The Lesson Learned from Natural Disaster/Floods in
Baluchistan: A Case Study of Bridges.
BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (BUITEMS)
By
Nisar Ahmed
49604
Syed Mansoor Ahmed
49382
Syed Raziq
50753
Syed Zainab Bakhsh
48947
Bachelor
In
Civil Engineering
Supervisor By
DR. ENGR. NAIK MUHAMMAD
Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
oct 2021
Table of Contents
Chapter 1.
1.1
Introduction ...................................................................................................3
Background .............................................. Ошибка! Закладка не определена.
1.1.1.
Natural Phenomenon .....................................................................................4
1.1.2.
Earthquake ....................................................................................................5
1.1.3.
Wind..............................................................................................................5
1.1.4.
Cyclone .........................................................................................................5
1.1.5.
Scour .............................................................................................................5
1.1.6.
Landslide .......................................................................................................6
1.1.7.
Manmade factors ...........................................................................................6
1.1.8.
Design and construction errors .....................................................................6
1.1.9.
Overloading...................................................................................................6
1.1.10.
Collision ....................................................................................................7
1.1.11.
Lack of inspection and maintenance .........................................................7
1.1.12.
Fire ............................................................................................................7
1.2
Problem Statement ...............................................................................................8
1.3
Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................8
1.4
Sustainable development goals (SDG) .................................................................8
Chapter 2.
Literature Review..........................................................................................9
Chapter 3.
Methodology: ..............................................................................................11
Chapter 4.
Refrences: ...................................................................................................21
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Methodology Flow Chart ................................................................................12
Figure 3.1 DHA bridge .....................................................................................................14
Figure 3.2 ghaza band bridge ............................................................................................15
Figure 3.3 killi shalam bridge ...........................................................................................16
Figure 3.4 killi Almas bridge ............................................................................................17
Figure 3.5 Chashma Bypass bridge .................................................................................18
Figure 3.6 Chashma achozai bridge .................................................................................19
Chapter 1.
Introduction
A bridge is a vital engineering structure designed to span a gap or obstacle, connecting
two points previously separated by water, land, or any other barrier. Its purpose is to
facilitate the movement of people, vehicles, or goods, enabling efficient transportation and
connectivity. Bridges come in various forms and designs, ranging from simple beam
bridges to complex suspension or arch bridges, each tailored to specific needs and
geographical challenges. Failures of bridges have occurred ever since bridge building
started thousands of years ago. A large part of the technical knowledge associated with
bridge engineering today is based on the past failures of bridges. In the past century, bridge
engineers learned substantially from studying historical failures of bridges. Each bridge
failure has its unique features which makes it difficult to generalize the causes of failures.
Floods and other hydraulic events are perceived to be the most common causes of total or
partial bridge collapse in Balochistan, Bridge damages have been observed to be mainly
at the bridge foundations. More specifically, the flooding waters erode the bridge
abutments, scour the bridge piers and weaken the bridge’s resistance against the flood
loads and eventually destroy the bridge. Bridges are designed to withstand the multihazard or combined effect of Flood and earthquake. Heavy precipitation usually leads to
flooding, which may induce phenomena such as scour, erosion, river convergence,
insufficient embedment depth, protection works-induced over fall or hydraulic jump,
softened bedrock, sand mining, debris impact or abrasion on bridge foundations, etc. One
or a combination of these causes can result in dramatic reductions in the strength and
stability of bridge key components and can even cause bridge failures.
Causes and Mechanisms of Bridge Failures
1.1.1.
Natural Phenomenon
Several natural hazards like flood, scour, wind, earthquake, landslide, debris flow, and
storm surge are unavoidable and are among the root causes of failures of many bridges. A
summary of causes and mechanisms of bridge failures due to different natural hazards are
summarized in the following sections(Choudhury and Hasnat 2015).
1.1.2.
Earthquake
Earthquakes lead to vertical and horizontal ground motions that can result in the failure of
bridges. The most common damage includes shear-flexural failure of the bridge pier
columns, expansion joint failure, shear key failure, and girder sliding in the transverse or
longitudinal directions due to weak connections between girders and bearing. In addition,
both the vertical and horizontal ground motions may cause the liquefaction of the soil at
the bridge foundations, which can greatly reduce the load-carrying capacity of the
foundations leading to bridge collapse(Choudhury and Hasnat 2015).
1.1.3.
Wind
Forces and vibrations induced by wind have led to a large number of failures. Wind
induced aerostatic and aerodynamic forces are major design challenges in designing
bridges, especially for flexible long-span bridges. Aerodynamic vibration is usually caused
by three different types of oscillations viz. flutter, buffeting, and vortex-induced
oscillation.These forces lead to large displacements and stresses that may exceed the
capacity of bridge structures and resulting in the collapse of bridges(Choudhury and
Hasnat 2015).
1.1.4.
Cyclone
In addition to the high pressure due to extreme winds in case of cyclones, the
hydrodynamic forces caused by storm surge resulting from the tropical cyclones cause
severe damages in the bridges in coastal areas. The high transverse wind speed combined
with the surge in the water level resulting from a reduction in the atmospheric pressure
raise the water level to an elevation that is able to strike the superstructure of bridges along
the coast. Based on the several observed failure modes of bridges due to cyclone, it is
obvious that the connections between the bridge deck and piers play the most important
role to withstand the cyclone induced wave loads(Deng, Wang, and Yu 2016).
1.1.5.
Scour
Scour is a phenomenon in which the level of the riverbed becomes lower under the effect
of water erosion, leading to the exposure of bridge foundations. This happens either
because of the increase of flow speed around the river piers or because of the long time
erosion of the riverbed. The scour phenomena depend on the flow rate, speed, type and
condition of the riverbed, width and depth of the river. With an increase in scour depth,
the lateral resistance of the soil supporting the foundation is significantly reduced, thus
increasing the lateral deflection of the foundation head. Furthermore, when the critical
scour depth is reached, bending or local buckling of the foundation may occur under the
combined effect of the dead load of bridge superstructures, the traffic load and/or lateral
loads(Biezma and Schanack 2007).
1.1.6.
Landslide
Landslide occurs mainly due to water saturation, earthquake, or volcanic eruption, and it
may result in the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials including
rock, soil, artificial fill, or a combination of these materials. These moving slope-forming
materials, when hitting the bridge, may lead to severe damage or even collapse of the
bridge(Iverson 2000).
1.1.7.
Manmade factors
In addition to the natural factors, human factors, including imperfect design and
construction method, collision, vehicle overloading, fire, attacks by enemy forces or
terrorists, lack of inspection and maintenance, etc., may also result in bridge collapses.
These factors are discussed in the following sections(Iverson 2000).
1.1.8.
Design and construction errors
Many bridges have collapsed due to the imperfect design; use of materials with poor
quality Use of an inappropriate construction method have led to bridge collapses in the
construction phase. The choice of material based on location and environmental factor
plays an important role; for example, construction materials, especially iron and steel are
not resistant to weather or other corrosive influences, unless special measures are adopted.
The collapse of the West Gate Bridge in Australia in 1970 was due to the poor design and
the inappropriate construction methods used, Therefore, strict process control and proper
supervision can effectively reduce the probability of this type of bridge failure. A
surprising number of bridges collapse as they are being built. Unfortunately, some of the
deadliest bridge collapses in history have occurred during the construction of bridges.
While a functional bridge may only have a few vehicles on it when it collapses, it takes
hundreds of workers to build a bridge - all of whom may be in dangerous positions in case
of collapse(Abdelhamid 2015).
1.1.9.
Overloading
Incorrect assumption of loads is another major cause of collapse. Truck overloading
usually causes fatigue problems in bridge components and can shorten the service life of
bridges. In some extreme cases, the weight of the overloaded trucks may exceed the load-
carrying capacity of the bridge and directly cause bridge collapse(Wardhana and
Hadipriono 2003).
1.1.10.
Collision
Collision due to vessel impact causes serious damages to bridges. Several collapses in
bridges initiated by the local component failure resulting from collision have been
reported. studied the failure process of the Jiujiang Bridge over Xijiang River in
Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China, which collapsed on June 15, 2007,
due to vessel impact and pointed out that the progressive failure of three consecutive spans
resulted from the separation of structural elements and the centrifugal force of the falling
bridge deck. To account for vehicle collision, the AASHTO (2012) code requires that the
abutments and piers located within a distance of 9.144m to the edge of roadway shall be
designed for an equivalent static force of 2,669kN, which is assumed to act in a direction
of 0 to 15° to the edge of the pavement in a horizontal plane, at a distance of 1.542m above
the ground(Ouyang et al. 2005).
1.1.11.
Lack of inspection and maintenance
Usually, bridges are designed and constructed to serve for a long time, at least 100 years.
However, bridges in service are constantly subject to not only dead and live loads, but also
attack by the environment. As a result, bridges experience progressive deterioration,
which, when exceeding a certain threshold level, can cause serious problems. The
deterioration mechanism is influenced by various factors including material properties,
environmental conditions, live load situation. The risk of bridge deterioration cannot be
completely eliminated - however, a good maintenance program including regular
inspection and proper rehabilitation will slow down this process(Kim et al. 2013).
1.1.12.
Fire
Fires on bridges are commonly caused by the collision of vehicles such as fuel tankers or
freight trucks and multiple vehicle collisions or construction accidents(Bai, Hsieh, and
Qian 2006). Increase of temperatures (in the range of 800–900°C) within the first few
minutes of fire initiation and then the temperature can rise to 1,000°C or higher in the first
30 min(Hensley et al. 2004). The rapid rise in temperature can create large thermal
gradients in the structural members and consequently cause spalling of the concrete and
local buckling of steel members(Peng, Wang, and Jiang 2008). Moreover, fires can lead
to a significant decrease in the load-carrying capacity of the structural members due to
reduction in the strength and stiffness of materials, which can further lead to partial or full
collapse of bridges(Bai, Hsieh, and Qian 2006). For example, the Galata Bridge, a floating
bridge spanning the Golden Horn in Istanbul, Turkey, was badly damaged in a fire in 1992
and had to be abandoned.
1.2
Problem Statement
The Bridge is main infrastructure in civil engineering it is a structure which is built over
some physical obstacle such as a body of water, valley, or road, and its purpose is to
provide crossing over that obstacle. It is built to be strong enough to safely support its own
weight as well as the weight of anything that should pass over it. which is design for long
life. Any kind of collapse occurred in bridges due to natural disaster that is very important
for making design and policies. The focus is to investigate the effects of floods in bridges
has been calculated and the relevant data will be analyzed statistically, and important
conclusion will be drawn.
1.3
Aims and Objectives
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of recent flood on bridges in Balochistan.
The objectives are as follows.
 To perform the statistical analysis of damages caused by flood to the bridges in
Balochistan.
 To carry out the comparison of the failure or damage mechanism caused by the flood.
1.4
Sustainable development goals (SDG)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17
interlinked global goals designed to be a "shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for
people and the planet, now and into the future". The SDGs were set up in 2015 by
the United Nations General Assembly (UN-GA) and are adopted by the member states,
which are intended to be achieved by 2030.
As Pakistan is a UN Member State and has adopted to Agenda 2030, therefore, it is
important to move in the direction of achieving Sustainable Development Goals.
Out of 17 Sustainable Development Goals, our study focuses mainly on the following
Goal:
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Review of past railway structure failures due to hydraulic action (usually in flood) provides
useful evidence to inform design and inspection regimes. There have been 15 fatalities and
perhaps 4-5 times that number of injuries which can be attributed to structure failure during
flooding on the GB railway system since the 1840s. The resulting economic damage is
estimated to be at least £287 million (2004 figures). Bridge failure due to flooding is most
associated with 'extreme' but not necessarily 'very rare' floods; the average event rarity
associated with catastrophic failure is 1 in
160 years, but the range of 200 - 250-year return period includes most flood related
failures. The high incidence of summer/early autumn flood events leading to failure mainly
because of localized high intensity rainfall on small catchments is of note. These events
are likely to be at a time of reduced vigilance for flood management. Undermining of
abutments and piers by scour is the most common form of failure of bridges and these may
not be adequately predicted by existing assessment procedures. The remaining failures can
be attributed to six other failure sequences which are currently not adequately addressed
within the existing procedures. Of these six, debris collection resulting in the exacerbation
of local scour and the location of structures in rapidly responding catchments are
considered the most significant. Based on the results of this research and practice
elsewhere it is recommended that the design flood for scour assessment and scour
protection design should be based on a 200-year return period flood event. A higher value
(of 1,000-years) may be appropriate for structures with a particular high consequence of
failure such as high-speed lines, critical transport routes, where no adequate warning can
be provided, or where flood waters could impound behind embankments and be released
suddenly. The methods of analysis developed for this study have been used to investigate
the causes of two recent water-related bridge failures: The Lower Ashenbottom viaduct in
Lancashire (2004), and Malahide Viaduct (2009). In both cases, serious loss of life and
injury were only narrowly avoided. This paper describes how it was possible to establish
the underlying causes of failure and the collapse mechanisms(Benn 2013).
A lifecycle multihazard framework is proposed to assess the system failure of bridge
structures subjected to the combined hazards of flood-induced scour and earthquakes. The
framework consists of three major components, including the conjunct use of probabilistic
seismic and flood-induced scour analysis, nonlinear model pushover-based soilfoundation-bridge simulation, and multihazard failure analysis. Based on a case study for
a simple bridge system considering a design life of 75 years, the results show that scour
effects are varying with time. During the first 45 service years of the bridge, scour has
insignificant effect on modifying the seismic vulnerability of the bridge in terms of two
levels of system failures (i.e., extensive system damage or system collapse). After 65 years,
scour dominates the cause to system failure, and between 45 and 65 years, bridge scour
and earthquakes jointly contribute to system failure. This result implies that a timesensitive assessment approach is necessary for managing aging bridges serving both
seismicity- and flooding-active regions(Guo and Chen 2016).
This study establishes a general methodology to account for the effects of the amount of
disaster debris generated, debris dispersal, the duration floodwater pooling for events like
tsunamis, and damage to infrastructure on initial and time evolution of connectivity
between critical facilities and key locations within a community such as evacuation zones
and shelters. The proposed methodology is applied to Seaside, OR, for cascading seismic
and tsunami hazards corresponding to seven return periods ranging from 250 to 10,000
years. The post-event connectivity is assessed for the first 72 h. The results provide insights
on immediate post-event connectivity, its evolution with time as floodwaters recede and
as the debris is cleared, and the relative effect of debris, floodwater pooling, and
infrastructure damage on connectivity. For example, the level of disconnection caused by
debris and flooding in Seaside is not always directly proportional to the return period
(magnitude) of the seismic-tsunami event. Results show that bridge damage further
exacerbates the lack of connectivity due to debris and floodwater pooling, highlighting
that multi-hazard and multi-infrastructure analyses are necessary to understand
connectivity for disasters(Kameshwar et al. 2021).
We will collect the data then have a statically analysis as well as the structure analysis of
the bridges and design that have been affected due to recent flood in Baluchistan. We will
figure out the type of Failure due to which the Bridge fail.
Chapter 3.
Methodology:
Overview:
The methodology will be adopted is shown in figure 3.1. The methods and procedure will
be followed during the research work are explained.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
FLOOD DATA
DESIGN DATA
FIELD VISIT
ACTUAL DATA
OBSERVATION
TAKING ACTUAL
OF FAILURES
PARAMETER
STRUCTURE ANAYLSIS IN
STATISTICAL
CSI BRIDGE
ANAYLSIS
COMPARATIVE STUDY
WHY THESE FAILURE
OCCURS
SOLUTION OF THESE FAILURE
Figure 3.1 Methodology Flow Chart
Numerous factors, including flood velocity, debris variety, scouring, and rain intensity,
might harm various bridge components. Baluchistan reached the conclusion that it is
important to investigate the failure mechanism and the construction methods used during
the first construction stages using the flood event in 2022 in Pakistan.
This approach, that focusses on the bridges in Quetta, Baluchistan, has been chosen as
one of the case studies. Floods in 2022 seriously damaged the region's road and bridge
infrastructure, which had an adverse influence on the Baluchistan community. This case
study aims to identify all possible bridge aspects that may lead to failure, including
approaches, surface, canal, substructure, and superstructure.
All flood-affected and damaged bridge sites in Quetta, Baluchistan, conducted on-theground examinations. All the bridges that were looked at were built over actual river
crossings. Field data including river channel width, bridge dimensions, river crosssections, flow depth, and scour depth were collected during the field investigation
research. The bridge's superstructure and substructure were inspected for damage brought
on by the floods. Using a measuring tape, the cross-section of the river was manually
measured.
Design data was obtained from the department. While the information on bridge failure
was gathered by visiting the affected areas, the information was gathered via mobile
camera, and photographs of several affected bridges were taken. to visualize a bridge
collapsing.
Most of the bridges worldwide are affected by earthquakes, floods, and other natural
disasters; however, the focus of this research is on bridges affected by floods, and it has
been determined that many bridges are affected by floods, scouring, design flaws,
overloading, and other factors. We will conduct statistical analysis on these affected
bridges to determine how frequently this failure occurs and what percentage of the affected
bridges it affects. SPSS software will be use for the statistical analysis.
By looking at this data, we will determine the design parameter for these bridges, perform
structural and statical analyses of these bridges, and determine whether these bridges are
primarily affected by the fact that their design was flawed, any errors made during the
construction phase, or by ignoring hydrological surveys used to estimate flood flow. Since
CSI Bridge is a very effective and user-friendly program for this purpose, we will utilize
it for the analysis. After that, we will compare the various bridges to determine which
bridge is most negatively impacted by which causes. Therefore, future bridge designs will
include preventative measures. Flood estimation was required in order to perform the
hydraulic study and calculate the flood loads that would act on the bridge during a flood
occurrence. So, in order to design the bridge in a way that will make it safe in the future,
we will apply a variety of approaches to estimate the floods. The different pictures were
collected during site visit and different failures we observed.
(a) wings wall failure
( b) approach failure
(c) scouring of piles
(d) cracks of piles
.
Figure 3.1 DHA bridge
The DHA bridge, which is close to DHA on main highway N 25, is seen in Figure 3.1.
This bridge witnessed wing wall failure, approach failure, and scouring of piles because
of recent devastating floods in Quetta, Baluchistan.
(e) Deck failure
(g) pier erosion
(f) lower abutment settlement
(h) separation of spans/ joints failure
Figure 3.2 ghaza band bridge
The Ghaza Band bridge is seen in Figure (3.2) and is near to the Ghaza Band Scout.
This bridge's major failures were the deck collapse, lower abutment settlement, separation
of spans and pier erosion brought on by a recent, intense flood.
(i) Deck failure
(j) bridge foundation failure
(k) span failure
(L) bridge wall failure
Figure 3.3 killi shalam bridge
The killi shlam bridge, which is situated in the nawa killi local region, is shown in Figure
(3.3).
The foundation and deck of this bridge failed span failure and bridge wall failure which
were caused by the recent, extreme flood.
(m) sepration of abutment
(o) cracks of top road/ deck
(n) foundation settlement
(P) separation of abutment from the span
Figure 3.4 killi Almas bridge
Figure (3.4) represents the killi Almas bridge, which is situated in the almas killi region
near to the airport road.
This bridge's failure was expressed is the abutment's separation from the structure,
foundation settlement, and cracks in the top road and deck, all of which were brought on
by the heavy flooding.
(q) improper design of deck
(S) separation of abutment
(r) approach failure
(T) bearing pads
Figure 3.5 Chashma Bypass bridge
The Chashma Bypass Bridge, which is near to Quetta's customs, is represented in Fig
(3.5).
The failure at the construction site was the improperly designed deck, separation of
abutment which was caused by poor management. The approach failure was brought on
by the recent major flooding.
(u) flowing of deck, girders, piers
(W) railing failure
(v) pier cracks
(X) transom failure
Figure 3.6 Chashma achozai bridge
Chashma Achozai Bridge is located in the local region of Chashma close to Iqra
Residential School, as shown in Figure (3.6). The failure in concern was a failure of the
deck, girders, railing failure, transom failure and piers as well as fissures in the piers
brought on by the previous severe flooding.
Time Outline
Work
Thesis topic selection
From
2nd October 2022
Till
10th October 2022
Background Collection
11th October 2022
26th October 2022
Literature Review
27th October 2022
15th November 2022
Out lining Methodology
15th November 2022
30th November 2022
Bridge site visit
1st December 2022
10th December 2022
Bridge site selection and
12th December 2022
20th December 2022
Synopsis Documentation
9th January 2023
13th January 2023
Statistical Analysis
March 2023
April 2023
Result Interpretation
April 2023
May 2023
Comparison
May 2023
June 2023
Documentation
June 2023
July 2023
Thesis completion
July 2023
August 2023
data collection
Chapter 4.
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Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering
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