Topic 1: What is Ethics?
● establish good habits of characters of a person
Ethics or moral philosophy
● come up to rational decisions in facing an ethical
dilemma
- can be provisionally described as the empirical study
of moral decisions
- discipline concerned with what is morally good and
evil, right and wrong
- Ethics often refers to any scheme or philosophy of
universal ideals or beliefs.
- systematic analysis of the nature of human actions
- It is concerned about the correctness and wrongness
of the act.
- derived from the Greek word “ethos” which may mean
tradition, habit, character, or attitude.
- As a philosophy, is a very important discipline because
it involves critical thinking, as it explores and describes
fundamental beliefs, standards, ideals, and traditions.
● it makes a person responsible in the family, school
and society
● a person becomes sensitive to the needs of others
more than himself or herself
● reminds a person to fully need conscience in decision
making and a person can acknowledge the actions
made
Moral and Non-Moral Standards; Characteristics of
Moral Standards
Moral Standards - refer to the guidelines we have on
the types of acts that we find to be morally permissible
and morally unacceptable; promote the common good
Characteristics of Moral Standards
- Ethics is a set of rules that allows us to say right from
wrong, good from the bad. Ethics can provide true,
specific guidance to our lives.
- entail serious harm or benefit
Normative Ethics
- should be adopted over other values, including selfinterest
- The purpose of normative ethics, to address our
questions about the essence of human behavior.
Normative ethics examine whether or not a particular
act should or should not be carried out.
2 fields of normative ethics:
1. Moral philosophy - Moral ideas, obligation, and
questions. deals with moral ideas such as what human
beings "must do or how human beings should be." This
also deals with our moral obligation, the meaning of the
act, or the purpose of the act.
2. Applied Ethics - strong and basic moral issues
Meta-Ethics – Meaning, Non-moral questions on
Morality.
Questions, Interpretation, and Justification on Moral
Statements
In contrast to meta-ethics, normative ethics seeks to
examine how human beings respond to a moral
question. This also aims to clarify and prescribe
common expectations on what human beings should do
to interact with others in society and in a meaningful
way.
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS
● people can determine the difference between right
from wrong, good and bad
● people can eliminate actions that do not conform to
what is right
● people will be very careful to the actions and decisions
to make
● people will not be disturbed of the internal and
external factors of not doing the right thing
- not determined by authority figures
- focused on objective considerations
- perceived to be universal
- correlated with different feelings and vocabulary
Non-moral Standards - apply to laws which are not
related to moral and ethical considerations; lack of
ethical sense
Examples: etiquette and decorum
- statute is a written law passed by a legislative body
- Professional Code of Ethics
Etiquette is a decorum, propriety means reverence for
the formal criteria governing conduct in a civilized
society. Etiquette refers conventional ways and uses
the rules of etiquette.
Decorum - implies modesty and a sense of what is
becoming or is fitting for a person of good breeding: a
fine sense of decorum.
The Professional Code of Ethics, consequently, is a
set of guidelines intended to help practitioners
differentiate between right and wrong to guide their
decision-making. Such rules, also referred to as the
Code of Ethics, define the purpose and ideals of the
organization, how staff within the organization are to
handle the issues, and the expectations to which
workers are bound.
How Moral Standards are Formed?
- Individual’s beliefs
- Values/Religious Values/Characters/Manners
- Rules and Regulations
- Individual’s action
- Life’s experience
- Moral Standards
Values are the basis of the capacity of an individual to
distinguish between right and wrong.
Morals build on this to form concrete, context- driven
rules that regulate the actions of an individual.
Topic 2: Moral Dilemmas
● In the definition of Kvalnes (2019), a moral dilemma
is a situation in which a decision-maker must give
preference to one moral principle over another.
● Dilemmas occur when, confronted with a challenging
situation two or more of that kind of values disagree with
the understanding of the decision-maker, or when one
assesses the moral option of another.
● "Whatever action is taken will offend an important
moral value."
● In addition, Kvalnes explained that (2019) a moral
dilemma may arise as a result of a prior personal
mistake - self-inflicted dilemma.
● In a strict sense, a moral dilemma is a situation in
which moral values are of equal importance.
staff, shareholders, and society, as well as corporate
ethics and customers.
Common ethical issues in the organization:
● Unethical leadership/bad leadership behavior - He
or she doesn’t engage in abuse of leadership authority,
accepting inappropriate gifts and other related unethical
leadership.
● Toxic workplace culture - He makes sure that his
subordinates have work-life balance, motivated and
happy working in the organization, If not then the
performance and productivity of the employees will be
affected.
● Discrimination and harassment/ Peril of employee
favoritism
● Unrealistic and conflicting goals
● Use of the organization’s technology, social
media use, technology, and privacy concerns - the
technology must only use for the organization’s
transactions. Social media use while in the office must
be avoided as much as possible so that important
dealings with the clients must be prioritized.
● Business travel ethics - they have per diem every
meal and must use the fund of the organization
appropriately.
● In a broader sense, there may be moral dilemmas in
which a person has strong moral reasons for acting
which are described to be as remarkable, nonetheless,
not equally strong moral reasons for acting in another
way.
2. Individual Moral Dilemma
Moral dilemma or ethical dilemma is characterized
as:
- Socialization is a query as to whether an individual
remains aware of doing what is good and what is right.
1. Making an option to one moral value over the other
- Living in this world is not easy.
2. A situation where moral values are equally significant.
- Independent. Unshakable.
undesirable pleasures.
3. A scenario where a person has a strong moral reason
in action, but not equally strong moral reason in acting
in another way.
- Enjoy life knowing the limitations.
4. A state where a person should morally do one, two,
or more and have difficulty in deciding any of those
conflicting choices.
- situation where individuals confront with a number of
factors such as peer pressure, personal financial
position, an economic and social status which may
influence all individual ethical standards.
Not
influenced
by
- Must not be confused nor ambiguous and put himself
or herself in a dilemma.
3. Structural Moral Dilemma
5. Which arrow an individual will go, right or wrong.
- selecting a proper system of responsibilities and
relationships, which is a continuing universal challenge
- Reveals four different arrows: respect, ethics, integrity,
and honesty, these are all positive terms and regarded
as values
● Differentiation vs. Integration - The conflict between
the distribution of jobs and the organization of numerous
activities generates a classic dilemma.
- In deciding, consider the aforementioned virtues.
● Gap vs Overlap - When the main tasks are not
explicitly defined, the critical job will slip through gaps.
- Ambiguous
- With three choices for a decision, right, wrong and it
depends which also mean uncertainty
3 Levels of Moral Dilemmas
1. Organizational Ethical/Moral Dilemma
- situation that causes an organization to respond
negatively or positively to an ethical issue that affects
● Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity - When
employees are not clear about what they are expected
to do, they often adapt their tasks to personal interests
instead of system-wide goals that often lead to
problems.
●
Excessive
Autonomy
vs.
Excessive
Interdependence - When individuals or groups are too
independent, they are always isolated. On the other
hand, if the units and responsibilities are too closely
connected, people are absentminded from work and
waste time or excessive coordination.
Categorical
- commands u must follow irrespective of your
desire/motive
- Absolute moral obligation derived from pure reason
Topic 3: Freedom as Foundation for Moral Acts
Kant’s Philosophy on Freedom
1. Individuals have the right to choose one's conduct
based on reason, not desire. (autonomy means, selflegislator.)
2. Individuals have to abide by the rules that they follow.
3. Individuals are independent from being limited by the
option of others to the extent that they may coexist with
each other's freedom under universal rule.
4. Equality is the most among the various freedoms and
freedom is the only inherent power.
5. Individuals have an autonomous right to be happy in
their own way, and the intervention of another's freedom
means forcing others to be happy.
Three concepts of freedom: freedom of a human
being as a member of a state, the dignity of each person
as a subject, and the freedom of any member of the
commonwealth as a resident.
Kant’s Philosophy on Morality
1. Good will and duty - Good will; will of obligation
Good will is unique as it is always good and retains its
moral values even though it fails to achieve its moral
intentions.
Good will is Evident under unfavorable conditions.
- An imperative based on reason
- Not universal/absolute
- Help us to evaluate our moral actions and to make
moral judgements
4. Universalizability - An act is only permissible if one
can have the principle that allows an action to be the
universal law by which everybody acts.
Maxims fail this test if, when universalized, they create
either a contradiction in conception or a contradiction in
the will.
5. Humanity as an End in itself - A human being live
so he or she has value.
“Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in
your own person or in the person of another, always at
the same time as an end and never simply as a
means.”(Immanuel Kant, Groundwork for the
Metaphysics of Morals)
Kant’s Philosophy on Justice and Fairness
1. Justice involves external acts through which an
individual may directly or indirectly influence others.
2. Justice does not affect the desires, wishes, or needs
of others.
3. Justice is concerned primarily with the nature of
interpersonal relationships and not with their substance.
2. Perfect and imperfect duties
Perfect - always true
Imperfect - requires flexibility. Beneficence is an
imperfect duty because we are not obligated to be
absolutely helpful at all times.
Kant believes that perfect duty is more important than
an imperfect duty: when a conflict of duty arises, perfect
duty must be carried out.
3. Categorical Imperative - Command unconditionally
* Hypothetical imperative - conditional
HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVES vs. CATEGORICAL
IMPERATIVES
Hypothetical
- it is moral commands that are conditional on personal
desire/motive.
- A command u should follow if u want something thus,
it tells u how to achieve a goal.
- An imperative based on desire/inclination
- Universal/absolute
- Teach us how to reach a goal
Topic 4: What is Culture? How Does it Define Our
Moral Behavior?
What is Culture?
According to Kohak (1984), Culture is at the root of
human alienation from the environment.
Cole (2019), Defined culture as a concept that refers to
a broad and diverse collection of often intangible areas
of social life.
According to sociologists, culture consists of ideals,
beliefs, language systems, communication, and
behaviors that people have in common and that can be
used to describe them as a group.
Culture also encompasses material objects which are
special to that community or society.
Distinct from the social structure and economic aspects
of society, but it is related to them both by educating and
updating them on an ongoing basis.
Lederach (1995), Culture as the collective knowledge
and schemes generated by a group of people to
perceive, view, convey, and react to the social realities
around them.
Zimmerman explicated (2017), Culture as the
characteristics and awareness of a specific community
of people, including language, religion, food, social
behavior, etiquette, fashion, music, and the arts.
5. HELP ONE ANOTHER
Several characteristics of culture:
8. LOVE, ART, AND ARCHITECTURE
1. Culture is an analects of items with cultural or
historical interest.
9. HOSPITABLE
2. Culture is a remark of people’s choices and
admiration of beauty.
6. VALUES, TRADITION, & CULTURE
7. HAVE LONGEST CHRISTMAS CELEBRATION
WEAKNESSES OF FILIPINO CHARACTER
3. Culture is in harmony with the environment and an
individual has a role to play on it.
1. Extreme Personalism - The Filipinos always try to
give an interpretation of the actions or they take things
personally. They say thank you with "but" (complimentcriticism-compliment)
4. Culture is wider in scope as it includes beliefs, ideals,
communication, language systems, behaviors, and
commonality of people within a group.
2. Extreme Family Centeredness - very high family
protection whether in good or poor condition and
circumstance (consentidor) (overprotected)
5. Culture embraces material objects that are significant
to a particular group or society.
3. Lack of Discipline - famous Filipino time. take
shortcuts or the 'palusot' scheme and careless.
6. Culture is related to the social structure and economic
aspects of society.
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative - They 're
demanding someone's accomplishment. They are
rather complacent (relax) but they often have a sense of
urgency. The Filipinos have a positive personality, but a
lack of self-confidence and a deep desire to achieve
their goals.
7. Culture is a combination of the skills, talents,
capacities, and artifices brought about by a group of
people to look at, relay messages, and respond to the
realities of social life.
8. Culture is the attributes and observation of a
particular group of people which includes language,
religion, social behavior, etiquette, fashion, music, and
arts.
THE INFLUENCES OF CULTURE IN MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
1. Culture is always social and communal by which the
relationship of the people towards one another and their
experience as people are the culture’s meadow.
2. The culture defines the normative principles and
behaviors of society. This refers to the definition of the
principles and behaviors to be maintained, preserved,
and changed for the benefit and best interest of the
members of the community.
They are strong at the beginning, but they have no
sense of consistency (sometimes no direction at all or
no strategy at all). Besides, they are too patient without
any plan (matiisin) "Bahala na System"-no matter what,
come what may, at least we tried (paconsuelo) attitude.
They may have questions and discussions or
disagreement first, rather than analyzing the situation
before planning and action.
5. Colonial Mentality – They appreciate foreign
products than native ones. Furthermore, they have
Open outside but Side-open or Close inside character
(it's ok and best to receive more than to share)
6. Kanya-kanya Syndrome - crab mentality attitude
(Hilahan and Inggitan System) instead of being happy
to what are the accomplishments of others they try to
pull them down.
3. A culture, as best exemplified in the experience of the
people, develops restrictions and sets boundaries and
limitations as they live and relate with one another.
7. Lack of Self Analysis and Reflection - Filipinos are
superficial and dreamy. They lack self-evaluation and
reflection of the situation.
4. As culture helps in generating the character and
identity of its people, it also includes their moral
character.
Topic 5: Cultural Relativism
5. The culture identifies the authorities or the governing
individuals or groups.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FILIPINO CULTURE
1. VERY RESILIENT
2. TAKE PRIDE IN THEIR
3. FAMILIES
4. VERY RELIGIOUS VERY RESPECTFUL
- no one can judge a society by their standards in the
principle of right or wrong, eccentric or natural.
- People must understand other societies’ cultures.
- the aim is to strengthen our knowledge and
interpretation of the practices and cultural traditions that
are not part of our culture and that are not uncommon
to other cultures.
- Cultural relativism (CR) is a moral theory that claims
the idea of no objective universal moral rules that would
apply to every culture and it varies depending on the
culture of the society.
Pros or Advantages of Cultural Relativism
1. It creates learning opportunities that could make
humanity stronger.
When a value is activated, either positively or
negatively, they become steeped in emotions. EX: if
independence is a value, people will get upset if it is
threatened and be pleased when they can enjoy it.
2. It eliminates the concept of separate, but equal.
2. Values are motivational construct.
3. It creates a system of niche expertise.
They often relate to a desirable goals someone has
which allows them to motivate towards action. EX: if
helpfulness is a value people will be motivated to
complete actions which are helpful towards others.
4. It encourages respect.
Cons or Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism
1. There will be actions taken that would be defined by
some as “violent,” “unsafe,” or “wrong.”
2. It is based on a concept that people are perfect.
3. It creates a personal bias.
4. It eliminates the idea that reform or change can be a
good thing.
TOPIC 6: Universal Value
"value" means something that a person or a group
believes has a value that merits being sought,
promoted, or privileged; can be a thing, a state of mind
or behavior
3. Values are bigger than specific actions or
situations.
Values are more abstract and therefore able to apply in
a variety of situations or contexts.
EX: honesty is a value that is relevant at work, at school,
with friends, or with strangers.
4. Value serve as standards.
Values are a lens through which decisions and
evaluations can be made, though often an unconscious
one. EX: someone w a value of self direction could
judge a workplace w heavy policies as bad since it is
challenging their specific value.
5. Values are ordered by relative importance.
Everyone finds it important
Every individual has a hierarchy of values, nothing the
relative importance for them personally. EX: an
individual may value achievement, self direction,
tradition and security but each has an importance
relative to the other to create hierarchy.
Has value
have reason to believe it has value
a principle is connected with morality or ethics
need to be socially expressed
6. The relative importance of multiple values guide
actions.
Schwartz Concept of Universal Values
Schwartz described 'values' as 'conceptions of what is
important that affect the way people choose action and
evaluate events.' (Sen, 1999)
All actions or behaviors are the result of multiple values
as opposed to a single one. EX: attending church is an
action that likely was guided by strong tradition and
conformity values.
1. Values are beliefs linked to affects.
Basic Value
Self direction
Stimulation
Goal
Independent thought and action,
choosing, creating, exploring.
Excitement, novelty, challenge in life
Hedonism
Pleasure for one self
Achievement
Personal success through
demonstrated competence
according to social standards
Power
Social status and prestige
Security
Safety, harmony and stability
Conformity
Restraint of action likely to upset or
harm others or violate social norms
Respect, commitment and
acceptance of customs
Tradition
Universal requirement
The needs of individuals as
biological organisms
The needs of individuals as
biological organisms
The needs of individuals as
biological organisms
The needs of individuals as
biological organisms
The survival and welfare needs of a
group
The requirement of coordinated
social interactions
The needs of individuals as
biological organisms
The survival and welfare needs of a
group
The requirements of coordinated
social interactions
The requirements of coordinated
social interactions
The survival and welfare needs of a
group
Benevolence
Preserving or enhancing the
welfare of those you are in
frequent with
Universalism
Understanding, appreciation,
tolerance and protection for all
people and things.
Schwartz reasoned that since values are motivational
goals, basic human values might be derived by
considering the most basic needs of human beings,
which he divides into three fundamental categories: our
biological needs as individuals, our need to coordinate
our actions with others, and the need of groups to
survive and flourish.
Schwartz also tested an eleventh possible universal
value, 'spirituality', or 'the goal of finding meaning in life',
but found that it does not seem to be recognised in all
cultures
UN Charter of Universal Values
“The values of peace, freedom, social progress, equal
rights and human dignity, enshrined in the Charter of the
United Nations and in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, are no less valid today than when, over
half a century ago, those documents were drafted by
representatives of many different nations and cultures.”
Certain fundamental values as being essentials to
international relations in the twenty-first century
The requirements of coordinated
social interactions
The survival and welfare needs of a
group
The needs of individuals as
biological organisms
The survival and welfare needs of a
group
Differences within and between societies should be
neither feared nor repressed, but cherished as a
precious asset of humanity. A culture of peace and
dialogue among all civilizations should be actively
promoted.
Respect for nature. Prudence must be shown in the
management of all living species and natural resources,
in accordance with the precepts of sustainable
development. Only in this way can the immeasurable
riches provided to us by nature be preserved and
passed on to our descendants. The current
unsustainable patterns of production and consumption
must be changed in the interest of our future welfare and
that of our descendants.
Shared responsibility. Responsibility for managing
worldwide economic and social development, as well as
threats to international peace and security, must be
shared among the nations of the world and should be
exercised multilaterally. As the most universal and most
representative organization in the world, the United
Nations must play the central role.
▪ freedom
▪ respect for nature and shared responsibility
▪ equality
▪ tolerance
▪ solidarity
The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in
September 2000, commits world leaders to combat
poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental
degradation, and discrimination against women.
The Millenium Declaration Goals are derived from this
Declaration.
Freedom. Men and women have the right to live their
lives and raise their children in dignity, free from hunger
and from the fear of violence, oppression or injustice.
Democratic and participatory governance based on the
will of the people best assures these rights.
Equality. No individual and no nation must be denied
the opportunity to benefit from development. The equal
rights and opportunities of women and men must be
assured.
Solidarity. Global challenges must be managed in a
way that distributes the costs and burdens fairly in
accordance with basic principles of equity and social
justice. Those who suffer or who benefit least deserve
help from those who benefit most.
Tolerance. Human beings must respect one other, in all
their diversity of belief, culture and language.
1. Countries of all nations and cultures must apply those
principles to maintain peace and security in the world.
2. If all nations in the world set aside their respective
self-interests, peace and security in the whole world will
evidently possible.
3. It can be described as, unified, cooperative, promoter
of mutual understanding, and peace-loving nations.
4. A better future for all the countries in the world.
Basic Universal Human Values
The term happiness comes from the Old Norse term
happ meaning “luck” or “chance.”
*good fortune; pleasure; contentment; joy
Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics - “happiness or
flourishing or living well is a complete and sufficient
good”
(a) that it is desired for itself,
(b) that it is not desired for the sake of anything else,
(c) that it satisfies all desire and has no evil mixed in
with it, and
(d) that it is stable.
The word ‘peace’ is derived from the original Latin word
‘pax,’ which means a pact, a control or an agreement to
end war or any dispute and conflict between two people,
two nations or two antagonistic groups of people.
The third is freedom from want.
The fourth is freedom from fear.
*freedom from disturbance; tranquility
We have: Internal Peace, External Peace
According to Lao Tzu‘s famous saying:
If there is to be peace in the world, there must be peace
in the nations.
If there is to be peace in the nations, there must be
peace in the cities.
If there is to be peace in the cities, there must be peace
between neighbors.
If there is to be peace between neighbors, there must
be peace in the home.
The word ‘safety’ is from the Old French sauvete
"safety, safeguard; salvation; security, surety," *state of
being safe; freedom from the occurrence or risk of
injury, danger, or loss.
Safety is not just a priority that may change but it is a
value.
Teaching people starting at our homes to be safe is a
legacy that they can pass on to their descendants.
In this way they can benefit from our value of safety by
building a safety culture all around them and us.
Benefits of Safety:
If there is to be peace in the home, there must be peace
in the heart.
What are the benefits of following health and safety
practices?
Types of peace, according to the World Council of
curriculum and instruction:
Benefit 1 – Protecting ourselves and families
1. Intrapersonal peace: the state of peace within man
himself that means there is no conflict inside one‘s mind.
2. Interpersonal peace: the state of peace between a
man and men; there are no conflicts between a man and
men or one another.
Benefit 2 – Reducing absences
Benefit 3 – Improving productivity
Benefit 4 – Saving money
3. Intragroup peace: the state of peace within groups;
the state of having no conflicts in groups.
The word ‘intelligence’ is from the Old French
intelligence (12c.) and directly from Latin intelligentia,
intellegentia "understanding, knowledge, power of
discerning; art, skill, taste"
4. Intergroup peace: the state of peace between group
and group; the state of having no conflicts among
groups.
*is a capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding,
and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude in grasping
truths, relationships, facts, meanings
5. Intraracial peace: the state of peace within race; the
state of having no conflicts in each race.
From Stanford-Binet: five factors: fluid reasoning,
knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visuospatial
processing, and working memory.
6. Interracial peace: the state of peace between race
and races; the state of having no conflicts among races.
7. Intranational peace: the state of peace within nations
or countries; the state of having no conflicts in each
nation or country.
8. International peace: the state of peace between a
nation and the nations; the state of having no conflicts
among nations.
9. World peace: peace of the world. It means that the
countries throughout the world are said to be in the state
of normalcy, absence of wars and conflicts, presence of
justice and balance of control.
The word ‘freedom’ is from the Old English freodom
"power of self-determination, state of free will;
emancipation from slavery, deliverance” *state of being
free or at liberty
We look forward to a world founded upon four essential
human freedoms.
The first is freedom of speech and expression.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God
in his own way.
From Raymond Cattell: Fluid intelligence - the
capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and
performing activities, and crystallized intelligence- the
accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired
throughout our lives (Salthouse, 2004).
*Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to accurately
identify, assess, and understand emotions, as well as to
effectively control one’s own emotions (Feldman-Barrett
& Salovey, 2002; Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2000).
Linguistic - the ability to speak and write well
Logico-mathematical - the ability to use oogic and
mathematical skills to solve problems
Spatial - the ability to think and reason about objects in
3 dimensions
Musical - the ability to perform and enjoy music
Kinesthetic (body) - the ability to move the body in
sports, dance, or other physical activities
Interpersonal - the ability to undestand and interact
effectively w others
Intrapersonal - the ability to have insight to the self
Naturalistic - the ability to recognize, identify, and
undestand animals, plants, and other living things.
Nature or Nurture?
Between 40% and 80% of the variability in IQ is due to
genetics, meaning that overall genetics plays a bigger
role than environment does in creating IQ differences
among individuals. Yet we know intelligence is
improved by education.
The word ‘respect’ is from Old French respect and
directly from Latin respectus "regard, a looking at."
*is a formal expression or gesture of greeting, esteem,
or friendship
For self: This kind refers to the ability to respect oneself,
to value and appreciate oneself. Accepting oneself
regardless of what others think.
For others: This kind refers to the act of tolerating
accepting and considering another person, even though
there may be differences between them, or between the
way they think. Some examples would be; respect for
parents, men and women equally, teachers, older
people, other’s religious beliefs, respect for people of
different sexual orientation (lesbians, transgender, gay,
bisexual, intersex, etc.), etc.
For social norms: This kind refers to the ability to
respect all the norms that govern society. Some
examples of this type of respect would be: respect for
courtesy rules, working hours, other people’s
belongings, letting them speak and listen, respecting
others opinions.
For nature: This kind refers to the appreciation of the
environment (animals, plants, rivers, etc.). Some
examples of this type of respect would be; not throwing
garbage in rivers, forests, or fields, not tearing up plants
or mistreating nature, not wasting water, not harming
animals or insects, recycling, using eco-friendly means
of transport, etc.
For the family: This kind implies being able to
understand and respect each other within the family,
and implies being able to follow a set of rules of
coexistence.
For values: This kind refers to the ability to honor our
own principles.
For culture: This type of value refers to the ability to
recognize that there are other beliefs and be able to
respect them. Some example of this kind of respect
would be; not trying to impose our beliefs on others,
avoid making judgments about the opinions of others,
etc.
The word ‘equality’ is from Old French equalité
"equality, parity" (Modern French égalité, which form
dates from 17c.), from Latin aequalitatem (nominative
aequalitas) "equality, similarity, likeness" (also
sometimes with reference to civil rights)
*is the state or quality of being equal; correspondence
in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability
Characteristics of Equality
1. Equality does not stand for absolute equality.
2. Equality stands for absence of all unnatural
manmade inequalities and specially privileged classes
in the society.
3. Equality assumes the grant and guarantee of equal
rights and freedoms to all the people.
4. Equality infers the system of equal and adequate
opportunities for all the people in society.
5. Equality means equal satisfaction of basic needs of
all the persons before the special needs', and luxuries
of some persons may be met.
6. Equality supports an equitable and fair distribution of
wealth and resources
7. Equality accepts the principle of protective
discrimination for helping the weaker sections of
society.
3 Basic Elements of Equality:
1. Absence of special privileges in society.
2. Presence of adequate and equal opportunities
for development of all.
3. Equal satisfaction of basic needs of all.
Types of Equality:
Natural Equality
Social Equality
Civil Equality
Political Equality
Economic Equality
Legal Equality
Equality of opportunity and education
Types of Inequality:
Natural inequality
Social inequality
For national symbols: This kind refers to the ability to
value and appreciate the symbols of a nation. For
example, the anthem or the flag.
The word ‘justice’ from Old French justice "justice, legal
rights, jurisdiction" (11c.), from Latin iustitia
"righteousness, equity," from iustus "upright, just"
For human beings: This type refers to the ability to
comply with legal norms and respect laws
*is the quality of being just; righteousness,
equitableness, or moral rightness: to uphold the justice
of a cause
EQUALITY VS JUSTICE
EQUALITY
Accepting and giving everyone equal position/treatment
by the society.
Can be used in a general sense
Related to social concept
Emphasize equal or similar status or treatment for
everyone
Relationship Between Equality and Justice
•
Justice determines if equality persists in order
to maintain a just society.
•
Thus, equality is a core element of justice.
The word ‘nature’ is from the from Latin natura "course
of things; natural character, constitution, quality; the
universe," literally "birth," from natus "born," past
participle of nasci "to be born,"
*is the material world, especially as surrounding
humankind and existing independently of human
activities
Ten areas of values associated with nature are
recognized:
1. economic value
2. life support value
3. recreational value
4. scientific value
5. aesthetic value
6. life value
7. diversity and unity values,
8. stability and spontaneity values
9. dialectical value
10. sacramental value
The word ‘health’ is from the Old English hælþ
"wholeness, a being whole, sound or well"
*is the general condition of the body or mind with
reference to soundness and vigor: good health; poor
health. soundness of body or mind; freedom from
disease or ailment to have one's health
JUSTICE
Quality of being just, righteous or fair in every aspect
Related to legal interpretations
Related to legal concept
Emphasize jus and impartial treatment for everyone
according to accepted moral or fair conduct.