UNIT 1
Lesson 1, Nouns: Singular, Plural, Possessive, Concrete, Abstract
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Possessive form: shows possession, ownership, relationship between two nouns.
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Concrete: names an object that is tangible
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Abstract: names an idea, quality, or characteristic
Lesson 2, Nouns: Proper, Common, Collective
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Proper noun: names a specific person, place, or thing. Capitalize
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Common noun: people, places, or things in general. No Capitalize
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Collective noun: names a group
Lesson 3, Pronouns: Personal, Possessive, Reflexive, Intensive
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Pronoun: takes place of noun
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Personal pronoun: ex) I, me, we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, they, them
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Possessive pronoun: shows passion or control; ex) my, mine, our, ours, your, yours,
his, her, hers, its, their, theirs
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Reflexive pronoun: refers to a noun or another pronoun and indicates that the same
person or thing involved.
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Intensive pronoun: adds emphasis to a noun or another pronoun.
Lesson 4, Pronouns: Interrogative, Relative, Demonstrative, Indefinite
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Interrogative pronoun: form questions; ex) who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever,
whomever, whatever, whichever
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Relative pronoun: begin a subject-verb word group called a subordinate clause; ex)
who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever
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Demonstrative pronoun: points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas; ex) this,
that, these, those
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Indefinite pronoun: refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than
does a noun or a personal pronoun; all, both, everything, none, some, few, many,
most…
Lesson 5, Verbs: Action
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Verb: expresses action or a state of being.
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Action Verb: tells what someone or something does. Can be physical or mental action.
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Transitive verb: action verb that is followed by a word that answers the question of
“What?” or “Whom?”
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Intransitive verb: action verb that is NOT followed by a word that answers the
question of “What?” or “Whom?”
Lesson 6, Verbs: Linking
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Linking verb: links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with a word that identifies(or
describes) the subject. Usually in forms of “be”; ex) am, is, are, was, were, will be,
has been, was being.
Lesson7, Verb Phrases
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Auxiliary verbs: words that accompany the main verb, helping the verbs.
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Verb phrase: consists of a main verb and all its auxiliary verbs.
Lesson 8, Adjectives
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Adjective: modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective that includes (a, an) are indefinite
articles; (the) is definite article.
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Proper adjective: formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter. Usually
use the following suffixes: -an, -ian, -n, -ese, -ish.
Lesson 9, Adverbs
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Adverb: modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questions of
“How?,” “When?,” “Where,” and “To what degree?.” ; ex) really, very, never, not,
nowhere, often…
Lesson 10, Prepositions
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Preposition: shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the
sentence; ex) aboard, as, at, inside, outside, but(except), outside, toward.
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Compound preposition: preposition that is made up of more than one word; ex)
according to, apart from, because of, in front of, next to, out of, ahead of, aside from…
Lesson 11, Conjunctions: Coordinating, Correlative, Subordinating
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Conjunction: joins single words or groups of words.
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Coordinating conjunction: joins word or groups of words that have equal grammatical
importance (동위접속사); ex) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so//FANBOYS
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Correlative conjunctions: work in pairs to join words and groups of word of equal
importance; ex) both…and, just as…so, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor,
and whether…or
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Subordinating conjunction: joins a dependent idea or clause to a main clause; ex)
after, although, as though, because, before, as if, if, since, so long as, provided (that),
until…
Lesson 12, Conjunctive Adverbs and Interjections
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Conjunctive adverb: used to clarify the relationship between clauses of equal weight
in a sentence; ex) again, further, indeed, nevertheless, still, also, furthermore,
instead…
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Interjection: word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation. No grammatical
connection to other words.; ex) oh; oh, my; good grief; my heavens; darn; gee whiz;
and well.
UNIT 2
Lesson 13, Subjects and Predicates
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Simple subject: the key noun or pronoun(or group of words acting as a noun) that
tells what the sentence is about.
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Simple predicate: the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought to the
subject.
Lesson 14, Compound Subjects and Predicates
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Compound subject: has two or more simple subject joined by conjunction and share
same verb.
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Compound predicate: has two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a
conjunction. Shares same subject.
Lesson 15, Order of Subject and Predicate
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Inverted order: the predicate comes before the subject; ex) Here on the desk
are(predicate) your car keys(subject).
Lesson 16, Direct and Indirect Objects
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Complement: a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb
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Direct object: one type of complement. Answers the question “what?” or “whom?”
after an action verb.
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Indirect object: one type of complement. Answers the question “to whom?”, “for
whom?”, “to what?” or “for what?” after an action verb.
Lesson 17, Object and Subject Complements
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Object complement: a noun, pronoun, or adjective that completes the meaning of a
direct object by identifying or describing it.
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Subject complement: follows a subject and linking verb. Identifies or describes a
subject.
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Predicate nominatives: a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and gives
more information about the subject.
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Predicate adjectives: an adjective that follows a linking verb and gives more
about the subject,
Unit 3
Lesson 18, Prepositional Phrases
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Prepositional phrase: group of words that begins with a preposition and usually ends
with a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition.
Lesson 19, Participles and Participle Phrases; Absolute Phrases
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Participle: a verb form that can function as an adjective. Modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Present participles end in -ing and past participles usually end in -ed.
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Participle phrase: a participle with its complements and modifiers.
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Absolute phrase: consists of a noun or pronoun that is modified by a participle or
participial phrase but has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. Usually
-ing in it.
Lesson 20, Gerunds and Gerund Phrases; Appositives and Appositive Phrases
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Gerund: a verb form that ends in -ing and functions as a noun in the sentence.
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Gerund phrase: a gerund plus any complements and modifiers.
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Appositive: a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to
identify it or give additional information about it.
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Appositive phrase: an appositive plus any words that modify it. Commas should be
used to set off an appositive or appositive phrase that is not essential to the meaning
of the sentence.
Lesson 21, Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
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Infinitive: a verb form that is preceded by the word to and is uses as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb. If to precedes the base form of the verb, it is part of an
infinitive, not a preposition.
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Infinitive phrase: an infinitive with its complements and modifiers.
Lesson 22, Distinguishing Participial, Gerund, and Infinitive Phrases
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Verbals: ver forms that function in other ways in sentence.
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Participle: verb form that function as an adjective.
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Gerund: a verb form that function as a noun in the sentence.
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Infinitive: made from base form of the verb, nearly always preceded by the word
to.