4111 5 Gain o f a Yagi as a Function o f Length (Number of D i r e c t o r s ) f o r D i f f e r e n t Constant Spacings Between D i r e c t o r s o f Length Equal t o . 0.4242, 5 . F i g u r e 6. 3 Gain o f a Yagi as a F u n c t i o n o f Length (Number of D i r e c t o r s ) f o r D i f f e r e n t Constant Spacings Between G i r e c t o r s o f Length Equal t o 0.3822, F i g u r e 5. . V Figure 7. Comparison o f Gain o f D i f f e r e n t Length Yagis Showing t h e R e l a t i o n s h i p Between D i r e c t o r s Optimized I n Length t o Y i e l d Haximum Gain and D i r e c t o r s o f Optimum Uniform Length 8 Measured Gain Vs D i r e c t o r Length o f a 1.251 Yagi Antenna Using Three D i r e c t o r s o f D i f f e r e n t Length and Diameter Spaced 0.351 8 . F i g u r e 8. . i Figure 9. i ? Yagi Antenna Design Data Showing t h e R e l a t i o n s h i p Between Element Diameter t o Wavelength R a t l o and Element Length f o r D i f f e r e n t Antennas 9 .- 10 F i g u r e 10. Graph Showing t h e E f f e c t o f a Supporting Boom on Length o f Elements F i g u r e 11. Gain o f an Array o f Yagis, Stacked One Above the Other and i n Broadside, as a Function o f Spaclng 11 Gain o f an Array o f Two Sets o f Stacked Yagis Spaced 1.61 as a f u n c t i o n o f H o r i z o n t a l Distance Between Them 11 f i g u r e 12. . . . 12 F i g u r e 13. R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a D i p o l e and R e f l e c t o r With 0.21 Spacing F i g u r e 14. R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 3-Element, 0.41 Long Yagi . 12 F i g u r e 15. R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 5-Element, 0.81 Long Yagi . 13 F i g u r e 16. R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 6-Element, . 13 F i g u r e 17. R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 12-Element, 2.21 Long Yagi . 14 F i g u r e 18. R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 17-Element, 3.21 Long Yagi F i g u r e 19. R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a ls-Element, 4.21 Long Yagi F i g u r e 20. Use o f Design Curves i n Determining Element Lengths of 0.8X Yagi Considered i n Example 1 18 Use o f Design Curves i n Determining Element Lengths o f 4.21 Yagi Considered i n Example 2 20 F i g u r e 21. 1.21 Long Yagi , . . 14 15 Y A G I ANTENNA DESIGN Peter P. V i e z b i c k e T h i s r e p o r t presents data, using modeling techn ques, f o r t h e optimum design o f d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h Yagi antennas. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s presented i n g r a p h i c a l form t o f a c i l i t a t e the design o f p r a c t i c a l l e n g t h an ennas--from 0.ZX t o 4.2A long--for o p e r a t i o n i n t h e HF, VHF, and UHF frequency range. The e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n t antenna parameters on r e a l i z a b l e g a l n were a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d and t h e r e s u l t s a r e presented. F i n a l l y , supplemental d a t a a r e presented on t h e s t a c k i n g o f two o r more antennas t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l gain. Key words: Yagi. Antenna, d i r e c t o r , d r i v e n element, g a i n , r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n , r e f l e c t o r , 1. INTRODUCTION The Yagi-Uda antenna 111, commonly known as t h e Yagi, was i n v e n t e d i n 1926 by D r . H. Yagi I t s c o n f i g u r a t i o n normally c o n s i s t s o f a number o f d i r e c t o r s and r e f l e c t o r s and S h i n t a r o Uda. t h a t enhance r a d i a t i o n i n one d i r e c t i o n when p r o p e r l y arranged on a s u p p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e . Since i t s discovery, a l a r g e number of r e p o r t s have appeared i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t i v e t o t h e a n a l y s i s , design, and use of the Yagi antenna [2, 3 , 4, 5 , 6 , 7, 8, 91. However, l i t t l e o r no data seem t o have been presented r e g a r d i n g how p a r a s i t i c element diameter, element l e n g t h , spacings between elements, s u p p o r t i n g booms o f d i f f e r e n t c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area, v a r i o u s r e f l e c t o r s , and o v e r a l l l e n g t h a f f e c t measured g a i n . T h i s r e p o r t presents t h e r e s u l t s of e x t e n s i v e measurements c a r r i e d o u t by t h e N a t i o n a l Bureau o f Standards t o determine these e f f e c t s and g i v e s g r a p h i c a l d a t a t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e I n addition., d e s i g n c r i t e r i o n design o f d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h antennnas t o y i e l d maximum gain. i s a l s o presented on stacking--one above t h e o t h e r and i n a columnar c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The g a i n i s g i v e n i n d e c i b e l s (de) r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e ( r e f e r e n c e antenna) a t t h e same h e i g h t above ground as t h e t e s t (Yagi) antenna. 2. METHOD OF MEASUREMENT The measurements were c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e NBS antenna range when i t was l o c a t e d a t S t e r l i n g , V i r g i n i a , and a t Table Mountain, Colorado, a f t e r t h e antenna research group was r e l o c a t e d t o Colorado. A l l measurements were conducted a t a modeling frequency o f 400 MHz. The antenna under t e s t was used as a r e c e i v i n g antenna and was l o c a t e d approximately 320 meters from a t a r g e t t r a n s m i t t e r and antenna. The t r a n s m i t t i n g antenna was l o c a t e d a t a h e i g h t above ground so t h a t the r e c e i v i n g antennas were i l l u m i n a t e d a t g r a z i n g angles. The Yagi under t e s t was mounted 3X (wavelength) above ground and i t s g a i n was compared t o a r e f e r e n c e d i p o l e antenna l o c a t e d approximately 5X t o one s i d e and a t t h e same h e i g h t as t h e t e s t antenna. Each antenna was matched p r e c i s e l y t o 50 ohms and switched a l t e r n a t e l y t o an a t t e n u a t o r and associated r e c e i v i n g and d e t e c t i n g equipment l o c a t e d i n a nearby wooden b u i l d i n g . I n comparing t h e a t t e n u a t o r readings o f t h e two antennas t o produce a constant r e c e i v e r output l e v e l , l i n e losses t o each were measured and compensated f o r i n a r r i v i n g a t f i n a l values o f gain. The values o f g a i n were r e p r o d u c i b l e to w i t h i n 0.2 dB over t h e p e r i o d when measurements were being c a r r i e d o u t . The v a l u e s p r e s e n t e d a r e those measured i n a forward d i r e c t i o n compared to the maximum response of a d i p o l e a t t h e same h e i g h t above ground and a r e b e l i e v e d accurate t o w i t h i n 0.5 dB. i f r e f e r e n c e d t o an i s o t r o p i c source, t h e values must be increased by 2.16 dB. 3. RESULTS The r e s u l t s o f the measurements c a r r i e d o u t i n t h i s study a r e presented i n g r a p h i c a l form. They a r e intended t o p r o v i d e a simple means o f designing a Yagi antenna of p r a c t i c a l dimensions w i t h maximum gain f o r t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n under c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The purpose o f these t e s t s was t o determine the f o l l o w i n g : a. E f f e c t o f r e f l e c t o r spacing on t h e g a i n of a d i p o l e antenna b. E f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t equal l e n g t h d i r e c t o r s , t h e i r spacing and number on realizable gain c. E f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t diameters and l e n g t h s o f d i r e c t o r s on r e a l i z a b l e g a i n d. E f f e c t o f t h e s i z e o f a supporting boom on t h e o p t i m u m l e n g t h o f p a r a s i t i c e 1 ement s e. E f f e c t o f spacing and stacking o f antennas on g a i n f. Measured r a d i a t i o n patterns o f d i f f e r e n t Yagi c o n f i g u r a t i o n s 3.1 EFFECT OF REFLECTOR SPACING ON MEASURED GAIN These t e s t s as w e l l as a l l others were c a r r i e d out on a non-conducting p l e x i g l a s s With t h e e x c e p t i o n o f measurements s t a t e d i n s e c t i o n s 3 . 3 and 3.4, a l l p a r a s i t i c elements were c o n s t r u c t e d of 0.63 cm ( o n e - f o u r t h inch) diametcr The d r i v e n element used i n t h e Yagi as w e l l as i n t h e r e f e r e n c e d i p o l e aluminum tubing. was a half-wave f o l d e d d i p o l e matched t o 50 ohms u s i n g a double-stub tuner. boom mounted 31 above ground. The g a i n o f a d i p o l e and r e f l e c t o r combination for d i f f e r e n t spacings between t h e two elements i s shown i n f i g u r e 1 . Maximum measured g a i n was 2.6 dB and was r e a l i z e d a t a spacing of 0.21 behind the dipole. This r e f l e c t o r spacing was used i n a l l subsequent measurements. However, f o r the d i f f e r e n t Yagi c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t h e r e f l e c t o r l e n g t h was o p t i m i z e d t o y i e l d maximum gain. An a d d i t i o n a l 0.75 dB g a i n was r e a l i z e d u s i n g t h e r e f l e c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n shown i n f i g u r e 2. Although t h i s arrangement was used o n l y on t h e 4.21 long Yagi, comparable b e n e f i t s would be r e a l i z e d w i t h o t h e r antenna lengths. A photograph o f t h e experimental set-up f o r t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s shown i n f i g u r e 3 . i Various arrangements and spacings o f r e f l e c t o r elements were t e s t e d on t h e 4.21 Yagi u s i n g t h e d r i l l e d p l e x i g l a s s support as shown. The r e f l e c t i n g elements were arranged i n In a d d i t i o n , shapes o f p l a n e r e f l e c t i n g surfaces, parabolas and c o r n e r r e f l e c t o r s . d i f f e r e n t shaped s o l i d r e f l e c t i n g surfaces p l a c e d a t v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s behind t h e d r i v e n element were a l s o used. O f the combjnations t e s t e d , t h e one shown i n f i g u r e 2 y i e l d e d t h e l a r g e s t increase i n g a i n over t h a t of the s i n g l e r e f l e c t i n g element. 3.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT EQUAL LENGTH DIRECTORS AND SPACiNG ON MEASURED GAIN FOR DIFFERENT YAGI LENGTHS These measurements were conducted u s i n g t h e same non-conducting boom as mentioned i n t h e preceding s e c t i o n . The d r i v e n element c o n s i s t e d o f a x/2 f o l d e d d i p o l e ; t h e r e f l e c t o r was 0.4821 i n l e n g t h and spaced 0.21 behind t h e d r i v e n element. The diameter o f a l l elements was 0.00851 (0.25 inches = 0.63m). The g a i n o f t h e Yagi was measured as a f u n c t i o n of antenna l e n g t h (number o f d i r e c t o r s ) f o r d i f f e r e n t equal l e n g t h d i r e c t o r s and spacing between them. The d i r e c t o r l e n g t h s were v a r i e d from 0.304X t o 0.4231 and spacings f r o m 0.011 t o 0.401. The Yagi l e n g t h , measured from t h e d r i v e n element t o the l a s t d i r e c t o r , was v a r i e d from an o v e r a l l l e n g t h o f 0.2x to 10.2X. The r e f l e c t o r i n a l l cases was f i x e d . . Although many measurements were c a r r i e d o u t , o n l y those r e s u l t s and associated graphs a r e presented t h a t show t h e e f f e c t s o f these parameters on measured gain. F i g u r e s 4, 5, and 6 show the r e l a t i v e g a i n o f a Yagi as a f u n c t i o n o f l e n g t h f o r d i f f e r e n t spacings between d i r e c t o r elements u s i n g d i r e c t o r l e n g t h s o f 0.3821, 0.4111, and 0.424A. F i g u r e 4 shows t h a t f o r r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t d i r e c t o r s a t a spacing o f 0.3X, t h e g a i n o f t h e Yagi increased t o a maximum v a l u e o f 14.5 dB when the antenna l e n g t h was increased t o approximately 101. Note, however, t h a t as t h e spacing between elements was 2 *-- -e- W 2 5 W -T :If e 1 DE REFLECTOR 21 -05 +, , , I .10 15 s 20 .25 30 .35A SPACING, S, OF REFLECTOR BEHIND DRIVEN ELEMENT FIG. 1 G A I N I N dB OF A DIPOLE AND REFLECTOR FOR DIFFERENT SPACINGS BETWEEN ELEMENTS 0-L R 3 - 0 OIRECTORS- LR3 DRIVEN ELEHE NT 0.271 1 REFLECTOR LENGTHS L R 1 = LR2 = 0 . 4 5 5 1 LR3 = 0 . 4 7 3 1 FREQ = 4 0 0 MHz 0 LR2 [ L E N G T H S NOT CORRECTED FOR BOOM OR SUPPORT T H I C K N E S S ] FIG. 2 ARRANGEMENT OF THREE REFLECTING ELEMENTS USED W I T H THE 3 4.2X YAGI i FIG. 3 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE TRIGONAL REFLECTOR EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP USED WITH THE 4 . 2 X YAGI ! 0.3X SPACING 0.4X 14 12 SPACING 0 w > U e 3I J m L L I i La a- Q x u .*9 9 Q 0.2X SPACING 0.06X S P A C I N G Y on o.1ox SPACING c z Y- ’, .--> -w d 9a’ 40 K FIG. 4 I I I I 1 I I I I GAlN OF A YAGI AS A FUNCTION OF LENGTH (NUMBER OF DIRECTORS) FOR DIFFERENT CONSTANT SPACINGS BETWEEN DIRECTORS OF LENGTH EQUAL TO 0.3821 4 12 > Y 10 U 3 .3X SPACING 8 W on I- L w- 6 0 . 4 a SPACING w - w +-I 40 2a 0.1X SPACIN 4 u- CLO ,,/GAIN = 4 ' L 7 O F D I P O L E AND R E F L E C T O R 2R W I 0 . 3 0 ~SPACING ' 4 a '1 \. \0.4X SPACING II 0.35A S P A C I N G . I I 1 I I I I I I J 1 ADD 0 . 2 ~ FOR R E F L 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7 0 LENGTH O F ANTENNA I N U A V E L E N G T H S FIG. 6 GAIN O F A YAGI A S A FUNCTION O F LENGTH (NUMBER OF DIRECTORS) FOR DIFFERENT CONSTANT SPACINGS BETWEEN DIRECTORS OF LENGTH EQUAL TO 0.4241 5 decreased, an o s c i l l a t o r y wave p a t t e r n r e s u l t e d wherein t h e max shorter Yagi l e n g t h and v a r i e d between a maximum and minimum va was changed. As the l e n g t h o f the d i r e c t o r s was increased, the p a t t e r n were a l s o enhanced together w i t h a r e d u c t i o n i n g a i n as mum g a i n occurred a t a ue as t h e l e n g t h o f t h e Yagi v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e wave shown i n f i g u r e s 5 and 6 . j The curves presented i n f i g u r e 7 show a comparison o f r e a l zed g a i n vs Yagi l e n g t h up t o 4.21 for antennas u s i n g d i r e c t o r s o f equal l e n g t h and those optimized i n l e n g t h . For t h e optimized l e n g t h c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t h e g a i n increased from 0.5 dB f o r t h e 2.2A antenna t o T a b l e 1 g i v e s d e t a i l s o f antenna parameters f o r t h e approximately 1.5 dB f o r t h e 4.2X Yagi. 1 3.3 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS AND LENGTHS OF DIRECTORS ON MEASURED G A I N This e f f e c t was determined by measuring t h e g a i n o f d i f f e r e n t Yagi c o n f i g u r a t i o n s for Curves showing the r e s u l t s o f measurements d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t o r l e n g t h s o f v a r i o u s diameters. c a r r i e d o u t on t h e 1.251 l o n g Yagi a r e g i v e n i n f i g u r e 8. A s expected, t h e maximum g a i n f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t combinations remained unchanged. The l a r g e r diameter elements y i e l d e d maximum gain a t s h o r t e r lengths w h i l e t h e s m a l l e r d i a m e t e r elements y i e l d e d maximum g a i n a t c o r r e spondingly g r e a t e r lengths. Results o f a s e r i e s of measurements, n o t i n g these e f f e c t s , were c a r r i e d o u t on t h e d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h Yagis and, t o g e t h e r w i t h r e s u l t s presented i n Table 1 , a set o f design curves was produced and i s p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 9 . These d a t a p r o v i d e t h e basic design c r i t e r i o n o f the Yagi antenna and a r e v a l i d over a l a r g e frequency range p r o v i d e d t h e selected element diameter t o wavelength r a t i o d/X f a l l s w i t h i n the l i m i t s shown. 3.4 THE OPTIMUM LENGTH OF A P A R A S I T I C ELEMENT I ! EFFECT OF THE S I Z E OF A SUPPORTING BOOM ON i 1 Round and square s u p p o r t i n g booms of d i f f e r e n t cross-sect-ion area were employed i n Yagi antennas o f d i f f e r e n t lengths t o determine what e f f e c t t h e boom diameter had on t h e The round and square booms y i e l d e d s i m i l a r optimum l e n g t h o f the p a r a s i t i c elements. r e s u l t s . The e f f e c t o f a round s u p p o r t i n g boom on t h e l e n g t h o f a p a r a s i t i c element i s represented by t h e curve i n f i g u r e IO. T h i s experimental response can be used i n a p p l y i n g the boom c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e f i n a l Yagi design. 3.5 ! ! 1 EFFECT OF SPACING AND STACKING OF Y A G I ANTENNAS ON REALIZABLE G A I N As shown i n f i g u r e 1 1 , a d d i t i o n a l g a i n i s r e a l i z e d when antennas a r e stacked one above t h e o t h e r or i n broadside. N o t o n l y i s g a i n increased b u t t h e beamwidth i s reduced appreciably depending upon t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n employed. ! F i g u r e 11 (A) shows the e f f e c t s o f s t a c k i n g two antennas, one above t h e o t h e r . These responses show s i m i l a r mutual e f f e c t s between t w o seven-element Yagis and between two f i f t e e n - e l e m e n t Yagis. A t c l o s e spacing, approximately O.Bh, the g a i n was reduced due t o h i g h mutual impedance e f f e c t s b u t increased t o a maximum o f 2.5 dB as t h e spacing was increased t o approximately 1.61. S i m i l a r e f f e c t s were measured w i t h the combination shown i n f i g u r e 1 1 (B). Maximum g a i n i n t h i s case was r e a l i z e d w i t h the two antennas spaced a t approximately 2.01. A combination o f t h e above two c o n f i g u r a t i o n s u s i n g spacings as shown y i e l d e d an a d d i t i o n a l 2.5 dB g a i n and a corresponding r e d u c t i o n i n beamwidth. For example, f o u r 0.8; Yagi antennas, a p p r o p r i a t e l y stacked, spaced and f e d i n phase y i e l d e d a g a i n o f 14.2 dB r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e l o c a t e d a t t h e same h e i g h t above ground. I n c o n t r a s t , a combination o f four 4.2). Yagi antennas y i e l d e d a g a i n o f 19.6 dB r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e , as shown b y the graph i n f i g u r e 12. 3.6 MEASURED R A D I A T I O N PATTERNS OF DIFFERENT LENGTH Y A G I ANTENNAS R a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n s measured i n t h e E ( h o r i z o n t a l - s o l i d curves) and H ( v e r t ical-dashed curves) planes f o r d i f f e r e n t Yagi designs a r e presented i n f i g u r e s 13 through 19. The 6 ; TABLE 1 . OPTIMIZED LENGTHS OF P A R A S I T I C ELEMENTS FOR YAGI ANTENNAS OF S I X DIFFERENT LENGTHS G A I N RELATIVE TO HALF-WAVE DIPOLE I N d B 7.1 9.2 DESIGN CURVE (SEE F I G . 9) (A) (B) 10.2 12.25 13.4 14.2 (c) (6) (D) ELEMENT DIAMETER = 0.0085 f = 400 MHz REFLECTOR SPACED 0.21 BEHIND DRIVEN ELEHENT ? -n Q w DIRECTOR LENGTHS OPTIMIZED FOR ElAXlMUM GAIN ( S E E T A B L E 1 ) 14- > U 3 LL -I 13- a I a 0 t 11 W N = NUMBER OF D I R E C T O R S S = S P A C I N G BETWEEN D I R E C T O R S ( R E F L E C T O R SPACED 0.21 ON A L L ANTENNAS) p’ I=1 S.0.2A 7 , I I I 1 1 .o 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 OVERALL LENGTH, FIG. 7 I N WAVELENGTHS, OF DIFFERENT YAG IS COMPARISON OF G A I N OF DIFFERENT LENGTH Y A G I S SHOWING THE R E L A T I O N S H I P BETWEEN DIRECTORS O P T I M I Z E D I N LENGTH TO Y I E L D MAXIMUM G A I N AND DIRECTORS OF OPTIMUM UNIFORM LENGTH w -1 0 b 0.32 Un Q u 1 in. I I 10 I I I 11 12 13 - ‘t 0.16 un 0.08 cm DIAMETER 2.5.5 cn J 14 LENGTH OF DIRECTORS I N INCHES FIG. 8 MEASURED G A I N VS DIRECTOR LENGTH OF A 1 . 2 5 1 Y A G I ANTENNA U S I N G THREE DIRECTORS OF DIFFERENT LENGTH AND DIAMETER SPACED 0.351 7 1- --I-Ln a W IW x U w n 8- z W x Wv) A U W Z Z r W UIW Z ZU I- . WI- mr W 0 na c1 U W I- I Y U mu- a L w on I w C s u o 2 Y W W I- I-- r 2 =I W c w W i 3 3 I-W -I U IZ 0 W I- ZI- = W I- I W W Z 2ZW O E W v)d W U c ( n I- z W aI W I-J Z W U> d S H 1 9 N 3 1 3 A V M N I S l N 3 W 3 1 3 30 H 1 9 N 3 1 9 v) 5 W II W J W LL 0 I Ic3 z W z 0 x 0 0 m a z z 0 a. P 3 v) a LL 0 i- V W L LL W W I t- c3 -z z I v) I P Q c3 i 0 c - W LL Y 0 In 0 u) pr) N (u F 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 m 0 0 ‘SlN3W313 3IlISWWd A0 H13N31 W n W l U O N I 3SW3t13NI 10 t-- 3- 5 m QIPI- TI 5 3- 22 20- 7 E L E M E N T Y A G I ANTENNAS -+ 15 E L E M E N T Y A G I ANTENNAS 1I 0 FIG. 11 1 I G A I N OF AN ARRAY OF YAGIS, STACKED ONE ABOVE THE OTHER AND I N BROADSIDE, AS A FUNCTION OF SPACING w 20 - 19 - 18 - 17 - (L -I a r“1 4 . 2 X LONG 1 5 ELEMENT YAGI I f d h = 2L m S P A C I N G S = 1.6X AND H E I G H T h = 2.0X CONST -0 f0 I I I 1 .o 2.0 3.0 HORIZONTAL SPACING, H I N WAVELENGTHS, BETWEEN STACKED Y A G I S F I G . 12 G A I N OF AN ARRAY OF TWO SETS OF STACKED Y A G I S SPACED 1 . 6 1 AS A FUNCTION OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM 11 I - .. . Az imu tha 1 ngl e , degrees POLE AND REFLECTOR WITH 0.2x SPACING m U aJ m c n 0 -0 aJ N v tu E 0 z I 1-_---I ! i I A - -\', c;: m U .. 01 l n C 0 P - #I W QI. D W N -8- __ 7 . . E 0 z -- i - F Azimuthal Angle, degrees F I G . 16 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 6-ELEMENT. 13 1 . 2 1 LONG YAGI m U i 13 0, N -I- Azimuthal Angle, degrees FIG. 1 7 R A D I A T I O N PATTERNS OF A 12-ELEMENT, 2.21 LONG YAGI TI al N Azimuthal Angle, degrees F I G . 18 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 17-ELEHENT. 3.2x LONG YAGI 14 . . - . . . .. . . . -~ - . - - ~ ~ - ---T--------- e ' . - I .. -a _ I I - I FIG. 19 RADIATION PATTERNS OF A 15-ELEMENT, 15 4.21 LONG YAGI element) are presented i n f i g u r e 13. The 3-dB E and H plane beanwidths measured 66' and 1 1 l 0 respecdively. The beanwidth of t h e 3-element 0.4X antenna, as shown i n f i g u r e 14, measured 57 and 72' i n t h e E and H planes r e s p e c t i v e l y . The E p l a n e , f r o n t - t o - s i d e r a t i o i s i n the order o f 24 dB, w h i l e t h e r a d i a t i o n to t h e r e a r was o n l y 8 dB down from t h a t i n the forward d i r e c t i o n . The r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n o f the 5-element 0.81 Yagi presented i n f i g u r e I 5 i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a 3 dB beamwidth o f 48' and 56' i n t h e E and H planes r e s p e c t i v e l y . The E plane, f r o n t - t o - s i d e r a t i o remained comparable t o t h e 3:element antenna; however, t h e f r o n t - t o back r a t i o was improved c o n s i d e r a b l y and measured 15 dB. I n r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f 6, 12, 17 and 15-element Yagis as shown i n f i g u r e s 16 through 19, t h e beamwidths became p r o g r e s s i v e l y smaller as was expected w i t h increased gain. 4. DESIGNING THE YAGI ANTENNA To f a c i l i t a t e t h e design o f an antenna o f p r a c t i c a l dimensions and y e t r e a l i z e maximum gain, r e f e r t o the curves shown i n f i g u r e 9. These d a t a were developed from r e s u l t s o f model measurements c a r r i e d o u t a t 400 HHz u s i n g elements o f d i f f e r e n t diameters. Only those curves a r e presented which w i l l enable t h e user t o design t h e 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2 and 4.2h long Yagis t h a t y i e l d gains o f 7.1, 9.2, 10.2, 12.3, 13.4 and 14.2 dB respect i v e l y over t h a t o f a d i p o l e mounted a t t h e same h e i g h t above ground. I n designing a Yagi antenna, the f o l l o w i n g b a s i c i n f o r m a t t o n i s r e q u i r e d and, o f course, w i l l depend upon i n d i v i d u a l requirements. i I 1. Frequency o f o p e r a t i o n , f (wavelength, h ) 2. Antenna g a i n required, G (dB) 3. Diameter o f p a r a s i t i c elements ( d i r e c t o r s - r e f l e c t o r s ) 4. Diameter o f s u p p o r t i n g boom used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , D/x used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , d/A Careful c o n s i d e r a t i o n should a l s o be g i v e n t o s e l e c t i o n o f t h e diameter o f the T h i s i s important s i n c e elements and boom a t t h e wavelength o r frequency o f o p e r a t i o n . smaller diameter and l i g h t e r m a t e r i a l s can be used a t t h e h i g h e r frequencies i n c o n t r a s t t o l a r g e r and heavier m a t e r i a l s needed f o r support a t t h e lower frequencies. Note a l s o t h a t the selected element diameter-to-wavelength r a t i o s used i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e chosen antenna must f a l l w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s shown. I f maximum g a i n i s t o be r e a l i z e d u s i n g t h e d a t a presented, i t i s e s s e n t i a l to follow very c l o s e l y t h e procedure described here. In a d d i t i o n , t h e element l e n g t h s should be measured and c u t t o a t o l e r a n c e o f about 0.0031 w i t h respect t o t h e c a l c u l a t e d values. TO a i d the user i n the design o f t h i s antenna and t o f a m i l i a r i z e him i n use of t h e design data, two s p e c i f i c examples a r e presented. The f i r s t considers t h e d e s i g n o f a 5-element, 0.81 Yagi; t h e second example presents a step-by-step procedure for t h e design o f a 15element, 4.21 Yagi. I n t h e f i r s t example, consider t h e design o f a 0 . 8 ~Yagi antenna t o operate a t a frequency o f 50.1 MHz i n the amateur r a d i o band and y i e l d a g a i n o f 9.2 dB r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e . The elements s h a l l be c o n s t r u c t e d of 2.54 cm (1 in.) diameter aluminum t u b i n g w i t h t h e boom o f 5.08 cm (2 in.) diameter aluminum t u b i n g . GIVEN: Frequency 50.1 HHz, X = 597 cm. (235 in.) Element Diameter, d = 2.54 cm. (1 i n . ) d/h = 0.0042 Boom diameter ,D = 5.1 cm. ( 2 i n . ) D/X = 0.0085 Element spacing = 0.21 = 119 cm. Overall l e n g t h 2 (47 i n . ) 0.81 = 478 cm. (188 i n . ) 16 STEP 1: Plot the lengths of the parasitic elements obtained from Table 1 for 0.81 long Yagi on the corresponding curve In figure 9. reproduced in figure 20. For clarlty, these curves are Establish points LD = L , L , LR and determine 1 O3 D2 the parasitic element lengths for d/X = 0.0085. Thus LD = Lo3 = 0.4281 1 L D2 - 0.4241 LR = 0.4821 STEP 2: For our design, where the element diameter to wavelength ratio d/X - 0.0042, plot and establish this point on the director curve and indicate by a check mark STEP 3: STEP 4: (4. This is the uncompensated director length of D1 = D = 0.442X. 3 - For the same d/1 ratio, determine the uncompensated length of the reflector LR 0.4851. With a pair of dividers, measure the distance along the curve between the initial points 0 , = D to D2 determined i n Step 1 . Transpose this distance from the 3 point established in Step 2 downward along the curve and determine the uncompensated length of director L = 0.4381. O2 From the foregoing, the uncompensated parasitic element lengths for the 50.1 MHz Yagi are: L = 0.438X D2 LR = 0.4851 To these values, a correction must be added to compensate for the boom diameter. STEP 5: Refer to figure 10. For a boom diameter-to-wavelength ratio O/X = 0.0085, determine the fractional increase in wavelength by which each of the para- From the chart this length = 0.0051. Thus, for this design the exact lengths of the parasitic elements should be sitic elements must be increased. measured and cut to the following lengths. = 0.4421 = L + 0.0051 = 0.4471 = 267 cm. O3 = 0.4381 + 0.0051 = 0.4431 = L 264.5 cm. O2 = 0.4851 + 0.005X = 0.490X = 293 cm. LR The driven element is designed so that the Yagi can work either into a 50 or 200 ohm load impedance. For a 50 ohm impedance, a folded dipole and a quarterwave balun can be employed. Precise matching to 50 ohms can be accomplished by using a double-stub tuner connected into the feed line. 17 ! SHlSN313AVM N I SlN3W313 30 H 1 9 N 3 1 18 I f the antenna i s designed w i t h a 200 ohm balanced i n p u t impedance, then the d r i v e n element should be designed t o p r o v i d e an impedance step-up r a t i o o f 12. For t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n , a X/2 b a l u n s e c t i o n and stubs can be used t o p r o v i d e proper impedance t r a n s f o r m a t i o n and matching. OtHer matching methods can a l s o be employed such as Gamma o r T match [ l o , 1 1 , 121. As a second example, c o n s i d e r the design o f a 4.2h long Yagi t o p r o v i d e a g a i n o f 14.2 d8 r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e t o o p e r a t e on 827 HHz i n t h e c e n t e r o f TV Channel 73. For the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s antenna l e t us s e l e c t and use a 1/2-inch diameter boom w i t h 3/16-inch diameter elements u s i n g t h i n w a l l brass tubing. GIVEN: Frequency 827 HHz, A Element diameter, d d/X STEP 1: -- 36.34 cm. (14.3 in.) 0.48 cm. = 0.013 Boom diameter, D = 1.27 cm. (1/2 i n . ) D/X = 0.035 Element spacing = 0.3081 = 11.2 cm. Overall length = 4.2A = 152 cm. P l o t t h e l e n g t h s o f p a r a s i t i c elements from Table 1 for t h e 4.21 l o n g Yagi on t h e corresponding curve i n f i g u r e 9. For c l a r i t y , t h e s e curves a r e reproduced - E s t a b l i s h p o i n t s LD = L 0 2 * L ~ 3 ** L ~ l and l o c a t e 1 and presented i n f i g u r e 21. t h e p a r a s i t i c element lengths on t h e c u r v e as i n t h e p r e v i o u s example f o r the d/A = 0.0085 case. STEP 2: F o r our p a r t i c u l a r design, however, where t h e element d i a m e t e r t o wavelength r a t i o d/X = 0.013, p l o t and e s t a b l i s h t h i s p o i n t on t h e 4 . Z - long Yagi curve and i n d i c a t e t h i s s t a r t i n g p o i n t w i t h a check (4. T h i s i s t h e uncompensated d i r e c t o r l e n g t h of D1 = D2 = 0.4141. STEP 3: F o r t h e same d/X r a t i o , determine t h e uncompensated l e n g t h o f t h e r e f l e c t o r , LR = STEP 4: 0.473X; from curve D, f i g u r e 21. With t h e use o f a p a i r of d i v i d e r s , e s t a b l i s h and measure t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e p o i n t s D1 = D2 t o D 3' Transpose t h i s d i s t a n c e from t h e i n i t i a l (4 = 0.4091. mark downward along the d i r e c t o r c u r v e and determine LD 3 Measure t h e d i s t a n c e from D1 = D2 t o D4. initlal (4 p o i n t Transpose t h i s d i s t a n c e from and determine l e n g t h o f D4 = 0.3951. = 0.3911, d e t e r m i n e remaining d i r e c t o r lengths. LD5 0.381X, L to '8 LD Similarly, LD = 0.385X, 6 L = DJ = 0.3771. 13 To these values a c o r r e c t i o n must be added t o compensate f o r boom diameter. STEP 5: For a boom diameter-to-wavelength r a t i o D/X = Again, r e f e r t o f i g u r e 10. 0.035, determine the f r a c t i o n a l amount by which each element must be increased t o compensate f o r boom. From the curve, d e t e r m i n e t h i s l e n g t h = 0.0261. Thus, t o r e a l i z e maximum g a i n from t h i s antenna, measure and c u t t h e p a r a s i t i c elements t o the f o l l o w i n g l e n g t h s : 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SH13N313AVM N I S l N 3 W 3 1 3 30 H19N31 20 0 0 0 = L + 0.026X = 0.414X = 0.440X = 16.0 cm. O2 = 0.4091 + 0.0261 = 0.4351 = 15.8 cm. L D3 = 0.3951 + 0.026X = 0.4211 = 15.3 cm. L D4 = 0.391h + 0.0261 = 0.4171 = 15.1 cm. L D5 I = 0.3851 + 0.0261 = 0.4111 = 14.9 cm. L D6 = 0.3811 + 0.0261 = 0.407X = 14.8 cm. L DJ L =, 0.3771 + 0.026X = 0.4031 = 14.6 cm. - '8 LD13 LR = 0.4731 + 0.0261 = 0.4991 = 18.1 cm. The d r i v e n element can be o f a v a r i e t y o f designs and w i l l depend upon I i n d i v i d u a l requirements. I t i s u s u a l l y measured and c u t t o o n e - h a l f wavelength l e s s a s h o r t e n i n g f a c t o r t o compensate f o r e n d - e f f e c t s and matched t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c impedance o f t h e feed l i n e . 5. I CONCLUSIONS The d a t a presented i n t h i s r e p o r t p r o v i d e t h e necessary i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e d e s i g n o f Yagi antennas r a n g i n g i n l e n g t h from 0.21 t o 4.2X. These d a t a a l l o w t h e user t o design antennas t o y i e l d maximum g a i n f o r seven d i f f e r e n t design c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . In addition, s t a c k i n g o f antennas, s i d e by s i d e and one above the o t h e r - - a l l fed i n phase--provides an a d d i t i o n a l g a i n up t o 5.2 dB over t h a t of t h e s i n g l e a r r a y . 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The a u t h o r wishes t o extend s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o W i l l i a m Gorboczieski f o r h i s a s s i s t Also, ance i n t h e f a b r i c a t i o n of t e s t set-ups and i n c a r r y i n g out of t h e measurements. s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n and thanks t o A l v i n Wilson f o r p r o v i d i n g t h e r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n s . 7. [l] S h i n t a r o , U., and Yasuto, H., Ltd., Senda, Japan, 1954). REFERENCES Yagi-Uda Antennas (Sasoki P r i n t i n g and P u b l i s h i n g Co., IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-14, Log p e r i o d i c Yagi-Uda a r r a y , IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop., pp. 235-238 (Mar. 1966). AP-14, [ 2 ] M a i l l o u x , R. J . , The long Yagi-Uda a r r a y , pp. 128-137 (Mar. 1966). [ 3 ] Barbano, N., [ 4 ] T h i e l e , G. A., Analysis Y Yagi-Uda t y p e antennas, pp. 24-31 (Jan. 1969). [SI I E E E , Trans. Antennas and Prop. AP-17, Emerson, J., Arranging Yagi antennas f o r p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s , Broadcast Engineering, No. pp. 32-40 (May 1971). [6] Shen, L., D i r e c t i v i t y and bandwidth of single-band and double band Yagi a r r a y s , I E E E , Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-20, pp. 178-180 (Nov. 1972). 21 5, [7] Cheng, 0. K . , and Chen, C. A., Optimum element spacings for Yagi-Uda arrays, I E E E , Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-21, pp. 615-623 (Sept. 1973). I [8] Chen, C. A . , and Cheng, 0 . K., Optimum element lengths for Yagi-Uda arrays, IEEE, Trans. Antennas and Prop., AP-23, pp. 8-15 (Jan. 1975). 191 ! Nose, K . , Crossed Yagi antennas for circular polarizatlon, QST, pp. 21-24 (Jan. 1973). [lo] Healey, 0. J., 1 1 1 , An examination o f the G m Match, QST, pp. 11-15 (Apr. 1969). [ l l ] Nose, K . , Adjustment o f Gamma-matched parasitic beams, QST, pp. 44-46 (Mar. 1958). [I21 The Radio Amateur's Handbook, Fifty Second Ed. (AH Radio Relay League, 1976). i NBS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS PERIODICALS JOURNAL OF RESEARCH-The Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards reports NBS research and development in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which the Bureau is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Papers cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology, and the basic technology underlying standardization. Also included from time to t h e are survey articles on topics closely related to the Bureau's technical and scientific programs. As a special service to subscribers each issue contains complete citations to all recent NBS publications in NBS and nonNBS media. Issued six times a year. Annual subscription: domestic $17.00; foreign $21.25. Single copy, $3.00 domestic; $3.75 foreign. Note: The Journal was formerly published in two sections: Section A "Physics and Chemistry" and Section B "Mathematical Sciences." DIMENSIONS/NBS This monthly magazine is published to inform scientists, engineers, businessmen, industry, teachers, students, and consumers of the latest advances in science and technology, with primary emphasis on the work at NBS. The magazine highlights and reviews such issues as energy research, fire protection, building technology, metric conversion, pollution abatement, health and safety, and consumer product performance. In addition, it reports the results of Bureau programs in measurement standards and techniques, properties of matter and materials, engineering standards and services, instrumentation, and automatic data processing. Annual subscription: Domestic, $1 2.50; Foreign $15.65. NONPERIODICALS Monographs-Major contributions to the technical literature on various subjects related to the Bureau's scientific and technical activities. Handbooks-Recommended codes of engineering and industrial practice (including safety codes) developed in cooperation with interested industries, professional organizations, and regulatory bodies. Special Publication+Include proceedings of conferences sponsored by NBS, NBS annual reports, and other special publications appropriate to this grouping such as wall charts, pocket cards, and bibliographies. Applied Mathematics Series-Mathematical tables, manuals, and studies of special interest to physicists, engineers, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, computer programmers, and others engaged in scientific and technical work. National Standard Reference Data Series-Provides quantitative data on the physical and chemical properties of materials, compiled from the world's literature and critically evaluated. Developed under a world-wide program coordinated by NBS. Program under authority of National Standard Data Act (Public Law 90-396). N O T E At present the principal publication outlet for these data is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (JPCRD) published quarterly for NBS by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the American Institute of Physics (AIP). Subscriptions, reprints, and supplements available from ACS, 1155 Sixteenth St N.W.. Wash., D.C. 20056. Building Science Series-Disseminates technical information developed at the Bureau on building materials, components, systems, and whole Structures. The series presents research results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and environmental functions and the durability and safety characteristics of building elements and systems. Technical Notes-Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject. Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NBS under the sponsorship of other government agencies. Voluntary Product Standards-Developed under procedures published by the Department of Comberce in Part 10, Title 15. of the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of the standards is to establish nationally recognized requirements for products, and to provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of the characteristics of the products. NBS administers this program as a supplement to the activities of the private sector standardizing .organizations. Consumer Information Series-Practical information, based on NBS research and experience, covering areas of interest to the consumer. Easily understandable language and illustrations provide useful background knowledge for shop ping in today's technological marketplace. Order above NBS publications from: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Ofice, Washington, D.C. 20402. Order following NBS publications-NBSlR's and FIPS from the National Technical lnjormation Services, Springfield, Vu. 22161. Federal Information Proccs3ing Standards Publications (FIB PUBkPublications in this series collectively constitute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register. Register serves as the official source of information in the Federal Government regarding standards issued by NBS pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended, Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 11271, and as implemented by Executive Order 11717 (38 FR 12315. dated May 11. 1973) and Part 6 of Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations). NBS Interagency Repods (NBSIR)--A special series of interim or final reports on work performed by NBS for outside sponsors (both government and non-government). In general, initial distribution is handled by the sponsor; public distribution is by the National Technical Information Services (Springfield, Va. 22161) in paper copy or microfiche form. BIBLIOGRAPHIC SUBSCRI PTlON SERVICES following current-awareness and literature-suney bibliogmphies =-issued periodically by the Bureau: Cryogenic Data Center Current Awareness Service. A literature survey issued biweekly. Annual subscription: Domestic, $25.00; Foreign, $30.00. Lhuified Natural Gas. A literature survey issued auarterlv. Annual subscription: $20.00. 'Ihe Superconductinp. Devices and Materials. A literature Survey I issued quarterly. Annual subscription: $30.00. Send subscription orders and remittances for the preceding bibliographic services to National Bureau of Standards, Cryogenic Data Center (275.02) Boulder, Colorado 80302.