History — Chapter 1
The Harappan Civilisation
Class 9 - Total History & Civics
Solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1
The period when man used both stone and copper tools is known as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bronze Age Period
Chalcolithic Period
Mesopotamian Civilisation Period
Egyptial Period
Answer
Chalcolithic Period
Question 2
Name the term archaeologists use for a group of objects distinctive in style, usually found
together within a specific geographic area and period of time.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Civilisation
Culture
Period
History
Answer
Culture
Question 3
Which of the following insights about the Harappan Civilisation was provided by the citadel?
1.
2.
3.
4.
There were public buildings for specific purposes.
There was ceremonial bathing.
There was overseas trade.
The people were literate.
Answer
There were public buildings for specific purposes.
Question 4
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Dockyard?
1.
2.
3.
4.
World's oldest dockyard
Presence of mud brick platform
Surrounded by wall of baked bricks
Connected by channels to Gulf of Cambay.
Answer
Presence of mud brick platform
Question 5
What made the pool at the Great Bath watertight?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Burnt bricks
Mortar lined with bitumen and gypsum
Mud brick platforms
Both (a) and (b)
Answer
Both (a) and (b)
Question 6
Which of the following is a feature of the Great Bath?
1.
2.
3.
4.
tank in a courtyard.
tank surrounded by corridors
porticos and rooms
All of the above.
Answer
All of the above
Question 7
Bronze statues were made by a special process called
1. moulded clay process
2. lost wax process
3. clay wax process
4. lost clay process
Answer
lost wax process
Question 8
Features of the Indus script include
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alphabetical order
Written from right to left
Written from left to right
All of the above.
Answer
Written from right to left
Question 9
Seals were made of
1.
2.
3.
4.
Steatite
Terracotta
Agate
All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 10
Seals are not a source of information for
1.
2.
3.
4.
script
trade
beliefs
society
Answer
society
Question 11
Bearded man, found in Mohenjo-daro is a statue of a meditative man wearing
1.
2.
3.
4.
an amulet
a Shawl
a bangle
an elaborate headdress
Answer
a Shawl
Question 12
'The Dancing Girl' has which of the following features?
1.
2.
3.
4.
stone sculpture
heavily-bangled left arm
half-closed eyes
seated cross-legged.
Answer
heavily-bangled left arm
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
Name two important sources of information about the Harappan Civilisation.
Answer
The two important sources of information about the Harappan Civilisation are:
1. The Great Bath which indicates the high degree of perfection of the art of the
building.
2. The Citadel which points to the planning and development of cities in Harappan
civilisation.
Question 2
Name one important public building of Indus Valley Civilisation and its importance.
Answer
The Great Bath is an important public building of Indus Valley Civilisation. The importance
of The Great Bath lies in the fact that it indicates the perfection in the art of building,
religious, economical and social development of the society and efficient planning of
structures.
Question 3
Give any two characteristic features of the citadel.
Answer
Two important characteristic features of the citadel are:
1. Citadel was built on mud brick platform and hence it was a raised area.
2. Citadel had important buildings like the houses of ruling class, the great bath, the
granary and the assembly hall.
Question 4
How were seals used? What information do they give about Harappan trade?
Answer
The seals were used by the traders to stamp their goods. The goods were packed and tied and
the knot was covered with wet clay and the seal was pressed on it.
The seals indicate that the Harappan trade had spread over a vast area.
Question 5
Briefly describe granaries at Harappa.
Answer
The granaries at harappa were built on raised platforms to protect them from floods. There
were two rows of six granaries each. To the south of granaries there were rows of circular
floors which probably were working platforms for threshing. The granaries also had tworoomed barracks which possibly accommodated labourers. The granary had ventilation to
prevent grains from becoming mildewed.
Question 6
Briefly describe the ornaments worn by the Harappans.
Answer
Ornaments were worn by both men and women. The ornaments were made up of gold, silver,
precious stones and ivory. Some common ornaments were necklaces, finger-rings, bangles,
armlets, anklets, fan-shaped head dress and earrings.
Question 7
Briefly describe the statue of the dancing girl.
Answer
The statue of a dancing girl, made up of bronze was found at Mohenjo-daro. The right hand
of the dancing girl rests on the hip and the heavily bangled left arm, holding a bowl rests on
her left leg. The statue is a masterpiece of art and shows the high degree of development in
field of art of sculpture. The figurine shows vigour, variety and ingenuity.
Question 8
Mention the types of dress worn by the Indus Valley people.
Answer
The Indus Valley men used to wear a dhoti and a shawl was used to cover the upper part of
the body. The women wore a skirt and used a cloak to cover arms and shoulders. The
discovery of needles and buttons at some sites show that they wore stitched clothes too.
Question 9
State two features of the internal trade in the Indus Valley Civilization.
Answer
The features of the internal trade in the Indus Valley Civilization were:
1. All exchanges carried through barter system.
2. There were important centres of different products, for example Lothal, Harappa and
Mohenjo-daro were centres for metallurgy; Balakot and Chanundaro were centres for
bangle-making.
Question 10
State any two evidences that show the Harappans also had trade relations with foreign
countries.
Answer
The evidences that show the Harappans also had trade relations with foreign countries are:
1. The Mesopotamian records from about 2350 BC onwards refer to trade relations with
Meluha, which is the ancient name given to Indus region.
2. The depictions of ships and boats on seals also indicate foreign trade. Mesopotamian
texts refer to Meluha as a land of seafarers.
Question 11
Name the four animals depicted on the Pashupati seal.
Answer
The four animals depicted on the Pashupati seal are an Elephant, a Tiger, a Buffalo and a
Rhinoceros.
Question 12
State any two causes that led to the decline of the Harappan Civilisation.
Answer
Two causes that led to the decline of the Harappan Civilisation were:
1. Floods and Earthquakes
2. Deforestation
Question 13
What types of weights and measures did the Indus people use ?
Answer
The Indus people used a set of cubical stone weights. The basic unit was 16 (equal to 14
grams). Larger weights were multiples of 16 like 32, 48, 64, 128 and so on. The smaller ones
were all fractions of 16.
Question 14
State any two ways to show the value of Indus script as a source of historical information.
Answer
The Indus script indicates that the script was pictographic as it uses signs of birds, fishes and
humans. Although not yet deciphered, the script is found inscribed on a number of seals,
copper tools, rims of jar, copper and terracotta tablets, jewellery and on an ancient signboard.
This indicates that the Harappan civilisation was an advanced urban civilisation.
Question 15
In what two respects is Harappan Civilisation our greatest heritage?
Answer
Harappan Civilisation is our greatest heritage as:
1. The Harappan way of making baked pottery, bricks, beads, jewellery, textiles, etc.
was adopted by the later civilisations. Cultivation of cotton was the biggest
achievement of Harappan civilisation which adopted by Egyptians after several
centuries.
2. In the religious sphere, the worship of Pashupati Shiva, the female deity as Mother
Goddess, sacred trees, animals, serpents, religious symbols, etc. which were prevalent
during the Harappan period, some of them have continued to this day.
Question 16
How did Indus pottery reflect the potter's artistic skill?
Answer
Harrappans produced their own characteristic pottery which was made glossy and shining.
Earthen vessels and pottery, crafted on the potter's wheel, were decorated with black
geometrical designs. The large jars with narrow necks and red pots with black decoration
bear evidence of potters's artistic skill.
Question 17
Name and briefly describe the process by which sculpture in metal was done.
Answer
The sculpture in metal was done through the special lost wax process. In this process wax
figures were covered with a coating of clay. Then the wax was melted by heating and the
hollow mould thus created was filled with molten metal which took the original shape of the
object.
Question 18
Social classification of Harappans as pointed out by the citadel.
Answer
The city of Harappans were divided into two parts — the raised area called citadel and the
lower town. The Citadel had the houses of the ruling class and all important buildings like the
Great Bath, the granary, the assembly hall and the workshops. The lower town had the
residential buildings where the people lived and worked. This shows some sort of political
organisation and social classification of Harappans.
Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to Harappan Culture, answer the following questions:
(a) Discuss briefly the indigenous origin of the Harappan Civilisation.
(b) Describe the extent of the civilisation.
(c) Name any four cities of the Harappan Civilisation and a significant feature of each city.
Answer
(a) The Harappan Civilisation had its roots in Indian soil.The civilisation evolved in areas
near the Indus river and expanded over the time.The urban culture which has been observed
was just the extension of local village culture along with effect of trade relations with
Mesopotamia.The historians found some marked similarities between the pre-Harappan and
proto-Harappan culture at Kot Diji, Amri and Kalibangan in terms of granary, defensive
walls and long distance trade in these settlements.
(b) The Harappan Civilisation was the largest of all ancient civilisations covering a triangular
area of 1.3 million sq.km . It extended from Suktagendor (Baluchistan) in west to Alamgirpur
(U.P.) in the east and from Manda (Jammu) in the north to Bhagatrav (Narmada Estuary) in
the south. The Harappan Civilisation covered parts of Punjab, Haryana, Sindh, Baluchistan,
Gujarat, Rajasthan and fringes of western Uttar Pradesh.
(c) The four important cities of the Harappan Civilisation are:
1. Harappa — It is situated in Montgomery district of Punjab on the left bank of Ravi
river. It was the first site to be discovered in 1921. It measured around 5 km in circuit
and was an important centre of Metallurgy.
2. Mohenjo-daro — It is situated in Larkana district of Sindh on the right bank of Indus
river. It was the second site to be discovered in 1922. The main feature of this city is
it's drainage system and it's roads. It is linked to Harappa through Indus river.
3. Chanhudaro — It lies about 130 km south of Mohenjo-daro. It was probably the
industrial hub with bangle and beads making industries. Copper and Bronze models of
carts with seated drivers were also found from this city.
4. Lothal — It is situated in Gujarat. A rectangular dockyard was discovered here.
Lothal was an important trading and manufacturing centre of the Indus Valley
Civilisation and was used for carrying out overseas trade.
Question 2
With reference to the chief features of the Harappan Civilisation, answer the following:
(a) Any three characteristic features of town planning.
(b) Three special features of the houses of the people.
(c) Mention any two common elements between Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.
Answer
(a) Three Characteristic features of town planning of Harappan Civilization are:
1. Each city was divided into two parts- the raised area (citadel) and the lower town.
2. House drains emptied all waste water into the street drains.
3. The streets crossed the main road at right angles, dividing the roads into square or
rectangular blocks.
(b) Three special features of the houses of the people are:
1. The buildings had a deep foundation and were constructed according to a set plan on
high mounds in order to protect them from floods.
2. The houses were made of brick and wood. Each house had doors, windows and
ventilators. Doors and windows opened on the side of the streets and not on the main
roads.
3. The size of houses varied from a single room tenements to bigger houses with
courtyards, upto twelve rooms, private wells and toilets. Each house had covered
drains connected to street drains.
(c) The two common elements between Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are:
1. Both cities are located on river banks — Mohenjo-daro on the right bank of the Indus,
and Harappa on left bank of the Ravi.
2. Both measured around 5.0 km in circuit.
Question 3
Study the picture and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Identify the structure. List any two of its characteristic features.
(b) State the importance of this structure as a source of information about Harappan
Civilisation.
(c) Name another architectural structure of this period. How does this structure show that
Harappan Civilisation was highly developed?
Answer
(a) The given structure is the Great Bath. Its two characteristic features are:
1. It has a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all four
sides.
2. There are two flights of steps one in the north and the other in the south leading into
the tank.
(b) The Great Bath is an important source of information about the life of people and their
culture. The design of the Great Bath reflects an efficient planning and drainage system. It
also suggests that there was a ruling class which could mobilise labour, collect taxes and
build such large public buildings.
(c) The Citadel was the other structure of this period. It was a raised area of the city on which
the important buildings like the houses of ruling class, the granary, the Great Bath and the
assembly hall were made. The Citadel shows that there was a classification or stratification in
Harappan society. It also indicates that the Harappans were developed and their civilisation
was an urban one.
Question 4
Study the picture of the seal given on the right and answer the following questions:
(a) Identify the seal in the given picture. Which animal is depicted on this seal?
(b) Of what material were these seals made? Why were the seals used?
(c) What do the seals reveal about the Harappans?
Answer
(a) The seal in the given picture is Unicorn seal.
The animal depicted on this seal is a unicorn.
(b) These seal were made up of terracotta, steatite, agate etc.
These seals were used by traders to stamp their goods. After a bag of goods was tied, a layer
of wet clay was applied on the knot, and the seal was pressed on it.
(c) The seals provide useful information about the script, trade, religion and beliefs of
Harappans. It also shows the extent of trade in that region.
Thinking Skills
Question 1
Suppose you visit the ruins of a deserted ancient civilisation. What evidences would you
collect and how would you trace the development of civilisation?
Answer
I would collect articles like seals, weights, pots, toys, tools etc. I would study the buildings
and their possible uses. Materials used for building houses should also be studied. Engraved
walls, scripts and pictures can be studied. All these things provide information about the
civilisation and help to trace the development of a civilisation.
Question 2
You went for an excursion to a site belonging to the Harappan Civilisation in India. From the
ruins, how can you conclude the presence of granaries, the crops grown and the type of
agriculture practised by them?
Answer
The granaries of Harappan Civilisation are arranged in rows and has ventilation to prevent
grains from becoming mildewed. This shows that the structure has planned construction.
Working platforms consisting of rows of circular brick platforms are present to the south of
the granaries. Wheat and Barley grains were found in the crevices. These platforms were used
for threshing of grains by the labourers. Special barracks are also found where these labourers
might be living. The location of Harappa near river suggests that foodgrains were brought to
this place by boats.
Question 3
Imagine that you met a person belonging to the Harappan Civilisation. You asked him about
the characteristic features of society prevalent during that era. From the reply given by him,
which features of society during the Indus valley civilisation do you think have continued till
today?
Answer
The Harappan civilisation had many characteristic features that have continued till today,
including urbanization and city planning, trade and commerce, craftsmanship and metallurgy,
religious and cultural practices, and agricultural practices. These features continue to shape
the modern world in significant ways.
Question 4
Make a list of both similar and dissimilar features that existed between the HarappanCivilisation and its contemporary Bronze Age Civilisations.
Answer
Similar features:
1. All these civilisations had the concept of metallurgy.
2. They knew the art of Handicraft, pottery.
3. Trade was a common feature of all the civilisations.
Dissimilar features:
1. Town planning of Harappan civilisation was most distinct.
2. Excellent closed drainage system was present in Harappan civilisation.
3. Brick-lined drains, Brick paved streets with manholes was present in cities of
Harappan Civilisation.
Question 5
What can you interpret about the religious beliefs and practices of the Harappans from the
depictions on artifacts of arts and craft?
Answer
Some atrifacts like seal of Pashupati have suggested that the Harappans believed in Shiva.
They also worshipped mother goddess as terracotta figurines have been found. There were
pictures of animals like an elephant, a tiger, a buffalo and a rhinoceros or trees on seals. This
shows that they used to worship animals, nature and trees etc.
STUDY MATERIAL
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5. The Vedic Period
History — Chapter 1
The Harappan Civilisation
History — Chapter 2
The Vedic Period
History — Chapter 3
Jainism and Buddhism
History — Chapter 4
The Mauryan Empire
History — Chapter 5
The Sangam Age
History — Chapter 6
The Age of the Guptas
History — Chapter 7
Medieval India — (A) The Cholas
History — Chapter 8
Medieval India — (B) The Delhi Sultanate
History — Chapter 9
Medieval India — (C) The Mughal Empire
History — Chapter 10
Medieval India — (D) Composite Culture
History — Chapter 11
The Modern Age in Europe — (A) Renaissance
History — Chapter 12
The Modern Age in Europe — (B) Reformation
History — Chapter 13
The Modern Age in Europe — (C) Industrial Revolution
Civics — Chapter 1
Our Constitution
Civics — Chapter 2
Salient Features of the Constitution — I
Civics — Chapter 3
Salient Features of the Constitution — II
Civics — Chapter 4
Elections
Civics — Chapter 5
Local Self-Government — Rural
Civics — Chapter 6
Local Self-Government — Urban
Appendix 2
Specimen Paper
History — Chapter 2
The Vedic Period
Class 9 - Total History & Civics
Solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1
Which of the following is not a category of the Vedic Literature?
1. The Aranyas
2. The Upanishads
3. The Early Vedic Texts
4. The Brahmanas attached to each Sanhita
Answer
The Early Vedic Texts
Question 2
Which of the following is known as 'the first testament of mankind'?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sama Veda
Rig Veda
Yajur Veda
Atharva Veda
Answer
Rig Veda
Question 3
The epics reveal:
1.
2.
3.
4.
social, political and cultural organisation.
family life and moral principles.
various Aryan kingdoms.
All of the above.
Answer
All of the above.
Question 4
Iron was better than copper or bronze because it was
1.
2.
3.
4.
harder
cheaper
available in plenty
All of the above.
Answer
All of the above
Question 5
The use of iron gave rise to new occupations, which one of the following is NOT one of
them?
1.
2.
3.
4.
farming
tool-making
pottery
shipping.
Answer
pottery
Question 6
What is referred to as PGW or Painted Grey Ware pottery?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rugged grey pottery
Very fine, smooth and even-coloured pottery
Bead-encrusted black pottery
All of the above.
Answer
Very fine, smooth and even-coloured pottery
Question 7
During Rig Vedic times the king was advised by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sabha
Samiti
Vidhtha
All of the above.
Answer
All of the above
Question 8
'Vidatha' the assembly did NOT perform which of the following functions?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Economic
Social
Religious
Administrative
Answer
Administrative
Question 9
What was the life expectancy of a person in the Vedic Age (Hint: the four ashramas)
1.
2.
3.
4.
25 years
50 years
75 years
100 years
Answer
100 years
Question 10
Which of the following does not refer to Lord Indra?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Purandara
Varuna
Jitendra
Rain God
Answer
Varuna
Question 11
The Rig Vedic economy was primarily
1.
2.
3.
4.
Agricultural
Military
Pastoral
Nomadic
Answer
Pastoral
Question 12
Family, the fundamental unit of society, was patriarchal and was headed by
1. Vishapati
2. Purohita
3. Grihapati
4. Gramini
Answer
Grihapati
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
Name the two categories of Early Vedic Literature. Why was the Early Vedic Literature
known as Shruti?
Answer
The two categories of the Early Vedic Literature were Shruti and Smriti.
The Early Vedic Literature was known as Shruti because it was revealed to the sages by God
and they passed on the knowledge orally from generation to generation.
Question 2
Name the four Vedas.
Answer
The four Vedas are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Rig Veda
The Sama Veda
The Yajur Veda
The Atharva Veda
Question 3
State what the hymns in each Veda deal with.
Answer
1. The Rig Veda — The hymns of The Rig Veda were dedicated by the sages to Gods.
They are authentic source of knowledge of life of people of the time.
2. The Sama Veda — The hymns of Sama Veda were meant to be sung at the time of
sacrifice by the priests.
3. The Yajur Veda — The hymns of Yajur Veda were recited during the performance of
Yajnas.
4. The Atharva Veda — The hymns of Atharva Veda deal with magic and charm as well
as gyan (knowledge), karma (action), upasana (invocation) and medicines.
Question 4
What are the Upanishads? Name any two Upanishads.
Answer
The Upanishads are philosophical commentaries on the Vedas that include the doctrines such
as Karma, Moksha and Maya.
The two Upanishads are:
1. Chandogya Upanishad
2. Kena Upanishad
Question 5
What are the Dharmashastras?
Answer
The law-books called the Dharmasutras and the Smritis together with their commentaries, are
called Dharmashastras.
Question 6
Name the epics written during the later Vedic period.
Answer
The epics written during the later Vedic period were Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Question 7
What is known as Bhagwad Gita?
Answer
When the war of Mahabharata begin, Arjuna was reluctant to fight. Krishna ultimately gave
him a discourse and prevailed upon him to do his duty. This discourse at the battlefield is
compiled in the form of Bhagwad Gita. It forms a part of Mahabharata.
Question 8
Mention the importance of the Epics as a source of information about the Aryans.
Answer
The Epics serve as the main source of information on the political institutions and the social
and cultural organisation of the Aryans. They provide information about various Aryan
kingdoms, their armies and the weapons they used. The Kshatriyas were entrusted with the
defence of their kingdoms. They reveal the high ideals of family life of the Aryans. The great
heroes depicted in the Epics are the embodiment of high moral principles and made a great
impact on successive generations.
Question 9
Which battle is known as the Mahabharata? For how long was this battle fought?
Answer
The battle which was fought between Pandavas and Kauravas is known as Mahabharata.
The battle of Mahabharata was fought for 18 days.
Question 10
State the role of iron in the development of agriculture during the Vedic Age.
Answer
The discovery of iron gave the Aryans new implements like axes to clear forest and cultivate
land. The use of iron plough-heads, sickles and hoes, made it easy to cultivate a vast tract of
land. Thus, agriculture became their important occupation. The surplus production of rice,
wheat, barley, vegetables and fruits improved their standard of living.
Question 11
Give two features of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Pottery.
Answer
The two important features of Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Pottery are1. Painted Grey Ware (PGW) Pottery were very fine, smooth and even-coloured pottery.
2. They were made up of high quality clay with geometrical patterns painted in black.
Floral patterns and Sun symbols were also found.
Question 12
Name the four Varnas that existed during the vedic age.
Answer
The four Varnas that existed during the vedic age were1. Brahmin
2. Kshatriya
3. Vaishya
4. Shudra
Question 13
How did trade become a pivot around which the life of the people revolved?
Answer
During the Later Vedic phase, discovery of Iron led to development of agriculture.
Agricultural surplus led to trade, giving rise to markets which further developed towns and
cities. Thus trade become a pivot around which the life of the people revolved.
Question 14
State the difference in the position of women between the Early Vedic and Later Vedic Age.
Answer
During Early vedic period women were respected, the daughters were given freedom to
choose their husbands and widow remarriage was prevalent but in Later Vedic period there
was significant decline in the status of women. Their participation in Yajnas was not
considered necessary. Their right to property and freedom to choose husband was curtailed.
Question 15
Name the four ashramas into which the human life span was divided, indicating the time span
for each.
Answer
The four ashramas into which the human life span was divided were:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Brahmacharya ashrama — It lasted upto the age of 25 years.
The Grihastha ashrama — It lasted from the age of 25 to 50 years.
The Vanaprastha ashrama — It lasted from the age of 50 to 75 years.
The sanyasa ashrama — It lasted from the age of 75 to 100 years.
Question 16
State briefly the change that occurred in the position of the Brahmins in the Later Vedic Age.
Answer
In the Later Vedic Age, the position of the Brahmins became stronger as the caste system
became more rigid. They were said to have divine powers. No rituals or religious celebration
commenced without the presence of Brahmins. They enjoyed many privileges.
Question 17
State two important changes that took place in the society in the process of its transition from
the Early Vedic Period to the Later Vedic Period.
Answer
The two important changes that took place in the society in the process of its transition from
the Early Vedic Period to the Later Vedic Period were1. Women enjoyed equal rights in Early Vedic Period but their status in the society
gradually declined during the Later Vedic Period.
2. Caste system which was based on occupation earlier became hereditary and rigid with
course of time.
Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to the sources of information about the Vedic Age, write short notes on the
following:
(a) The Vedas
(b) The Epics
(c) Role of Iron Implements
Answer
(a) The Vedas — The Vedas are storehouse of knowledge about Vedic Age. They give us
information about the life of the people of Vedic Age. We get information about the social,
economical, political, and religious aspects of their life. There are four Vedas — The Rig
Veda, The Sama Veda, The Yajur Veda, The Atharva Veda. The Rig Veda gives an account
of Early Vedic Period while the rest of Vedas give an account of Later Vedic Period.
(b) The Epics — The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the important epics. They serve as
main source of information on the political institution and the social and cultural organisation
of the Vedic Age. The Epics provide information on Aryan kingdoms, their armies and and
the weapons and reveal the high ideals of family life of Aryans. They are considered as the
finest literary works of the ancient period and are acclaimed for their literary and
philosophical value. The great heroes depicted in the Epics are the embodiment of high moral
principles and made a great impact on successive generations.
(c) Role of Iron Implements — In India, the Iron Age began in 1000 B.C. Iron was cheap,
available in plenty, it was harder than copper and bronze and its deposits were found over
large areas. It was used in the following areas:
1. Agriculture — Iron gave Aryans new tools like axe to clear the forest and cultivate
the land. Using iron plough-heads, sickles and hoes, they could bring vast tracts of
land under cultivation. The production of more rice, wheat, barley, vegetables and
fruits improved their standard of living.
2. Occupation — The use of Iron provided durable implements like saws, chisels,
hammers, nails and tongs. This gave rise to occupations such as weaving, spinning,
carpentry, tanning and tool making.
3. Defence — Iron was extensively used in making weapons like swords, armours and
shields.
Question 2
With reference to the Society during the Vedic Age, answer the following questions:
(a) Explain briefly the class divisions that existed in the society.
(b) State the position of women in the Vedic period.
(c) Explain the four stages in the life of an Aryan.
Answer
(a) During the Early Vedic Period, the society was divided into different classes based on
their profession. These professions became hereditary over the course of time. These
occupational classes gradually took the form of caste. In the Later Vedic Period, the four
classes or Varnas in which society was divided were Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and
Shudra. The Brahmins performed religious rituals. The Kshatriyas were fighters and they
became the ruling class. The Vaishyas engaged in business and looked after agriculture as
well as industry. The Shudras served the upper classes.
(b) During the Early Vedic Period the women were respected. They had right to choose their
husband and to participate in rituals. Widow remarriage was prevalent. There are no
examples of child marriage. The marriageable age in the Rig Veda seems to have been 16 to
17. During Later Vedic Period, there was a significant decline in the status of women. Their
participation in Yajna was not considered necessary. Their freedom to choose husband and
right to property was curtailed.
(c) The four stages in the life of an Aryan, also known as the four Ashramas were:
1. The Brahmacharya Ashrama — It lasted up to the age of 25 years during which the
pupil was expected to acquire knowledge in gurukul and observe strict discipline.
2. The Grihastha Ashrama — It lasted from the age of 25 to 50 years during which man
was supposed to marry and raise and maintain his family.
3. The Vanaprastha Ashrama — It lasted from the age of 50 to 75 years. During this
period the man was expected to retire from worldly life and acquire spiritual
knowledge.
4. The Sanyasa Ashrama — It lasted from the age of 75 to 100 years which was the
period of renunciation. Man had to leave everything forever and go into meditation in
order to attain moksha or salvation.
Question 3
With reference to economic organisation of the people in the Vedic Period, answer the
following questions:
(a) State the methods used by the Aryans in agriculture.
(b) Why was the domestication of animals important to the Aryans?
(c) How was trade managed during this period?
Answer
(a) For the Early Vedic Period, there are very few references of agricultural activities in the
Rig Veda. There are references to fire being used for burning the forest cover and the practice
of shifting cultivation. In the Later Vedic Period, importance of agriculture grew due to the
availability of vast tracts of fertile alluvial lands of the Ganga-Yamuna doab and the middle
Ganga valley. The later Vedic texts refer to oxen yoked to the plough suggesting the
prevalence of plough cultivation. Iron ploughshares and metal tools were used and a variety
of crops were cultivated towards the end of this period.
(b) The domestication of animals was important to the Aryans because during the Early
Vedic Period cattle was main source of income. For Aryans cattle was synonymous with
wealth. Cow had religious value, animals like sheep were domesticated for wool. Leather
workers have also been mentioned in Vedic Text. Moreover, the area received low rainfall
and the major rivers were known to change course making it difficult to cultivate the alluvial
lands near the rivers on a permanent basis thereby further increasing the importance of
domestication of animals.
(c) During the Later Vedic Period agricultural surplus led to trade giving rise to markets from
which developed towns and cities. Although coins were introduced, barter system was still
dominant in trade with other countries.
Question 4
With reference to the picture given, answer the following question:
(a) Identify this ancient education system. Persons belonging to which ashrama of life
attended this?
(b) Describe briefly the life in this ancient education institution.
(c) What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of studying in this educational
setup?
Answer
(a) The given picture shows Gurukul system of education in which the students used to live
with their teacher called guru.
Persons belonging to Brahmacharya ashrama of life attended the Gurukul.
(b) The residence of Guru called gurukul, was the most sacred institution. The Gurukuls were
located on the outskirts of the city and even in forests. The students lived there. The guru
treated his students like his own children. The student was required to do household chores
for his teacher. They woke up early in the morning, took bath and chanted Vedic mantras.
Most of the teaching was done orally. At the completion of education, a student used to give
Guru Dakshina — a gift to his teacher. The main object of education was to bring about
physical, mental and spiritual development of the pupils. The subjects of study included the
Vedas, Puranas, Grammar, Mathematics, Ethics, Logic and Military Science.
(c) Advantages of gurukul system of education — It brought a sense of equality among the
students as children of king and children of common man all studied in the same setup with
the same rules. It helped in the physical, mental and spiritual development of the students.
Disadvantages of gurukul system of education — Education was oral. Students were required
to be away from their homes and live a hard life without any personal choice. There was no
fixed curriculum and methods of assessment for the students.
Thinking Skills
Question 1
The Vedic knowledge was passed on orally from generation to generation until they were
written down many centuries later. Why were these texts not put to writing for such a long
period? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer
The Vedic knowledge was not put to writing for many centuries because of the following
reasons:
1. The Vedas were composed in ancient India between 1500 BC and 500 BC. Writing
technology did not evolve at the time when Vedas were composed. Hence, they were
not put in writing for a long time.
2. The Vedas were considered sacred texts, and their transmission was believed to be a
religious duty. According to Vedic tradition, the correct pronunciation and intonation
of the mantras were crucial, and even the slightest deviation from the original text
could render the recitation invalid. Therefore, the Vedas were memorized and recited
with utmost care to ensure their accuracy.
3. In ancient India, the oral tradition was considered a more reliable method of
preserving knowledge than writing. Writing materials were scarce and fragile, and
documents could easily be destroyed by fire, water, or other natural disasters. On the
other hand, the oral tradition was more resilient and durable, as it relied on the
memory of human beings, which could be passed on from generation to generation.
Question 2
The Early Vedic Age can be defined as a period when women were given equal rights with
men. Justify this statement with examples.
Answer
During Rig vedic period, the institution of marriage had become sacred. The daughters were
given freedom to choose their husbands. Widow remarriage was prevalent. There are no
examples of child-marriage. Women enjyed right to property and their participation in Yajnas
was necessary. This suggests that during early Vedic Age women were given equal rights
with men.
Question 3
The Vedic Age laid the foundation of Indian culture and civilisation. Do you agree with this
viewpoint? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer
I agree with the view point that "the vedic age laid the foundation of Indian culture and
civilisation".
The culture followed during the Vedic age are still prevalent in Indian society. The epics and
the vedas are still read and followed in our society. The caste system or class division, social
organisation are more or less same with few changes. With time there has been changes in the
culture, tradition, social organisation but the basic element remain the same as it was in the
Vedic age. Therefore, we can say that the Vedic Age laid the foundation of Indian culture and
civilisation.
Question 4
You have been asked to select an epic for a musical to be held on your school's annual day
celebration. Which epic would you choose? Give reasons to support your choice.
Answer
I would select 'the Ramayana' for musical to be held on my school's annual day celebration
because its hymns are easier to sing as they are in 'Awadhi' (although originally it was written
in Sanskrit). Also the story is simple, intresting as well as it can be related to our lives. It
teaches us family values and exemplary human behaviour in different situations.
Question 5
Write a play based on the life and times of the Rig Vedic Period. How much of it would be
relevant in the Later Vedic Period?
Answer
Title: The Vedic Age — A Tale of Two Periods
Cast:
Narrator
Rishi - A learned sage
King - A powerful monarch
Warrior - A brave soldier
Brahmin - A priest
Merchant - A trader
Act 1:
Scene 1:
Narrator: Welcome to the Vedic age, where the Rig Vedic period marked the beginning of
Indian civilisation. Let's travel back in time to this era of great knowledge and wisdom.
Scene 2:
Rishi: (Entering) Namaste, I am a learned sage, well-versed in the Vedas. The Vedas contain
the sacred hymns and rituals that we must follow to connect with the divine. We must recite
them with utmost devotion and dedication.
Scene 3:
King: (Entering) I have to protect my kingdom from external threats. Our brave soldiers must
be trained in the art of warfare to defend our land from enemies.
Scene 4:
Warrior: (Entering) I am a brave soldier, skilled in archery and sword fighting. I am ready to
fight any enemy who dares to invade our land.
Act 2:
Scene 1:
Narrator: The Later Vedic period saw the emergence of new social and economic practices
that challenged the traditional ways of life. Let's see how this period differed from the earlier
one.
Scene 2:
Brahmin: (Entering) Namaste, I am a priest, and I perform various rituals and ceremonies to
appease the gods. Our society is changing, and we must adapt to the new practices that have
emerged.
Scene 3:
Merchant: (Entering) I am a trader, and I travel to distant lands to buy and sell goods. Our
society is becoming more commercialised, and we must embrace the new opportunities that
arise.
Scene 4:
King: (Entering) Our kingdom is growing, and we must govern it more efficiently. We need a
system of laws and regulations to maintain order and stability.
Scene 5:
Narrator: The Later Vedic period saw the emergence of new social and economic practices
that challenged the traditional ways of life. While the emphasis on religion and warfare
continued, new practices like commerce, governance, and law emerged.
Conclusion:
The Vedic Age was a time of great knowledge, wisdom, and progress. While the Rig Vedic
period laid the foundation for Indian civilisation, the Later Vedic period saw the emergence
of new social and economic practices. The relevance of the earlier period continued, as the
Later Vedic period built upon the knowledge and practices of the earlier period. Together,
they shaped the course of Indian history and culture for centuries to come.
STUDY MATERIAL
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5. Jainism and Buddhism
History — Chapter 1
The Harappan Civilisation
History — Chapter 2
The Vedic Period
History — Chapter 3
Jainism and Buddhism
History — Chapter 4
The Mauryan Empire
History — Chapter 5
The Sangam Age
History — Chapter 6
The Age of the Guptas
History — Chapter 7
Medieval India — (A) The Cholas
History — Chapter 8
Medieval India — (B) The Delhi Sultanate
History — Chapter 9
Medieval India — (C) The Mughal Empire
History — Chapter 10
Medieval India — (D) Composite Culture
History — Chapter 11
The Modern Age in Europe — (A) Renaissance
History — Chapter 12
The Modern Age in Europe — (B) Reformation
History — Chapter 13
The Modern Age in Europe — (C) Industrial Revolution
Civics — Chapter 1
Our Constitution
Civics — Chapter 2
Salient Features of the Constitution — I
Civics — Chapter 3
Salient Features of the Constitution — II
Civics — Chapter 4
Elections
Civics — Chapter 5
Local Self-Government — Rural
Civics — Chapter 6
Local Self-Government — Urban
Appendix 2
Specimen Paper
History — Chapter 3
Jainism and Buddhism
Class 9 - Total History & Civics
Solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1
Which of the following means "Three Baskets" of Buddhist cannon?
1. Jataka
2. Tripitikas
3. Angas
4. Dwadashangi
Answer
Tripitikas
Question 2
Besides the ............... vows and other general doctrines of Jainism, Jains are expected to have
knowledge of the ............... truths.
1.
2.
3.
4.
seven
five
ten
nine
Answer
five, nine
Question 3
Angas and Upangas were
1.
2.
3.
4.
written rules
orally passed on by religious leaders
engraved on temple walls
All of the above
Answer
orally passed on by religious leaders
Question 4
Which of the following is a Tripitika?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vinaya Pitaka
Sutta Pitaka
Abhidhamma Pitaka
All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 5
Jataka tales gives information about
1.
2.
3.
4.
Buddha's life
Socio-economic conditions
Climatic conditions
None of the above
Answer
Buddha's life
Question 6
Vardhamana Mahavira was the
1.
2.
3.
4.
Twenty fourth tirthankara
Sixth tirthankara
First tirthankara
Tenth tirthankara
Answer
Twenty fourth tirthankara
Question 7
Tirthankaras are
1.
2.
3.
4.
saints preaching doctrines of Hinduism
saints preaching doctrines of Buddhism
saints preaching doctrines of Jainism
None of the above
Answer
saints preaching doctrines of Jainism
Question 8
Followers of Mahavira were called
1.
2.
3.
4.
Buddhists
Jinas
Jatakas
Tirthankara
Answer
Jinas
Question 9
The most important precept in Jainism is
1.
2.
3.
4.
practising chastity
everything is animated
giving up worldly possessions
always telling the truth
Answer
everything is animated
Question 10
According to Mahavira, what is the ultimate goal of man?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Moksha
Karma
Atma
Satya
Answer
Moksha
Question 11
Shvetambaras wear ............... while Digambaras are ...............
1.
2.
3.
4.
White clothes; covered in mud
White clothes; sky-clad
Masks; bare faced
Blue clothes; sky-clad
Answer
White clothes; sky-clad
Question 12
Jain texts were composed in
1. Local languages
2. Prakrit
3. Sanskrit
4. Both 1 and 2
Answer
Prakrit
Question 13
Buddha's Great Renunciation was a result of
1.
2.
3.
4.
The four great sights
His marriage to a princess
His turning into an ascetic
All of the above
Answer
The four great sights
Question 14
Which of the following is incorrect?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mahabhiskramana : The Great Renunciation
Dharmachakrapravartana : Turning of the wheel of sacred law
Chaudharma : Four Noble Truths
Ashtangika Marg : Eightfold Path
Answer
Chaudharma : Four Noble Truths
Question 15
The Sangha is an organisation for teaching
1.
2.
3.
4.
Jainism
Buddhism
Hinduism
All of the above
Answer
Buddhism
Question 16
The members of the monastic orders of Buddhism are called ............... and ............... .
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bhikshus; Bhikshunis
Bikhu; Bikani
Sangha; Sanghi
Vinaya; Vinayaka
Answer
Bhikshus; Bhikshunis
Question 17
Buddhist texts were mainly composed in
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sanskrit
Pali
Parakrit
All of the above
Answer
Pali
Question 18
Semi-circular solid domes are called ...............; monasteries are called ............... and
............... are large rectangular prayer halls.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stupas, viharas, chaityas
Viharas, Chaityas, stupas
Chaityas, viharas, stupas
Stupas, chaityas, viharas
Answer
Stupas, viharas, chaityas
Question 19
Which of the following vows means "practising chastity"?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Asteya
Ahimsa
Aparigraha
Brahmacharya
Answer
Brahmacharya
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
What are angas? What is the subject matter of these angas?
Answer
The teachings of Lord Mahavira after gaining omniscience, was compiled by his disciples in
12 parts called Angas.
The Angas discuss religious rites, stages of householder's life, the vows of chastity, rules of
conduct and other features of Jain philosophy.
Question 2
What are Tripitikas? Name the three Tripitikas.
Answer
Tripitikas are most important literary works of Buddhists which were written on long and
narrow leaves in Pali language and were stored in baskets. The word Tripitikas means "The
Three Baskets".
The three Tripitikas are:
1. The Vinaya Pitaka
2. The Sutta Pitaka
3. The Abhidhamma Pitaka
Question 3
State two important causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism.
Answer
The two important causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism are:
1. Corruption in religion — Priests were extracting money from common people in the
name of rituals. Brahmins had become stronger and their hold on society needed to be
weakened.
2. Rigid caste system — The rigid caste system had resulted in so many restrictions and
did not allow social mobility. People were in need of a liberal religion.
Question 4
Who was Vardhamana Mahavira? Give the significance of both parts of his name.
Answer
Vardhamana Mahavira was the twenty-fourth and the last tirthankara. He is considered as the
founder of Jainism.
He was called Mahavira because he was very brave and had also saved his colleagues. At the
time of his birth, his father's kingdom was very prosperous and so he was called Vardhamana
(meaning prosperity).
Question 5
List any four vows prescribed for the Jains.
Answer
The four vows prescribed for the Jains are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ahimsa: Non-violence
Achaurya or Asteya: Not stealing
Satya: Not telling a lie
Aparigraha: Not possessing property
Question 6
What are known as the Triratnas?
Answer
The Triratnas or the Three Jewels are the principles to be followed to attain the ultimate goal
of salvation. The Triratnas are:
1. Right faith
2. Right knowledge
3. Right conduct or action
Question 7
Give two causes for the spread of Jainism.
Answer
The two causes for the spread of Jainism are:
1. Local Dialect — Mahavira adopted the language of common people, i.e, Prakrit
instead of Sanskrit to preach his doctrines.
2. Royal Patronage — Jainism received royal patronage of Chalukyas and
Rashtrakutas. Chandragupta Maurya is also said to have converted to Jainism.
Kharvela helped in spread of Jainism in eastern India.
Question 8
Name the two sects into which Jainism got divided. Why were they so called?
Answer
The two sects into which Jainism got divided were:
1. Shvetambaras or White clad.
2. Digambaras or sky-clad.
Digambara sect is called so as the sanskrit word Digambar means sky-clad, referring to their
traditional monastic practice of neither possessing nor wearing any clothes. Shvetambara
means white clad as it refers to its ascetics' practice of wearing white clothes.
Question 9
List any two reasons for Jainism having few followers.
Answer
Two reasons for Jainism having few followers are:
1. Jainism preached rigid austerity. The theory of ahimsa was extended even to wearing
of clothes.
2. It did not get royal patronage from contemporary rulers.
Question 10
Who was Gautam Buddha? Where was he born?
Answer
Gautam Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. He was born at Lumbini near Kapilavastu, in
Nepal.
Question 11
What are known as Four Great Sights?
Answer
The sights that led to Great Renunciation of Gautama Buddha are called Four Great Sights.
They are:
1. An Old Man
2. A Sick Man
3. A Dead Man
4. An Ascetic
Question 12
How did Buddha attain enlightenment?
Answer
After leaving home, Gautam Buddha studied under renowned teachers of Rajgriha and then
went to Gaya. He practised severe penance and led a life of extreme austerity and at the age
of thirty-five he attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in Bihar.
Question 13
Give four Noble Truths of Buddhism.
Answer
The four Noble Truths of Buddhism are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The world is full of suffering.
The suffering has a cause.
Desire is the cause of suffering.
If desire is stopped, suffering can also be stopped.
Question 14
Give any four points of the Eightfold Path of Buddha.
Answer
The way to Nirvana or the path that leads to removal of suffering is known as the eightfold
path. The four points of the Eightfold Path of Buddha are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Right action — To remain away from theft, luxuries and violence
Right thought — To remain away from empty rituals and worldly evils.
Right belief — To give up desire.
Right speech — Speak the truth and do not think ill of others.
Question 15
Give the meaning of Buddha and Tathagat.
Answer
The meaning of Buddha is the Enlightened One.
The meaning of Tathagat is the founder of Truth.
Question 16
Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath. What is this event called? What the literal
meaning of the name of the event.
Answer
Buddha delivered his first sermon at the Deer park in Sarnath near Varanasi in the presence
of five ascetics.This event was known as Dharmachakraparivartan. The literal meaning of the
name of the event is 'the turning of the wheel of sacred law'.
Question 17
Name any two principles that governed the Sangha.
Answer
The two principles that governed the Sangha are:
1. Membership — The members were required to renounce the world and take oath
before joining sangha.
2. Ten Commandments — They had to lead a disciplined life and follow the Ten
Commandments.
Question 18
State any two features of Buddhism that attracted people towards it.
Answer
The two features of Buddhism that attracted people towards it are:
1. The importance given to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on
birth.
2. Compassion for the young and the weak .
Question 19
Give two differences between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism.
Answer
The two differences between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism are:
1. Hinayana denied the existence of God while Mahayana was a combination of
Buddhism and Hinduism with faith in God.
2. Hinayana believed that Buddha was a human being who attained enlightenment and
Nirvana through his own efforts but Mahayana regarded Buddha as an incarnation of
God who could ensure salvation.
Question 20
Give two causes for decline of Buddhism.
Answer
The two causes for decline of Buddhism are:
1. Split in Buddhism — The popularity and prestige of Buddhism suffered due to its
division into Hinayana, Mahayana and sixteen other sects. Each sect had its own
followers.
2. Corruption in Sangha —Buddhist sangha received patronage of royalty and had
become very rich. The monks and nuns started leading a luxurious life instead of
simple spiritual life.
Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to the sources of information about Jainism and Buddhism, state the
significance of the following:
(a) Angas
(b) Tripitikas
(c) Jatakas
Answer
(a) The Angas are regarded as the most important part of Jain doctrines. They are the
compilation of whatever Lord Mahavira taught after gaining omniscience. The Angas were
compiled in Twelve parts and are collectively known as Dwadashangi. The two well known
and most important Angas are the Aacharang Sutra that deals with the code of conduct for
Jain monks and the Vyakhya Pragnapti or Bhagavati Sutra that gives comprehensive
description of Jain doctrines. The Angas discuss religious rites, stages of a householder's life,
the vows of chastity, rules of conduct and all the philosophies of Jainism. Based on these
angas, the seers also compiled 12 auxiliary works that came to be known as Upangas. The
Angas and Upangas provide detailed knowledge about Jainism.
(b) The Tripitikas are considered as the most important literary works of Buddhists. The three
tripitikas are following:
1. The Vinaya Pitaka — It deals with rules and regulations for monks and nuns. It gives
an account of life and teachings of Buddha as well as aspects of ancient history,
customs and arts of the period.
2. The Sutta Pitaka — It comprises the discourses of Buddha and some of his disciples
such as Sariputta, Ananda and others. The Dhammapada (way of truth) is an
important component of this Pitaka.
3. The Abhidhamma Pitaka — It describes Buddhist philosophy, working of human
mind and state of matter.
Besides being the most reliable source of information about Buddhism, the Tripitakas also
provide a glimpse of the social, economic and political life of people of that period.
(c) Jatakas refer to tales which describe the previous births of Buddha in animal and human
forms. According to Jatakas the future Buddha may appear as a king, an outcast, a God, an
elephant; but in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby highlights. The
Jatakas provide very little biographical material about Gautama Buddha's own life but throw
a significant light on the political, economical and social conditions of people from the fifth
to the second century BC. They also reflect Buddhist morals, ethics and principles.
Question 2
With reference to Jainism and Buddhism, answer the following questions:
(a) Give briefly the background of socio-economic conditions in 6th century BC.
(b) State any three causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism.
(c) What caused the division of Jainism into two sects?
Answer
(a) In 6th century BC, with expansion of Aryan settlements to the east, there were rapid
changes in the socio-economic conditions. Society at some places had traits of Tribal political
organisation while at other places kingdoms were on the rise. Materialism and spiritualism
both existed side by side. People started to lead a settled life due to surplus production,
expanding trade and market. There were wars among tribes for territory expansion. The
expansion of territory created large kingdoms called Janapadas. A number of Janapadas
joined together to form bigger and powerful independent kingdoms called Mahajanapadas.
During this period orthodox religious beliefs and practices were challenged and even rejected
by the new sects like Jainism and Buddhism.
(b) The three causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhism were:
1. Reaction against Ritualism — Religious ceremonies had become very expensive
and were beyond the means of ordinary people. This gave rise to faiths that were
simple and inexpensive.
2. Corruption in Religion — The Priests used to extract money from people on the
name of yajnas, rites and rituals. Kshatriya rulers protested against such practices.
Both Jainism and Buddhism were founded by Kshatriya princes.
3. Rigid Caste System — The caste system had become so rigid that it was not allowing
any social mobility. Interchange of caste was impossible. Jainism and Buddhism gave
a simple and liberal society to the people of that period.
(c) The division of Jainism into two sects was the result of differences between Bhadrabahu
and Sthulabhadra. Bhadrabahu took Jainism to Karnataka and Sthulbhadra was based in
Magadha. Their was clash of ideas between the two and subsequently the Jainism divided
into Shvetambharas and Digambaras led by Sthulabhadra and Bhadrabahu respectively.
Shvetambharas wore white clothes and covered their faces with small white cloth to avoid
killing the tiniest of insects or germs that might enter the nose while breathing while
Digambaras did not believe in covering their bodies. According to them, living without
clothes signified detachment from worldly pleasures and it avoided killing of life forms.
Question 3
With reference to Jainism answer the following questions:
(a) Who was Mahavira? Why was he called Jina?
(b) State the five vows which a Jain householder has to take.
(c) State the Jains view on Karma and salvation.
Answer
(a) Mahavira was the twenty-fourth and last of the tirthankaras. He is considered as the
founder of Jainism because he made Jainism popular and systematic.
Mahavira was called Jina because after obtaining the supreme knowledge, he subdued his
desires and became the conqueror. The term jina was used for those who have conquered
their desires.
(b) The five vows which a Jain householder has to take are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ahimsa: non violence.
Achaurya or Asteya: not stealing.
Satya: not telling a lie.
Aparigraha: not possessing property.
Brahmacharya: practising chastity.
(c) Jains view on Karma and salvation are:
1. Karma — The Jains believed that one should be responsible for one's own Karma or
actions and good deeds alone liberate a man from the cycle of life and death.
2. Salvation — Jains believed in salvation or Moksha. According to them it was
necessary to practice the tri-ratnas of right faith, right knowledge and right action to
attain salvation.
Question 4
With reference to Buddhism, answer the following questions:
(a) Who was Gautama Buddha? How did he achieve enlightenment?
(b) What is known as 'Dharamachakrapravartana'?
(c) How did Buddha have a large following?
Answer
(a) Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. He was a Kshatriya prince who left his
home to find solution for pain and sufferings of men.
After leaving home, Gautama studied under renowned teachers of Rajgriha and then went to
Gaya. He practised severe penance and led a life of extreme austerity and at the age of thirtyfive he attained enlightenment.
(b) After enlightenment, Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon at Deer Park in Sarnath
near Varanasi in presence of five ascetics. This event in the history of Buddhism is known as
'Dharamachakrapravartana' meaning the turning of the wheel of sacred law.
(c) Buddha gave importance to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on
births. Buddha insisted on feeling of compassion for the young and weak. He preached
universal brotherhood of mankind. He wanted people to live in peace, setting aside all their
difference. He gave people a simple and inexpensive way to salvation. These are a few ways
by which Lord Buddha got a large following.
Question 5
With reference to Buddhism, answer the following questions:
(a) What is the eight fold path?
(b) What was impact of Buddhism on the socio-religious life of the people?
(c) What role did Sangha played in the spread of Buddhism?
Answer
(a) The way to Nirvana, in Buddhism, or the path that leads to removal of suffering, is known
as the Eightfold path. It is also known as Ashtangika Marg or the Middle Path. The Eightfold
Path includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Right action — To remain away from theft, luxuries and violence.
Right thought — To remain away from empty rituals and worldly evils.
Right belief — To give up desire.
Right living — Not to have dishonest dealing with others.
Right speech — Speak the truth and do not think ill of others.
Right effort — Work for deliverance from sins and for the welfare of others.
Right recollection — Think about pious things.
Right meditation — Concentrate on only what is right.
(b) Buddhism led to improvement in social and religious life of people. The hindus started a
reform movement within hinduism. The costly yajnas and sacrifice and rigidity of caste
system were done with. Buddhism fostered intellectual tradition and exposed the weakness in
our society. The weaker section of the society who had been subjected to many atrocities got
an opportunity to have their say in matters of political and social life.
(c) Sangha played an important role in the spread of Buddhism as it was established to spread
Buddhism and it's teachings. Members of Sangha had to take an oath before joining it.
Sangha became very powerful and helped to spread Buddhism far and wide. The members
had to follow the ten commandments or Paramita to lead a disciplined life. The Bhikshus and
Bhikshunis had to roam around for eight months in a year spreading Buddhism. Many
Viharas were made for them to sleep and take rest. In the Viharas, the members led a life of
chastity, austerity, devotion and purity.
Question 6
With reference to the given pictures, answer the following questions:
(a) Identify the two preachers, whose images are given. Name the religions founded by them.
(b) Mention three main teachings of each of the two religions founded by these preachers.
(c) Mention any two similarities and two dissimilarities between the two religions founded by
them.
Answer
(a) The given images and religion founded by them are:


A → Gautama Buddha. He founded Buddhism.
B → Mahavira. He founded Jainism.
(b) Three main teachings of Buddhism are:
1. Karma — Buddhism believed in the theory of Karma. It said that man is the maker of
his own destiny and it believed in rebirth.
2. Nirvana — The ultimate goal of life is to attain Nirvana or Salvation which is
freedom from the cycle of birth and death.
3. Ahimsa — Buddhism insisted on the path of non-violence.
Three main teachings of Jainism are:
1. The Five Vows — A Jain householder has to take the following five vows:
i.
Ahimsa: Non-violence
ii.
Achaurya or Asteya: Not stealing
iii. Satya: Not telling a lie
iv.
Aparigraha: Not possessing property
v.
Brahmacharya: practising chastity
2. Nine truths — According to Jainism ,the knowledge of Nine Truths is essential and
only renunciation is the shortest way to salvation. These nine truths are:
i.
Jiva (Living Things)
ii.
Ajiva (non-living things)
iii. Punya (results of good deeds)
iv.
Pap (sin)
v.
Ashrav (good deeds)
vi.
Sanvar (hindrances in the way of karma)
vii.
Bandha (bondage)
viii. Nirjara (destruction of karmas)
ix. Moksha (salvation)
3. Karma — Jainism believed in the theory of Karma. It preached that one should be
responsible for one's own Karma or actions. Good deeds alone liberate a man from the
cycle of life and death.
(c) Similarities:
1. The founders of both the religions belonged to Kshatriya clan and followed the
similar path of renunciation.
2. Both of them did not accept the Vedas.
Dissimilarities:
1. Buddhism was completely new religion in 6th century BC while Jainism was founded
long before Mahavira.
2. Buddhism followed a middle path but Jainism believed in hard penance.
Thinking Skills
Question 1
The most important precept of Jainism is ahimsa or non-violence. It was popularised by
Mahatma Gandhi during India's freedom struggle. Do you think the philosophy of ahimsa is
as relevant today as it was in the era of Mahavira?
Answer
Philosophy of Ahimsa or non-violence is as relevant today as it was in the era of Mahavira. It
is so because the world today is experiencing violence in form of terrorism, war, domestic
violence etc. In todays world of pain and suffering there is dire need of the philosophy of
non-violence which literally means 'non-injury' and 'non-killing'.
Question 2
What were the reasons due to which Buddhism could spread beyond the Indian borders in
other countries of the world?
Answer
Following were the reasons due to which Buddhism could spread beyond the Indian borders
in other countries of the world:
1. Foreign monks who travelled along the silk route helped to spread Buddhism.
2. Ashoka promoted Buddhist expansion by sending monks to surrounding territories.
3. Travelling due to trade relations led to spread of Buddhism.
Question 3
List the similarities and differences of the religions — Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism.
Answer
Similarities
1. All the three — Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism originated in ancient India and
have influenced each other.
2. They believe in reincarnation or rebirth after death.
3. Their ultimate goal is to attain Moksha.
4. Karma is an important concept in all three religions.
Differences
S.
No.
Hinduism
Buddhism
Jainism
1.
No founder
Founded by Gautam
Buddha
Founded by Rishabdeva
2.
Creator of Universe is
God
Universe is God
Universe itself is God
3.
Strict and expensive
Rituals
Simple and inexpensive
faith
Very strict regarding nonviolence
4.
Rigid caste system
No caste system
No caste system
Question 4
Buddhism which emerged in ancient India against the Brahmanic social order, has gained
importance in contemporary India. State your views giving examples.
Answer
Buddhism, which emerged in ancient India as a response to the Brahmanic social order, has
indeed gained importance in contemporary India. There are several reasons for this, some of
which are:
1. Emphasis on non-violence — Buddhism has always emphasized non-violence and
compassion towards all living beings, which has become increasingly relevant in
contemporary India. With the rise of communal and sectarian violence, many people
have turned to Buddhism as a way of promoting peace and harmony.
2. Influence on modern Indian leaders — Several modern Indian leaders, such as Dr.
B.R. Ambedkar were deeply influenced by Buddhism. Ambedkar, in particular,
converted to Buddhism in 1956, and his followers have continued to promote the
religion as a means of empowerment for Dalits, who have historically faced
discrimination in India.
3. Interest in meditation and mindfulness — Buddhism has also gained popularity in
India due to its emphasis on meditation and mindfulness practices. Many people in
contemporary India are turning to these practices as a means of coping with stress and
anxiety in their daily lives.
Question 5
Write the script of a play on the life and times of Gautam Buddha.
Answer
Title: The Enlightened One
Characters:
Gautama Buddha
Queen Maya (Buddha's mother)
King Suddhodana (Buddha's father)
Ananda (Buddha's disciple and cousin)
Mara (the demon of illusion)
Act 1:
Scene 1: The birth of Gautama Buddha
The play opens with Queen Maya giving birth to Prince Siddhartha Gautama. The king and
queen celebrate his birth, with the king envisioning a bright future for his son. However, a
prophecy is revealed that the prince will either become a great king or a great sage, causing
King Suddhodana to worry about his son's future.
Scene 2: The young prince
The play fast-forwards to Prince Siddhartha's teenage years, where he is depicted as a curious
and introspective youth. He becomes increasingly interested in the nature of suffering and the
meaning of life, much to the confusion of his father and the courtiers.
Act 2:
Scene 1: The Great Renunciation
Prince Siddhartha, now a young man, is married and has a child. One day as his charioteer is
driving him through the town, he sees an old man bent with age. Then he sees a sick man
groaning in pain. After that he witnesses a dead body of a man being carried for cremation.
He is consoled when he sees an ascetic in search of salvation. He becomes disillusioned with
his life of luxury and decides to renounce his material possessions and seek the truth. This
decision causes great distress to his family, particularly his father, who wants him to become
a great king.
Scene 2: The search for enlightenment
The prince embarks on a journey to find enlightenment, seeking the advice of several
spiritual teachers along the way. However, he remains dissatisfied with their teachings and
continues his search.
Act 3:
Scene 1: Enlightenment
After several years of meditation and self-reflection, Prince Siddhartha attains enlightenment
under a Bodhi tree. He becomes known as the Buddha, or the enlightened one. Ananda, his
cousin and disciple, witnesses the event.
Scene 2: The first sermon
The Buddha travels to the Deer Park in Sarnath and delivers his first sermon, known as the
Four Noble Truths. Ananda and other disciples listen intently as the Buddha explains the
nature of suffering and the path to liberation.
Act 4:
Scene 1: The spread of Buddhism
The Buddha continues to travel and teach, gathering a large following of monks and
laypeople. He performs several miracles and attracts the attention of Mara, the demon of
illusion, who tries to distract him from his mission.
Scene 2: The Mahaparinirvana
The play ends with the Buddha's death, known as the Mahaparinirvana. Ananda and the other
disciples mourn his passing, but the Buddha reminds them that his teachings will live on
through the Dharma. The play concludes with Ananda reciting one of the Buddha's famous
quotes, "All conditioned things are impermanent. Strive on with diligence."
STUDY MATERIAL
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5. The Mauryan Empire
History — Chapter 1
The Harappan Civilisation
History — Chapter 2
The Vedic Period
History — Chapter 3
Jainism and Buddhism
History — Chapter 4
The Mauryan Empire
History — Chapter 5
The Sangam Age
History — Chapter 6
The Age of the Guptas
History — Chapter 7
Medieval India — (A) The Cholas
History — Chapter 8
Medieval India — (B) The Delhi Sultanate
History — Chapter 9
Medieval India — (C) The Mughal Empire
History — Chapter 10
Medieval India — (D) Composite Culture
History — Chapter 11
The Modern Age in Europe — (A) Renaissance
History — Chapter 12
The Modern Age in Europe — (B) Reformation
History — Chapter 13
The Modern Age in Europe — (C) Industrial Revolution
Civics — Chapter 1
Our Constitution
Civics — Chapter 2
Salient Features of the Constitution — I
Civics — Chapter 3
Salient Features of the Constitution — II
Civics — Chapter 4
Elections
Civics — Chapter 5
Local Self-Government — Rural
Civics — Chapter 6
Local Self-Government — Urban
Appendix 2
Specimen Paper
History — Chapter 4
The Mauryan Empire
Class 9 - Total History & Civics
Solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1
Chandragupta Maurya established a vast empire overthrowing
1.
2.
3.
4.
Guptas and Chalukyas
Nandas and Greek Satraps
Rashtrakutas and Nandas
Greek Satraps and Guptas
Answer
Nandas and Greek Satraps
Question 2
Which of the following is incorrect?
1. Arthashastra : Kautilya
2. Indika : Seleucus
3. Indika : Megasthenes
4. Arthashastra : Vishugupta
Answer
Indika : Seleucus
Question 3
Which of the following is correct?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bindusara : Slayer of foes
Chandragupta : The most beautiful one
Bindusara : Favourite of gods
Ashoka : The greatest one
Answer
Bindusara : Slayer of foes
Question 4
Ashoka abandoned ............... and embraced ............... .
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bherigosha, Digvijay
Dhammagosha, Bherigosha
Bherigosha, Dhammagosha
Dhammagosha, Digvijay
Answer
Bherigosha, Dhammagosha
Question 5
Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the Kalinga War?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ashoka abandoned the life of luxury
Increased agricultural output
Increased military preparedness
Increased Buddhist missionary activity
Answer
Increased military preparedness
Question 6
What was an advantage of the Mauryan administration having a pan-Indian character?
1.
2.
3.
4.
More attention paid to socio-economic life of people
Increased uprising in small provinces
Increased area to be protected from foreign invaders
All of the above.
Answer
More attention paid to socio-economic life of people
Question 7
Which of the following were provinces in the Mauryan Empire?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Magadha, Avanti, Kalinga and Cholamandalam
Magadha, Gandhara, Avanti, Kalinga and Southern Province
Magadha, Takshila, Ujjain and Tosali
None of the above
Answer
Magadha, Gandhara, Avanti, Kalinga and Southern Province
Question 8
Which of the following were officers in the Provincial Government?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Purohit, Senapati, Sannidhata, Samaharta
Mahamatra, Prashika, Rajuka, Yukta
Pradeshika, Rajuka, Yukta
Bali, Bhaga
Answer
Pradeshika, Rajuka, Yukta
Question 9
Name the two main divisions of Civil administration and their heads.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Central government (King); Provincial government (Princes)
Central government (Mantri Parishad); Provincial government (Mahamatras)
Central government (Mahamatras); Provincial government (Kumars)
None of the above
Answer
Central government (Mahamatras); Provincial government (Kumars)
Question 10
............... was the tax levied on agricultural produce and cattle at the rate of one-sixth.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Production Tax
Toll Tax
Bali
Bhaga
Answer
Bhaga
Question 11
............... was levied as a religious tribute.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bali
Bhaga
Toll Tax
Bal Tax
Answer
Bali
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
State any two sources of information about the Mauryan Empire.
Answer
Two sources of information about the Mauryan Empire are:
1. Arthashastra of Kautilya — It was written by Kautilya or Chanakya, the Prime
minister of Chandragupta Maurya. It is a comprehensive manual that deals with
politics, rules of diplomacy, principles of administration and other political topics.
2. Indika — This book was written by Magasthenes, a greek ambassador at the court of
Chandragupta Maurya. This book contains his impressions of what he heard and saw
during his stay in India.
Question 2
Who wrote Arthashastra? What is its importance?
Answer
Arthashastra was written by Kautilya, also known as Chanakya and Vishnugupta. He was
advisor and Prime Minister of Chandragupta Maurya.
Arthashastra is one of the most important source of information about Mauryan times. It is a
comprehensive manual that deals with politics, rules of diplomacy, principles of
administration and other such political topics.
Question 3
What is the importance of Ashoka's edicts?
Answer
The edicts of Ashoka form the most important source of Mauryan history. They are the
oldest, best preserved and precisely dated records of India. The Ashoka's edicts provide an
insight into the life and ideals of Ashoka in particular and about the history of the Mauryas in
general. Details about Kalinga war, call for non-violence and peace are mentioned on these
edicts.
Question 4
Who wrote the Indika? What does it contain?
Answer
Indika was written by Megasthenes, a greek ambassador. It contains his impressions of what
he heard and saw during his stay in India.
Question 5
What is a Stupa? Name one Stupa built by Ashoka.
Answer
A Stupa is a semi-spherical solid dome like structure made of unburnt bricks and stones. It
represents the spiritual body of Buddha containing his relics such as hair, teeth or bones.
Ashoka built the Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh.
Question 6
How did the Chandragupta Maurya establish the Mauryan Dynasty?
Answer
Chandragupta Maurya was dismissed from the service of Nandas who ruled before him. He
then met Kautilya, a Brahmin at Takshila. They joined hands to destroy the Nanda dynasty.
After a long series of battles with Chandragupta, the Nanda capital at Pataliputra fell. This led
to the emergence of Mauryan Dynasty with Chandragupta Maurya as the emperor.
Question 7
What is the importance of the Kalinga war in the personal life of Ashoka?
Answer
Kalinga war changed Ashoka's personal life. He stopped hunting and eating meat and
abandoned the life of luxury. He embraced Buddhism and followed some of the Buddhist
principles in his state policy like non-violence and disapproval of empty rituals. He went on
tours to preach Buddhism to people. He also sent missionaries to the various parts of the
world. He sent his daughter Sanghamitra and son Mahindra to Sri Lanka to propogate
Buddhism.
Question 8
What was the impact of Ashoka embracing the policy of Dhammaghosha?
Answer
The impact of Ashoka embracing the policy of Dhammaghosha was:
1. Ashoka abandoned the policy of 'conquest by force' (bherigosha) and ambition of
'victory in all directions' (Digvijay).
2. He stopped hunting and eating meat and abandoned the life of luxury.
3. The prisoners of war were used for agricultural work. It resulted in an increase in
production and brought about economic prosperity in his empire.
4. Ashoka started preaching Buddhism, sent missionaries to various parts of the world
and sent his daughter, Sanghmitra and son, Mahindra to Sri Lanka to propagate
Buddhism.
5. He followed Buddhist principles in his State policy like non-violence and dissaproval
of empty rituals.
6. He erected several pillars and edicts, gave donations to Viharas and ordered
construction of Stupas to keep the relics of Buddha.
7. There was decline in military preparedness and efficiency due to abandonment of
wars.
Question 9
Name the two taxes mentioned in the Edicts of Ashoka.
Answer
The two taxes mentioned in the Edicts of Ashoka are:
1. Bhaga — It was levied on agricultural produce and cattles.
2. Bali — It was religious tribute.
Question 10
How did the king keep himself abreast with whatever was happening in his kingdom?
Answer
The king has a wide network of spies in his empire. They kept the king informed about the
important developments in his kingdom. The king was always kept informed of the working
of the bureaucracy.
Question 11
Name two officials who assisted the Mauryan king and in which capacity?
Answer
The Mauryan king was assisted by:
1. Senapati — He advised the king on matters related to war and peace.
2. Sannidhata — He was the head of treasure.
Question 12
What is meant by Ashoka's Dhamma?
Answer
Ashoka's Dhamma was a 'Common Code of Conduct' or a 'Moral Law' or an 'Ethical Order'
that was based on the unifying principles of all major religions of the world. It was not a
religion or religious system. He wanted his subjects to follow this Dhamma instead of
imposing any religion on them.
Question 13
Give the basic principles of Ashoka's Dhamma.
Answer
The basic principles of Ashoka's Dhamma were:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Respect for elders and love for children.
Ahimsa or non-violence.
Good deeds or good karma would give happiness to man in the next birth.
He taught people to respect all religions.
He disapproved empty rituals.
Question 14
What was the impact of Dhamma on Ashoka's policy?
Answer
The impacts of Dhamma on Ashoka's policy were:
1. Religious unity — People belonging to different religions followed their emperor's
policy of religious tolerance.
2. Moral values — People under the influence of Dhamma started living a moral life.
3. End of crimes — Due to policy of Ahimsa, thefts, crimes and other such activities
almost came to an end.
4. Public welfare — With the policy of conquests and wars having come to an end,
officials undertook public welfare and public work schemes. This resulted in
prosperity and helped people to lead a peaceful life.
Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to the sources of information on the Mauryan Empire, explain briefly the
significance of the following:
(a) Arthashastra
(b) Indika
(c) Sanchi Stupa
Answer
(a) Arthashastra — Discovered in 1909, it is the most important of all the sources on the
history of Mauryas. It was written by Kautilya also known as Chanakya and Vishnugupta.
Written in sanskrit, Arthashastra is a comprehensive manual that deals with politics, rules of
diplomacy, principles and art of administration and other such political topics. It gives us
information about the central and provincial governments and their officials.
(b) Indika — It was written by Megasthenes, who was a Greek ambassador sent by Seleucus,
at the court of Chandragupta Maurya. Although original Indika has been lost but its
fragments are available in the writings of later Greek authors like Strabo, Arrian and
Diodorus. Indika contains whatever Megasthenes saw and heard during his stay. It tells us
about the administration and political conditions of Mauryans. It also mentions about the
ruler of Kalinga.
(c) Sanchi Stupa — It is located at Sanchi, 45 km from Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh. Its
foundation was laid by Ashoka. It represents the spiritual body of Buddha containing his
relics such as hair, teeth or bones. There are four gateways in four directions. They have
carved panels depicting events from the life of Buddha and some tales from Jataka stories.
Buddha is represented by Symbols like the peepal tree, lotus or a wheel. The pillars are
surmounted by capitals which contain sculptures of lions. Sanchi Stupa reflects information
about architecture and importance of Buddhism during Mauryan period.
Question 2
With reference to Mauryan Empire, answer the following questions:
(a) Give a brief account of how Chandragupta established the Mauryan Empire.
(b) Give a brief account of the Kalinga war and its consequences.
(c) Name four important ways in which Buddhism spread under the royal patronage during
the Mauryan times.
Answer
(a) Chandragupta Maurya worked with Nandas, who ruled before him. He was dismissed
from the services by Nandas. He then met Kautilya, son of a brahmin, at Takshilla (Kautilya
later became famous as Chanakya). Kautilya too was wronged by the Nandas. They joined
hands with each other to destroy Nandas. After a long series of Battles, Chandragupta
Maurya defeated Nandas and established the Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta Maurya took
over the territories conquered by Alexander in the North-Western part of India after
Alexander's death. Later on he defeated Seleucus and got Kabul, Kandahar, Herat and
Baluchistan from him. His empire extended from Kabul and Kandahar in the North-West to
Mysore in the south; and from Bengal in the east to Saurashtra in the west.
(b) The Kalinga war was fought between the ruler of Kalinga and Ashoka. The ruler of
Kalinga was very powerful and that's why Ashoka faced tough resistance. Ashoka won the
war but both sides suffered heavy losses. The death and destruction caused by the Kalinga
war brought about a great change in the personal and political life of Ashoka. He abandoned
the policy of 'conquest by force' (bherigosha) and ambition of 'victory in all directions'
(Digvijay) and embraced the policy of religion (Dhammagosha). He stopped hunting, eating
meat and abandoned the life of luxury. He embraced Buddhism and engaged himself in
spreading it. He adopted the policy of non-violence and disapproved empty rituals. The
prisoners of war were used for agricultural work that resulted in the increase in production
and brought economic prosperity in his empire.
(c) Four important ways in which Buddhism spread under the royal patronage during the
Mauryan times were:
1. Huge donations were given by Mauryan kings to Buddhist Viharas.
2. Ashoka got erected several pillars and edicts to spread the teachings of Buddhism.
These pillars had Buddhist teachings engraved on them. Ashoka ordered for
construction of 84,000 Stupas to keep the relics of Buddha.
3. Ashoka himself went on tours to preach Buddhism to people. He also sent
missionaries to various parts of the world.
4. Ashoka sent his daughter, Sanghamitra and son, Mahindra to Sri Lanka to propagate
Buddhism.
Question 3
With reference to Mauryan administration, answer the following questions:
(a) Why is Chandragupta Maurya regarded as the chief architect of the system of
administration?
(b) Briefly describe the main features of civil and military administration under Mauryan
rule.
(c) Explain briefly the Pan-Indian character of Mauryan administration.
Answer
(a) Chandragupta Maurya is regarded as the chief architect of the system of administration
because he laid the foundation of an elaborate system of administration, under the guidance
of Chanakya. Chanakya wrote a book Arthashastra in which he describes the principles of
politics and the art of administration. The Mauryan administration had two main divisions —
civil administration and military administration. There was a council of ministers and each
minister was responsible for his own department.
(b) The main features of civil and military administration under Mauryan rule are described
below:
Civil Administration
1. The civil administration had two main divisions — the Central Government and the
Provincial Government.
2. The Mauryan Government was centralised and was managed by several officials at
different ranks.
3. The king was supreme authority and supreme judge. His throne was hereditary.
4. The king was assisted by the council of ministers headed by prime minister.
5. The provincial government was headed by Kumar or Aryaputra and the district
administration was looked after by Pradeshika, Rrajuka and Yukta.
6. There were Mahamatras to assist Kumars. Pradeshika was the tax collector.
7. There was an efficient Spy system to keep the king informed.
8. Two kinds of taxes, namely Bali and Bhaga were levied.
Military Administration
1. There was a huge army consisting of infantry, cavalry, elephants and chariots. The
army had 6,00,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 9000 war elephants and 8000 chariots
2. The chief weapon used were bows, arrows, shields, swords etc.
3. The king was the commander in chief of army.
4. The whole army was under a military commission of thirty members and they had a
well laid recruitment policy.
5. The soldiers were paid in cash.
6. The Mauryan king had built forts at strategic places for safety and security of empire.
(c) The Mauryan Empire extended from Hindukush in north-west to river Pennar in south.
The chief advantages of the Pan-Indian character of Mauryan Empire were the following:
1. It marked the end of small states.
2. It helped in establishing trade links with foreign countries.
3. It made India strong and helped the Mauryan kings face foreign aggressions
successfully.
4. This helped the Mauryan kings to pay more attention to social and economic life of
the people. Hence, there was an all-round economic prosperity.
Question 4
With reference to provincial Governments under the Mauryan rule, answer the following
questions:
(a) Name the different provinces and their capitals into which the Mauryan empire was
divided.
(b) How was the provincial administration run?
(c) What changes were brought about in the Mauryan administration during Ashoka's reign?
Answer
(a) The different provinces and their capitals into which the Mauryan empire was divided are:
Sl. No.
Province
Capital
1
Magadha
Pataliputra
2
Gandhara
(North-Western Province)
Takshila
3
Avanti
(Eastern Province)
Ujjain
4
Southern Province
Swarnagiri
5
Kalinga
Tosali
(b) The head of province was called Kumar or Aryaputra. Only princes were appointed to this
position. The Kumar was assisted by the Governor (Mahamatra). According to some rock and
pillar edicts of Ashoka, besides the Mahamatra, other officers took active part in the
administration of the provinces. Pradeshika collected taxes. Rajuka performed the function of
modern day Tehsildar or revenue officer and Yukta was the treasurer.
(c) The changes that were brought about in the Mauryan administration during Ashoka's reign
were:
1. Ashoka added a new province, Kalinga with Tosali as capital.
2. The Mauryan centralised monarchy became a paternal despotism under Ashoka.
3. Ashoka simplified many rigorous practices related to administration regarding
taxation and crop collection.
4. Ashoka appointed Mahamatras or Governors to look after the welfare of his subjects.
Question 5
With reference to the Mauryan administration, write short notes on the following:
(a) The Central Government
(b) District Administration
(c) Revenue system
Answer
(a) The Central Government — The Mauryan Government was centralised. The king was
supreme authority as well as the supreme judge. His throne was hereditary. He was assisted
by a council of ministers or Mantri Parishad. The council of ministers was headed by Prime
Minister. Each minister was responsible for his department. The council of ministers included
Pujari (Purohit), Senapati (War related matters), Sannidhata (the treasure head), Samaharta
(taxation expert), etc. The other officers were Accountant General, one incharge of
Agriculture, Superintendent of Mines, Superintendent of ports, Controller of Commerce, as
well as the Superintendent of Weights and Measures.
(b) District Administration — During Mauryan period, the provinces were further divided
into Districts also known as Janapadas. Officers like Pradeshika (tax collector), Rajuka
(revenue officer) and Yukta (the treasurer) looked after the administration of districts.
Important cities and the capital of provinces had their own administrative system. The head
of the city was called Nagaradhyaksha.
(c) Revenue System — The Revenue System of Mauryan period was very efficient. It was
regulated by Samaharta in the ministerial council. The land revenue was the main source of
income. Two kinds of taxes were imposed namely Bali and Bhaga. Bhaga was levied on
agricultural produce and cattles at the rate of one-sixth while Bali was religious tribute. Toll
tax was imposed on articles which were brought for sale. Taxes were also imposed on liquor
shops, gambling houses, forests and mines. The income from the revenue collected was used
to develop various facilities like roads, irrigation, hospitals and meet expenses of the state.
Question 6
Study the Ashokan edict and answer the following questions:
(a) What is an edict? Where are these edicts inscribed?
(b) What is the significance of edicts as a source of information?
(c) Explain briefly the importance of Ashoka's edicts giving example from one of his edicts.
Answer
(a) An edict is a decree issued by a sovereign. They are the oldest, best preserved and
precisely dated records of India.
These edicts are inscribed on rocks and pillars throughout the country and include 14 major
rock edicts, 7 pillar edicts and a number of minor rock edicts.
(b) The significance of edicts as a source of information lies in the fact that they provide us
useful insight into the life and ideals of Ashoka in particular and about the history of
Mauryans in general. They are most precisely dated records of Mauryan period.
(c) The edicts provide us the most accurate records and information about the ideals and
political scenario of Mauryan empire. Taking Ashoka's Rock Edict-I as an example, reference
to protection of animals is made in this edict. It tells us that in pursuance of his policy of nonviolence, Ashoka prohibited killing of animals for sacrifices; advocated restraint in the
number that had to be killed for consumption; protected some of animals, and in general
condemned cruel act against animals.
Question 7
Study the picture given below and answer the following questions:
(a) Name the structure given in the picture. Name the dynasty and the king who built it.
(b) Where is it located? Mention any two architectural features of this structure.
(c) What is the significance of a Buddhist Stupa?
Answer
(a) The structure given in the picture is Sanchi Stupa. It was built by King Ashoka of
Mauryan dynasty.
(b) It is located at Sanchi, 45km from Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh.
Two architectural features of this structure are:
1. Stupa has a semi-spherical solid dome-like structure made of unburnt bricks and
stones.
2. There are four gateways in four directions. They have carved panels depicting events
from the life of Buddha and some tales from Jataka stories.
(c) A Buddhist Stupa has special significance. It represents the spiritual body of Buddha
containing his relics such as hair, teeth or bones. A casket containing these relics is placed at
the base of the dome.
Thinking Skills
Question 1
Imagine that you met a person, whose family suffered the consequences of the Kalinga War
waged by Ashoka. Describe the horrors of the war as told by him. State the differences which
you find between the Kalinga War and the modern warfare.
Answer
I met a person, who fought in the Kalinga war along with his two brothers. He told me that he
lost both his brothers in the war. The war left him handicapped. There was no one to earn and
feed the family. Many others lost their lives, many wounded. The loss was unprecedented.
The description about Kalinga war has been mentioned in Rock Edict XIII. The Kalinga war
involved the use of infantry, cavalary and elephants. On the contrary mordern warfare include
use of guns, tanks, missiles, fighter aircrafts, etc. Modern warfare has the potential for even
greater destruction and loss of life.
Question 2
Explain the symbolism preached by the sculpture on the Emblem of India.
Answer
The Emblem of India is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka. The Emblem features
four lions standing back to back, with the Ashoka Chakra (a wheel with 24 spokes) in the
center. The lions are said to represent power, courage, pride, and confidence, and they are
standing on a circular base which represents the Dharma Chakra or the wheel of law.
The Ashoka Chakra, which is at the center of the Emblem, represents the constant motion and
progress of the country. It has 24 spokes which are said to represent the 24 hours of the day.
The Emblem of India represents the country's rich cultural heritage and its commitment to
principles of justice, truth, and non-violence, which were important to Ashoka and are
enshrined in the country's constitution.
Question 3
You are given an opportunity to pen the text of an Ashokan Edict. Briefly list what would
you write.
Answer
Below is the text of the Ashokan Edict that I will write:
"I have always been concerned about the welfare of my subjects, and I am always seeking
new ways to improve their lives. To this end, I have established hospitals and clinics
throughout my empire to provide free medical care to those in need. I have also built rest
houses and shelters along the roads for the use of travellers and pilgrims. These are places
where they can rest and find food and water, and where they can be safe from harm.
In addition, I have issued orders to my officials to act with fairness and justice in all their
dealings with the people. They must not take bribes or engage in corruption, and they must
always be mindful of their duty to serve the public. I have also ordered that taxes be levied
fairly and that the burden be distributed equally among all sections of society.
I hope that my subjects will take inspiration from my example and strive to lead virtuous and
compassionate lives. Let them show kindness and generosity to all, and let them work to
build a just and harmonious society. This is the path to true happiness and fulfilment."
STUDY MATERIAL
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3. Class 9 - Total History & Civics Solutions
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5. The Sangam Age
History — Chapter 1
The Harappan Civilisation
History — Chapter 2
The Vedic Period
History — Chapter 3
Jainism and Buddhism
History — Chapter 4
The Mauryan Empire
History — Chapter 5
The Sangam Age
History — Chapter 6
The Age of the Guptas
History — Chapter 7
Medieval India — (A) The Cholas
History — Chapter 8
Medieval India — (B) The Delhi Sultanate
History — Chapter 9
Medieval India — (C) The Mughal Empire
History — Chapter 10
Medieval India — (D) Composite Culture
History — Chapter 11
The Modern Age in Europe — (A) Renaissance
History — Chapter 12
The Modern Age in Europe — (B) Reformation
History — Chapter 13
The Modern Age in Europe — (C) Industrial Revolution
Civics — Chapter 1
Our Constitution
Civics — Chapter 2
Salient Features of the Constitution — I
Civics — Chapter 3
Salient Features of the Constitution — II
Civics — Chapter 4
Elections
Civics — Chapter 5
Local Self-Government — Rural
Civics — Chapter 6
Local Self-Government — Urban
Appendix 2
Specimen Paper
History — Chapter 5
The Sangam Age
Class 9 - Total History & Civics
Solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1
Titukkural is a collection of Tamil couplets organised into ............... chapters.
1.
2.
3.
4.
134
133
113
143
Answer
133
Question 2
What are the box-like structures erected with the stone slabs, resting on each other without
any mortar called?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Megaliths
Tirukkural
Couplets
Malaiyar
Answer
Megaliths
Question 3
The Tirukkural had three sections, namely
1.
2.
3.
4.
Aram, Porul and Inbam
Vanavar, Malaiyar and Udiyan
Tolkappiyam, Tirukkural and Tiruvalluvar
None of the above
Answer
Aram, Porul and Inbam
Question 4
How are Megaliths or memorial stones a source of information?
1. Information about religious beliefs
2. Information about tools and implements
3. Information about life of people
4. All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 5
Which of the following is not a sobriquet for Chera kings?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vanavar
Villavar
Malaiyar
Udiyan
Answer
Udiyan
Question 6
Which of the following is incorrect?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chera Kingdom : bow and arrow
Chola Kingdom : Tiger
Pandya kingdom : crocodile
Pandya kingdom : fish
Answer
Pandya kingdom : crocodile
Question 7
The names of the Sangam Chola kingdom indicate
1.
2.
3.
4.
Powerful kings
Rich water resources
Overseas trade
All of the above.
Answer
Rich water resources
Question 8
Karikalan was the most popular Sangam Chola ruler because
1.
2.
3.
4.
he was a great warrior and diplomat
he fortified his capital making it a trade-centre
he encouraged growth of agriculture and commerce
All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 9
The Velirs extended patronage to poets who acted as
1.
2.
3.
4.
administrative agents
diplomats and caretakers
patrons of other arts
All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 10
Referring to the Sangam society which of the following is incorrect?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Uzhavar : ordinary ploughmen
Vellalars : landed aristocrats
Adimai : priests
Kadasiyar : landless labourers
Answer
Adimai : priests
Question 11
Which of the following port-kingdom pair is incorrect?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Puhar : Chola
Saliyur : Panda
Uraiyur : Chola
Bandar: Chera
Answer
Puhar : Chola
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
Who was the author of Tirukkural? Name the three sections into which the chapters of
Tirukkural are categorised.
Answer
The author of Tirukkural was Tiruvalluvar, Tamil poet and philosopher.
The three sections into which the chapters of Tirukkural are categorised are:
1. Aaram (Righteousness)
2. Porul (Wealth)
3. Inbam or Kamam (Pleasure)
Question 2
What are Megaliths? Why are they so called?
Answer
The Megaliths are box-like structures erected with the stone slabs, resting on each other
without any mortar. Sometimes there was an opening cut into one of the sides. Some
megaliths are seen on surface while some are underground with stone circles or boulders
placed on surface to serve as signpost to find the burial site.
Megaliths are called so because they are huge stones that acted as either burial sites or
commemorative memorials. They are also known as memorial stones.
Question 3
Name any four divisions (tinais) mentioned in the Sangam literature.
Answer
Four divisions (tinais) mentioned in the Sangam literature are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Backwoods (Kurinji)
Parched zones (Palai)
Pastoral tract (Mullai)
Wet land (Marutam)
Question 4
Who were the Vellalars during the Sangam Age?
Answer
The Vellalars were landed aristocrats, who cultivated the wetlands during the Sangam Age.
They had close associations and held high positions of office with the three main dynasties,
Cheras, cholas and Pandyas. They also carried out trade.
Question 5
Name the main crops grown during the Sangam Period.
Answer
The main crops grown during the Sangam Period were rice, cotton, ragi, sugarcane, pepper,
ginger, cardamom, turmeric, cinnamon, different varieties of fruits etc.
Question 6
Name one centre of cotton trade and the products exported to foreign countries during the
Sangam Age.
Answer
Uraiyur was one major centre of cotton trade.
The products exported to foreign countries during the Sangam Age were Pepper, Ginger,
Cardamom, Cinnamon, Turmeric, Ivory products, Pearls and Precious Stones.
Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to Sangam Age, answer the following questions:
(a) State why the Sangam Age is so called.
(b) Name the three kingdoms along with their capitals that existed during the Sangam Age.
(c) Describe the achievements of Chera ruler, Senguttuvan; and Chola ruler, Karikalan.
Answer
(a) The word Sangam is the Tamil form of the Sanskrit 'Sangha' which means confluence or
an assembly or an association. The Sangam Age refers to a period when bulk of Tamil
literature was composed by a body of Tamil scholars and poets in three successive literary
gatherings called Sangam. Hence, Sangam refers to Gatherings of poets and bards.
(b) The three kingdoms along with their capitals that existed during the Sangam Age are:
Sl. no.
Kingdom
Capital
1
Chera
Vanji
2
Chola
Uraiyur
3
Pandyan
Madurai
(c) Achievements of Senguttuvan — He was the most popular king of the Sangam Cheras.
The sangam works, Padirruppattu and Ahananuru provide a lot of information about him. His
brother Illango Vadigal composed the Tamil Epic, Silappadikaram, which tells about his
military achievements. Senguttuvan led an expedition up to the Himalayas. He crossed the
river Ganges and defeated his enemies. He reached the Himalayas and hoisted the chera flag.
Pattini cult, that is the worship of kannagi as the ideal wife, was started by him.
Achievements of Karikalan — He was the most popular king of Sangam cholas. At a very
young age he proved his extraordinary ability of settling the disputes in his kingdom. He was
a great warrior. He defeated the Chera and Pandaya kings at Venni. In another battle,
Karikalan defeated a confederacy of nine princes. He extended his kingdom beyond
Kanchipuram. Karikalan had become popular for the development activities in his kingdom.
He built dam called Kallanai across river Kaveri. He fortified the port-city
Kaveripoompattinam or Puhar and made it his capital. Karikalan also patronised Tamil poets.
Question 2
With reference to the society that existed during the Sangam Age, answer the following
questions:
(a) Explain the position of women during the Sangam Age.
(b) Name the social divisions of the Tamil land and the occupations associated with each one
of them.
(c) What does the Tolkappiyam say about ways of living of the people during the Sangam
Age?
Answer
(a) The status of women in Sangam society was not equal to that of men. The Sangam society
consisted of different kinds of women. There were married women who had settled down as
dutiful housewives looking after their husbands and children. There were female ascetics
belonging to Buddhist or Jain tradition like Kaundi Adigal and Manimegalai. There were a
large number of courtesans. Women also enjoyed freedom of movement in society and the
number of women poets of the age is a proof that the women were provided with good
education. The worship of Kannagi or Pattini was perhaps a very early institution and was an
extension of the worship of the Goddess of chastity.
(b) The social divisions of the Tamil land and the occupations associated with them were:
Sl. No.
Divisions
Occupation
1
Hilly backwoods
(Kurinji)
Hunters, Gatherers
2
Parched zones
(Palai)
Plunder, Cattle lifters
3
Pastural tract
(Mullai)
Shifting Agriculture, Animal Husbandry
4
Wet land
(Marutam)
Plough Agriculture
5
Littoral land
(Neital)
Fishing, Salt Extraction
(c) The Tolkappiyam was written by Tolkappiar, in second Sangam. It has mentioned four
castes, namely, Brahmanas, Kings, Traders and Farmers. It ignores most of the other names
of people. This show the influence of the Sanskritic social ideal. The Brahmans during the
Sangam Age were a respectable and learned community. They served the king occasionally
as judicial officers and always as preists and astrologers. The Vaishyas were assigned the
duties of learning, performing sacrifice, making gifts, agriculture, protection of cows etc. The
Vellalars were landed aristocrats who cultivated wetlands. The ordinary ploughmen were
known as uzhavar and the landless labourers were known as kadasiyar and adimai.
Question 3
With reference to the economy during the Sangam Age, answer the following questions:
(a) What was the main occupation of the people and the activities associated with it?
(b) Explain the organisation of internal trade.
(c) Explain the extent and significance of external trade.
Answer
(a) Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. The main crop was Rice while other
crops included Cotton, Ragi, Sugarcane, Pepper, Ginger, Cardamom, Turmeric, Cinnamon,
different varieties of fruits, etc. Construction of embankments and canals for irrigation was
undertaken by the state. Rural activities like the cultivation of ragi and sugarcane, the making
of sugar from the cane, and the harvesting and drying of grain are described in the Sangam
poems in detail.
(b) Markets called Angadi were established in bigger towns. Internal trade was carried by
caravans of Merchants with carts and pack-animals which carried their merchandise from
place to place. Most of the trade was carried on by barter. Paddy constituted the most
commonly accepted medium of exchange. Salt was sold for paddy. Paddy was sold by
mentioning its price in terms of salt. Honey and roots were exchanged for fish oil. There were
also hawkers who carried goods to the houses of the people.
(c) During the Sangam Age there was an extensive trade with foreign countries. According to
the Sangam literature the Tamil land had certain commodities which were in great demand in
foreign markets. These included pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric, ivory
products, pearls and precious stones. The main imports included horse, gold and glass. The
port cities were the center of foreign trade. Saliyur in the Pandya country and Bandar in
Chera were the most important ports. The Gold and Silver coins from the Roman empire
found in the interior of the Tamil land indicate the extent of the trade. The Periplus of the Red
Sea that describes navigation and trade of the Roman empire gives information on trade
between India and the Roman empire. It also mentions Uraiyur where all the Pearls from
coast was sent and exported. Naura, Tyndis and Muziris were leading ports on west coast.
Thinking Skills
Question 1
How was the society in the Sangam Age different from that in the Vedic Age?
Answer
The society in the Sangam Age was different from that in the Vedic Age in following ways:
1. The society in the Sangam Age was organised by occupational groups while the
society in Vedic Age was organised on the basis of castes.
2. Women in Sangam age were respected and were allowed intellectual pursuits. There
were women poets like Avvaiyar and Nachchellair. Women in Vedic Age were also in
respectable position but their education was not given importance. Also their position
in society declined towards later Vedic age.
3. Sati-pratha was prevalent in Sangam Age while Vedic Age women could remarry
after death of husband.
4. Primary deity of Sangam age was Murugan and that of Vedic age were Indra, Agni
and Varuna.
5. Economy of Sangam Age was based on agriculture while Vedic economy was
pastoral.
Question 2
Imagine you are transported in the Sangam Age by time-machine. Describe the position of
women, as seen by you.
Answer
The women here are enjoying respectable position in the society. They are free to move.
Most of them are educated. A few women are very good poets. I can see that the women are
not being suppressed. They are getteng education without any discrimination. Some are
dutiful home makers. They are ascetics belonging to Buddhits or Jain tradition. Some women
are artists (singers or dancers). The women here are free to choose their life partners.
Question 3
Find out structures similar to megaliths or commemorative memorials in other civilisations of
the world. List the similarities and dissimilarities between the megaliths and these structures.
Answer
Some structures similar to megaliths or commemorative memorials in other civilisations of
the world are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Newgrange site of Ireland
Gobekli Tepe of Turkey
Malta's megalithic temples
Stonehenge of England
Pyramids of ancient Egypt
Similarities:
1. They all are of neolithic period, built around 3000 BC to 2000 BC.
2. All are stone structure, made without using mortar.
Dissimilarities:
1. The differ in their height, shape and size.
2. Some have erect stones (pillars) while others have flat stone pieces. Stepped stones
were used in pyramids.
3. Some of them are dome shaped (like Newgrange of Ireland), while a few are long
barrow type(tumulus).
Question 4
Read the plot of the two epics — Sillapadikaram and Manimekalai. Compare and contrast the
women characters in these two epics with those of Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Answer
The Sillapadikaram and Manimekalai are two outstanding works of Tamil Literature.
Manimekalai is sequel of Sillapadikaram.
Sillapadikaram is story of Kovalan and his wife Kannagi. In this story Kovalan betrays
Kannagi for other women and later realises his mistake and returns back to her. They then
move to Madurai. The king of Madurai executes Kovalan on false charges of stealing anklet.
Kannagi curses the king due to which he dies. Later Kannagi is worshipped like a Devi.
Manimekalai is the story of daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi. She was very beautiful artist.
She was chased by a prince who wanted to marry her. She was helped by Buddhist angels to
escape. Later the prince was killed and she walked away free.
Both these stories potray women who suffered and were harassed by the society in similar
way as Sita and Draupadi suffered in Ramayana and Mahabharata, respectively. The women
characters in Sillapadikaram and Manimekalai tend to have more agency and independence
compared to those in Ramayana and Mahabharata. However, all the four epics feature women
who exhibit strength, loyalty, and bravery in their own unique ways.
STUDY MATERIAL
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3. Class 9 - Total History & Civics Solutions
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5. The Age of the Guptas
History — Chapter 1
The Harappan Civilisation
History — Chapter 2
The Vedic Period
History — Chapter 3
Jainism and Buddhism
History — Chapter 4
The Mauryan Empire
History — Chapter 5
The Sangam Age
History — Chapter 6
The Age of the Guptas
History — Chapter 7
Medieval India — (A) The Cholas
History — Chapter 8
Medieval India — (B) The Delhi Sultanate
History — Chapter 9
Medieval India — (C) The Mughal Empire
History — Chapter 10
Medieval India — (D) Composite Culture
History — Chapter 11
The Modern Age in Europe — (A) Renaissance
History — Chapter 12
The Modern Age in Europe — (B) Reformation
History — Chapter 13
The Modern Age in Europe — (C) Industrial Revolution
Civics — Chapter 1
Our Constitution
Civics — Chapter 2
Salient Features of the Constitution — I
Civics — Chapter 3
Salient Features of the Constitution — II
Civics — Chapter 4
Elections
Civics — Chapter 5
Local Self-Government — Rural
Civics — Chapter 6
Local Self-Government — Urban
Appendix 2
Specimen Paper
History — Chapter 6
The Age of the Guptas
Class 9 - Total History & Civics
Solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1
Which of the following is true according to the Chinese traveller, Fa-hien?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Though people were prosperous, they led simple lives
Though people were poor, they led extravagant lives
People were rich and extravagant
Though the cities were flourishing, people were poor
Answer
Though people were prosperous, they led simple lives
Question 2
According to Fa-hien which of the following was a major city in the Gupta empire?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rajagriha
Vaishali
Patliputra
Mathura
Answer
Patliputra
Question 3
The Prayaga Prashasti was composed by ............... in honour of ............... .
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fa-hien, Chandragupta II
Harisena, Samudragupta
Harisena, Chandragupta II
Fa-hien, Chandragupta I
Answer
Harisena, Samudragupta
Question 4
Who was the first independent king with the little of 'Maharajadhiraja' or 'the king of kings'?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chandragupta I
Chandragupta II
Samudragupta
Srigupta
Answer
Chandragupta I
Question 5
How did Samudragupta or the Napoleon of India rule the southern kingdoms?
1.
2.
3.
4.
He kept the kingdoms under his direct control.
He allowed the defeated rulers to rule their kingdoms.
The defeated rulers paid tribute and attended Samudragupta's court.
All of the above
Answer
He allowed the defeated rulers to rule their kingdoms.
Question 6
Which of the following is incorrect
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vikramaditya : Sakari
Chandragupta II : Vikramaditya
Chandragupta I : Maharajadhiraja
Samudragupta : Sakari
Answer
Samudragupta : Sakari
Question 7
............... was the prevailing form of government with ............... being popular.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Republican form of government, democracy
Monarchy, theory of divinity of kings
Republican form of government, adult franchise
Monarchy, Buddhism
Answer
Monarchy, theory of divinity of kings
Question 8
During whose reign did Hunas, invade India for the first time? Who defeated the Hunas?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Samudragupta, Chandragupta I
Chandragupta I, Samudragupta
Kumaragupta, Skandagupta
Skandagupta, Kumaragupta
Answer
Kumaragupta, Skandagupta
Question 9
Who is represented as slaying a lion on some coins with the legend Simha-Vikrama?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chandragupta I
Chandragupta II
Samudragupta
Rudrasena II
Answer
Chandragupta II
Question 10
The Gupta administration was ............... and the feudatory rulers adopted titles like
1.
2.
3.
4.
Republican, Parameshvara
Decentralised, Maharaja
Centralised, Kumaramatyas
Dispersed, Maharajadhiraja
Answer
Decentralised, Maharaja
Question 11
High officials in the Mantri-Parishad included
1.
2.
3.
4.
Kumaramatya
Sandhivigrahika
Amatyas
All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 12
Which of the following is incorrect?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bhukti : Uparika
Vishaya: Vishayapati
Vithis : Vithipala
Janapadas: Purapala
Answer
Vithis : Vithipala
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
Who was Fa-hien? What did he say about India?
Answer
Fa-hien was a Chinese pilgrim who visited India on a religious mission during the reign of
Chandragupta II. He made careful unbiased observations about the conditions at that time.
Fa-hien gave following accounts about India:
1. Magadha was a prosperous country with large towns and wealthy population.
2. Pataliputra was a flourishing city with numerous charitable institutions including a
hospital.
3. People led a simple life, observing the Buddhist rules of conduct even though they
were wealthy.
4. Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Buddhism and Jainism were main religions. People had no
ill-will towards other sects.
5. Hindu Gods and Goddesses were depicted on coins and also in sculptures and
paintings.
6. The penal code was mild and the offences were ordinarily punished by fines only.
Question 2
Who was the ruler when Fa-hien visited India? Name the three places of pilgrimage that Fahien visited in India.
Answer
Chandragupta II was the ruler when Fa-hien visited India.
The three places of pilgrimage that Fa-hien visited in India were:
1. Mathura
2. Kannauj
3. Kapilavastu
Question 3
Name two dramas written by Kalidasa.
Answer
Two dramas written by Kalidasa were:
1. Abhijnanashakuntalam
2. Malavikagnimitram
Question 4
Why is the Gupta period known as the Golden Age of Indian culture?
Answer
The Gupta period is known as the Golden Age of Indian culture because of the high level of
civilisation and culture of this period. Along with the revival of Hinduism, the power of
creativity was unleashed in the fields of education, literature, arts, architecture and science.
This period also saw the extension of this influence beyond India's frontiers.
Question 5
How was Samudragupta a bold and great conquerer?
Answer
Samudragupta was a bold and great conquerer as he defeated all the rulers of his time and
extended his empire from Brahmaputra in east to rivers Yamuna and Chambal in the west and
from Himalayas in the north to Narmada in south. It is because of his bravery and generalship
that he is known as 'Napoleon of India'. During his famous Deccan campaign he covered
more than 3000 miles through dense forests. Though he defeated many powerful rulers, he
did not annex southern territories. He made the southern kings accept his authority and
allowed them to rule.
Question 6
Name the famous university that existed during the Gupta period. In which present day state
is it?
Answer
The famous university that existed during the Gupta period was Nalanda University.
It is presently located at Nalanda in Rajagriha in Bihar.
Question 7
Name any two titles adopted by the Gupta rulers.
Answer
Two titles adopted by the Gupta rulers were:
1. Parameshvara
2. Maharajadhiraja
Question 8
During the Gupta period name the officer who (i) collected toll tax; and (ii) the one who was
incharge of a province or bhukti.
Answer
1. The officer who collected toll taxes was Shaulkika.
2. The officer who was incharge of a province or bhukti was Uparika.
Question 9
Name any two famous literary figures of the Gupta Age.
Answer
Two literary figures of the Gupta Age were:
1. Kalidasa
2. Harisena
Question 10
What contribution did Aryabhatta make in the field of science?
Answer
Aryabhatta was a great astronomer and mathematician. The main contributions he made in
the field of science are:
1. He said that the earth moves around the sun.
2. He discovered the rule for finding the area of a triangle.
3. He calculated the exact value of pi which was equal to 3.1416. The credit for
development of trigonometry should actually go to him.
4. In his work Surya Siddhanta, he explained the exact causes of solar and lunar eclipses.
5. He was well acquainted with the decimal system and use of 'zero'.
Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to the sources of information about the Gupta Age, write short notes on the
following:
(a) Accounts of Fa-hien
(b) The Allahabad Pillar Inscription
(c) Nalanda University
Answer
(a) Accounts of Fa-hien — Fa-hien was the earliest Chinese pilgrim who visited India on a
religious mission during the reign of Chandragupta II. During his stay in India, he went to
Mathura, Kannauj, Kapilavastu, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashi and Rajagriha. He
gave unbiased details of that period. He gave following accounts:
1. According to him, Magadha was a prosperous country with large towns.
2. Pataliputra was a flourishing city with numerous charitable institutions including a
hospital.
3. People were wealthy but led simple lives following the Buddhist rule of conduct.
4. Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Buddhism and Jainism were main religions. People had no
ill-will towards other sects.
5. Hindu Gods and Goddesses were depicted on coins and also in sculptures and
paintings.
6. The penal code was mild and the offences were ordinarily punished by fines only.
(b) The Allahabad Pillar Inscription — It is one of the important epigraphic evidences of the
Imperial Guptas. It is also known as Prayag Prashasti and is written in praise of
Samudragupta by his court poet Harisena. It describes the reign of Guptas in ancient India. It
provides an impressive list of Kings and Tribal republics that were conquered by
Samudragupta. The inscription is also important because of the political geography of India
that it indicates by naming the different Kings and people who populated India in the first
half of the 4th century AD.
(c) Nalanda University — It was the most renowned educational institution of ancient India.
It was located at Nalanda in Rajagriha in Bihar. The University of Nalanda had imposing
buildings. There were at least eight colleges built by different patrons including one by
Balaputradeva, King of Sumatra. According to Hiuen Tsang the whole university area was
enclosed by a brick wall. The Nalanda University provided various facilities to the students
for their studies. There were three great libraries called Ratnasagar, Ratanadadhi and
Ratnaranjak. There were more than 10,000 students and teachers. They came from Korea,
Mangolia, Japan, China, Tibet, Ceylon and various parts of India. The subjects of study at
Nalanda University were all the four Vedas, logic, grammar, medicine, sankya, yoga, nyaya
and the Buddhist works of the different schools. Nalanda university was a post graduate
institution. Only the most brilliant were admitted to the university through an admission
examination in which hardly 20% students qualified. It was destroyed by Mohammad-binBakhtiyar Khilji, a general of Mohammad Ghori.
Question 2
With reference to the Age of Guptas, answer the following questions:
(a) Explain the extent of Samudragupta's Empire based on the information given in the
Allahabad Pillar Inscription.
(b) Explain how Chandragupta II expanded his empire.
(c) Briefly mention any four observations of Fa-hien about Chandragupta II's reign.
Answer
(a) According to The Allahabad inscription, the empire of Samudragupta extended from
Brahmaputra in east to rivers Yamuna and Chambal in the west and from Himalayas in the
north to Narmada in south. He further extended his empire upto the Chambal river by
defeating the Naga kings of Mathura, Gwalior and Ahichhatra.
(b) Chandragupta II expanded his empire by conquering the territories of Sakas of Malwa,
Gujarat and Saurashtra. For this he was given the title 'Sakari'. Chandragupta II entered into
matrimonial alliance as a part of foreign policy, he married Kuberanaga of the Naga family.
The Nagas were a powerful ruling clan and this matrimonial alliance helped the Gupta ruler
in expanding his empire. The marriage of Chandragupta's daughter, Prabhavati with Vakataka
ruler, Rudrasena II helped him to establish his political influence in the Deccan.
(c) Four observations of Fa-hien about Chandragupta II's reign were:
1. Magadha was a prosperous country with large towns and wealthy population.
2. Pataliputra was a flourishing city with numerous charitable institutions including a
charitable hospital.
3. Although people were wealthy yet they led simple lives, observing the Buddhist rules
of conduct.
4. Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Buddhism and Jainism were main religions. People had no
ill-will towards other sects.
Question 3
With reference to the administrative system of the Guptas, answer the following questions:
(a) Explain the position and powers of the king during the Gupta Age.
(b) Describe briefly the administration of villages during the Gupta period.
(c) According to the Allahabad Pillar which kinds of rulers were there? How did
Samudragupta deal with them?
Answer
(a) During the Gupta period, Monarchy was the prevailing form of government. Theory of
the divinity of kings became popular. The Gupta Kings were compared to different Gods
such as Yama, Varuna, Indra, Kubera and also Vishnu as they were preservers and protectors
of the people. They enjoyed a large number of powers which covered the political,
administrative, military and judicial fields. They were the commanders-in-chief of the army.
The kings appointed all the governors and important military and civil officers and they all
worked under the guidance and control of the king. The king was the source of all honours
and titles. All land in the country was the property of the king. He could construct dams, give
shelter to foreigners, impose, recover and remit taxes and give justice. All unclaimed property
went into the coffers of the king.
(b) The village administration was managed by the village headman. The small towns or
villages were called vithis. Leading local elements participated in the administration of the
village. No land transaction could be effected without their consent and this may have been
also true of other important affairs. Thus, villages in the Gupta period were managed from
grassroot level.
(c) The Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta describes four different kinds of rulers
and tells us about Samudragupta's policies towards them:
1. The nine rulers of Aryavarta were uprooted and their kingdoms were made a part of
Samudragupta's empire.
2. The twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha (South India), who surrendered to Samudragupta
after being defeated, were liberated and allowed to rule again over their kingdoms.
3. The inner circle of neighbouring states, including Assam, Coastal Bengal, Nepal and a
number of Gana Sanghas in the north west paid tribute, followed his orders and
attended his court.
4. The rulers of the outlying areas submitted to him and offered their daughters in
marriage.
Question 4
With reference to the picture given alongside, answer the following:
(a) Identify the temple given in the picture. Where is it located? To which God is this temple
dedicated?
(b) Mention the architectural features of this temple.
(c) Briefly describe the educational institution set up during this period.
Answer
(a) The given temple is Dashavatara Temple (also called Vishnu temple). It is located in
Deogarh.
This temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the God of preservation, who is shown asleep on the
coil of the giant serpent called Sheshnaga.
(b) The architectural features of Dashavatara temple are:
1. It was built of stone and bricks on a 1.5 metre high platform.
2. Four stairways outside the platform provide access to the temple.
3. Its exterior is decorated with scenes from Ramayana. The entrance and pillars were
adorned with countless paintings and carvings.
4. It was the first North Indian temple with a Shikhara or tower, although a part of it has
disappeared.
(c) The educational institution set up during this period was Nalanda University. It was the
most renowned educational institution of ancient India. It was located at Nalanda in Rajagriha
in Bihar. The University of Nalanda had imposing buildings. There were at least eight
colleges built by different patrons including one by Balaputradeva, King of Sumatra. The
Nalanda University provided various facilities like libraries to the students. There were three
great libraries called Ratnasagar, Ratanadadhi and Ratnaranjak. There were more than 10,000
students and teachers. They came from Korea, Mangolia, Japan, China, Tibet, Ceylon and
various parts of India. The subjects of Study at Nalanda University were all the four Vedas,
logic, grammar, medicine, sankya, yoga, nyaya and the Buddhist works of the different
schools. Nalanda university was a post graduate institution. Only the most brilliant were
admitted to the university through an admission examination in which hardly 20% students
qualified. It was destroyed by Mohammad-bin-Bakhtiyar Khilji, a general of Mohammad
Ghori.
Thinking Skills
Question 1
Imagine a meeting between Fa-hein and Harisena. Write down the discussion between them
about religion in Gupta period. How would they had conversed with each other due to the
barrier of language the two had?
Answer
Fa-hien was the earliest chinese pilgrim who visited India on a religious mission. He met
Harisena, a poet in the court of Samudragupta. Harisena told him that the Gupta Kings are
followers of Hinduism and worship hindu gods like Vishnu, Lakshmi, Narashimha, Vamana.
But there is great religious tolerance in the society and the main religions that are flourishing
are Buddhism, Jainism, Shaivism. The Gupta kings are great patrons of religion. They built
many temples and supported religious institutions of all kinds. They also promoted religious
tolerance and did not discriminate against any particular religion. The common people have a
great deal of freedom to practice their religion in their own way.
Fa-hien was a translator. He learned Sanskrit and translated a large number of Sanskrit
Buddhist texts into Chinese. Hence, he would have conversed with Harisena in Sanskrit
overcoming the language barrier.
Question 2
What role did the Gupta Kings play in promoting religion? Do you think that the religion
followed by the rulers gained prominence? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer
The Gupta king played an important role in promoting Hinduism. They worshipped Lord
Vishnu. They built many temples with remarkable details. Dashavatara temple is one of them.
They followed the culture of Vedic sacrifices like Ashwamedha Yajna. The Gupta kings
remained tolerant towards other religions. Their main aim was development and growth of
people and not the religion.
Yes, during the reign of the Gupta Kings, Hinduism gained prominence. The theory of
divinity of kings became popular during this period and the Gupta Kings were compared to
different Gods such as Yama, Varuna, Indra, Kubera and Vishnu. During Gupta period
temples were built with elaborate details which helped in promoting Hinduism. The lack of
royal partonage is also cited as one of the reasons for decline of other religions like Buddhism
and Jainism.
STUDY MATERIAL
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5. Our Constitution
History — Chapter 1
The Harappan Civilisation
History — Chapter 2
The Vedic Period
History — Chapter 3
Jainism and Buddhism
History — Chapter 4
The Mauryan Empire
History — Chapter 5
The Sangam Age
History — Chapter 6
The Age of the Guptas
History — Chapter 7
Medieval India — (A) The Cholas
History — Chapter 8
Medieval India — (B) The Delhi Sultanate
History — Chapter 9
Medieval India — (C) The Mughal Empire
History — Chapter 10
Medieval India — (D) Composite Culture
History — Chapter 11
The Modern Age in Europe — (A) Renaissance
History — Chapter 12
The Modern Age in Europe — (B) Reformation
History — Chapter 13
The Modern Age in Europe — (C) Industrial Revolution
Civics — Chapter 1
Our Constitution
Civics — Chapter 2
Salient Features of the Constitution — I
Civics — Chapter 3
Salient Features of the Constitution — II
Civics — Chapter 4
Elections
Civics — Chapter 5
Local Self-Government — Rural
Civics — Chapter 6
Local Self-Government — Urban
Appendix 2
Specimen Paper
Civics — Chapter 1
Our Constitution
Class 9 - Total History & Civics
Solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1
Which of the following is a part of the definition of a Constitution?
1. A comprehensive document
2. A set of rules of governance
3. Position and power of the States
4. All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 2
How were members of the Constituent Assembly selected?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Directly elected by the people
Nominated by the Viceroy
Indirectly elected by Provincial Legislative Assemblies
Indirectly elected by the Provincial Council
Answer
Indirectly elected by Provincial Legislative Assemblies
Question 3
The Constituent Assembly of undivided India consisted of ............... members.
1.
2.
3.
4.
390
292
389
384
Answer
389
Question 4
When was the first sitting of the Constituent Assembly held?
1.
2.
3.
4.
December 5, 1946
December 25, 1945
December 9, 1946
December 24, 1946
Answer
December 9, 1946
Question 5
Where was the first sitting of the Constituent Assembly held?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Present Lok Sabha Hall of Parliament
Present Rajya Sabha Hall of Parliament
Present Central Hall of the Parliament
Rashtrapati Bhawan
Answer
Present Central Hall of the Parliament
Question 6
Who proposed the 'Objectives Resolution'?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Mahatma Gandhi
Subhash Chandra Bose
Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer
Jawaharlal Nehru
Question 7
Name the legal sanction that allowed the Constituent Assembly to function post partition
1.
2.
3.
4.
Objectives Resolution, 1946
Indian Independence Act, 1947
Poorna Swaraj Declaration, 1929
Government of India Act, 1942
Answer
Indian Independence Act, 1947
Question 8
The Cabinet Mission Plan had ensured representation to general category and
1.
2.
3.
4.
Anglo-Indians and Muslims
Muslims and Sikhs
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes
Muslims, Christians and Sikhs
Answer
Muslims and Sikhs
Question 9
On the basis of which plan was the Constituent Assembly constituted?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cabinet Mission Plan
Mountbatten Plan
Cripps Mission
None of the above
Answer
Cabinet Mission Plan
Question 10
Who was appointed as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Dr. H.C. Mukherjee
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Answer
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
What is meant by the term Constitution?
Answer
Constitution is a comprehensive document containing the set of rules that describe the rights
and duties of its citizens and the manner according to which the governance of a country is to
be carried out. It regulates the position and powers of the three organs of the Government —
the legislative, the executive and the judiciary; and states how they are inter-related.
Question 2
What is known as the 'Objectives Resolution'? By whom was the Objectives Resolution
proposed?
Answer
When the Constituent Assembly started the work of drafting the Constitution, Pt. Jawaharlal
Nehru proposed the 'Objectives Resolution' on December 13, 1946. The Resolution
highlighted the objectives and laid down the national goals. The main points of the
Objectives Resolution were:
1. Free India will be nothing but a 'republic'.
2. The ideals of social, political and economic democracy would be guaranteed to all
people.
3. The republic would grant Fundamental Rights to citizens.
4. The state would safeguard the rights of minorities and backward classes.
The Objectives Resolution was proposed by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
Question 3
When was the constitution adopted and passed? When did the constitution come into force?
Answer
The constitution was adopted and passed on 26th November, 1949.
The constitution come into force on 26th January, 1950.
Question 4
Why was January 26 chosen for the commencement of the constitution?
Answer
The date January 26 was chosen for the commencement of the constitution because of its
historical importance. At the Lahore Session of the Congress held in December 1929, a
resolution was passed which declared Poorna Swaraj or Complete Independence to be the
objective of the Congress. January 26, 1930 was fixed as the first Independence Day, which
was to be celebrated every year. Since then the day was celebrated as Independence Day up
to 1947. Later, to maintain its importance January 26 was chosen for enforcement of
constitution and was designated as Republic day.
Question 5
Write a short note on Dr. Ambedkar's contribution to the Indian Constitution.
Answer
Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar, was one of the architects of the constitution of India. As the
chairman of the Drafting Committee, he provided constitutional guarantees and protections
for civil liberties like freedom of religion, abolition of untouchability, and social rights for
women in the Indian Constitution. He provided a job reservation system for Scheduled Castes
and Tribes.
To shape India as a Sovereign Democratic Republic that ensured individual liberty, dignity,
and national integrity, Dr. Ambedkar incorporated the following principles in the Indian
Constitution:
1. Made the Indian constitution workable, flexible and strong enough to hold the country
together both in peace and in war.
2. Provided special safeguards to the minorities and certain classes, who are socially and
educationally backward.
3. Incorporated the Right to Constitutional Remedies to ensure that the Fundamental
Rights of the individuals are not infringed by the Center or the State governments.
4. Single citizenship, single judiciary and uniformity in fundamental laws to integrate
Indian society. Therefore, he proposed a strong Centre to maintain territorial integrity
and administrative discipline.
5. Incorporated Directive Principles to ensure social and economic democracy and
welfare of the people of India.
Structured Questions
Question 1
With reference to the making of Indian Constitution explain the following:
(a) Name the plan which proposed to set up the Constituent Assembly. How were the
members of the Constituent Assembly elected?
(b) How was the membership of the Constituent Assembly reduced as a result of partition of
the country?
(c) How can you say that the Constituent Assembly gave adequate representation to all
sections of the Indian society?
Answer
(a) The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) proposed to set up the Constituent Assembly.
The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected indirectly by the Provincial
Legislative Assemblies (Lower House only). Elections to the Provincial Assembly were
completed by July 1946. The princely states were represented by the members nominated by
the rulers of these States. The Constituent Assembly of undivided India consisted of 389
members (292 elected, 93 nominated by the Princely states, 3 from Chief Commissioner
Provinces and one from the British).
(b) The Muslim League boycotted the Constituent Assembly to demand the creation of a
separate state called Pakistan. Consequently the members representing the territories which
went to Pakistan withdrew from the Constituent Assembly of India. As a result, the
membership of the Constituent Assembly of India stood at 299 against the original number of
389 members.
(c) The wide-ranging membership of the Constituent Assembly gave representation to all
shades of public opinion. The Cabinet Mission plan had ensured representation to only three
categories — the General category, Muslims and Sikhs. The Congress leaders had, however,
ensured that other communities like Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled tribes got representation.
Question 2
With reference to the Objectives Resolution explain the following:
(a) Who proposed the Resolution? When was the Resolution passed by the Constituent
Assembly? Name the Act that gave legal sanctity to the Constituent Assembly.
(b) State any three points of the Objectives Resolution.
(c) List four principles that Babasaheb Ambedkar incorporated in the Constitution.
Answer
(a) The Resolution was proposed by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on December 13, 1946.
The Resolution was passed by the Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947.
The Act that gave legal sanctity to the Constituent Assembly was the Indian Independence
Act, 1947. This legal sanction enabled the Constituent Assembly to function after India's
independence. The Assembly became a sovereign body.
(b) Three points of the Objectives Resolution are :
1. Free India will be nothing but a 'republic'.
2. The ideals of social, political and economic democracy would be guaranteed to all
people.
3. The Republic would grant Fundamental Rights to citizens.
(c) The four principles that Babasaheb Ambedkar incorporated in the Constitution are:
1. Made the Indian Constitution workable, flexible and strong enough to hold the
country together both in peace and in war.
2. Provided special safeguards to the minorities and certain classes, who are socially and
educationally backward.
3. Incorporated the Right to Constitutional Remedies to ensure that the Fundamental
Rights of the individuals are not infringed by the Centre or the State governments.
4. Incorporated Directive Principles to ensure social and economic democracy and
welfare of the people of India.
Thinking skills
Question 1
The Constitution of India is the longest written Constitution in the world. What would have
been the consequences if the Constitution of India was not written? Give reasons to support
your answer.
Answer
The written Constitution enables to specify the structure, organisation, powers and functions
of Central as well as State government. The written form of the constitution avoids any kind
of misunderstanding and disagreements. If our constitution was not written there would have
been scuffle, related to distribution of powers, subjects etc. Our rights would have been at
risk. Policy makers may not have fairly represented the public opinion.
Question 2
Do you think that the Constitution of India has an important role in maintaining the unity and
integrity of India? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer
India is a country of diversity. The constitution of India plays an important role to maintain
the unity and integrity of India by its following principles:
1. The Indian constitution is workable, flexible and strong enough to hold the country
together both in peace and in war.
2. It provides special safeguards to the minorities and certain classes, who are socially
and educationally backward.
3. Incorporates the Right to constitutional remedies to ensure that the fundamental rights
of the individuals are not infringed by the Center or the State governments.
4. Single citizenship, single judiciary and uniformity in fundamental laws to integrate
Indian society. Therefore, a strong centre was proposed to maintain territorial
integrity.
Question 3
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a learned man with great foresight. Make a list of instances
where his foresight came to our nation’s aid in times of crisis.
Answer
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a visionary leader and one of the most influential figures in
India's struggle for independence and post-independence nation-building. He had a keen
understanding of the socio-political landscape of India and made several contributions that
proved to be invaluable for the nation. Here are a few instances where his foresight came to
the nation's aid in times of crisis:
1. Drafting the Indian Constitution — Dr. Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting
committee of the Indian Constitution. He played a crucial role in drafting the
Constitution, which has been the backbone of India's democratic system for over
seven decades. He foresaw the challenges that an independent India would face and
drafted the Constitution in such a way that it could accommodate the diverse cultural,
linguistic, and religious backgrounds of the people of India.
2. Reservation policy — Dr. Ambedkar's foresight in recognizing the plight of the
marginalized communities in India led to the inclusion of reservation policies in the
Constitution. These policies aimed to provide equal opportunities to the socially and
economically backward sections of society and helped them overcome the centuriesold discrimination they faced.
3. Labour laws — Dr. Ambedkar foresaw the exploitation of labourers in the postindependence era and advocated for the inclusion of labour laws in the Constitution.
These laws aimed to protect the rights of workers and ensure their fair treatment in the
workplace.
4. Women's rights — Dr. Ambedkar was a staunch advocate of women's rights and
foresaw the need to provide equal opportunities and rights to women. He played a
crucial role in the inclusion of several provisions in the Constitution that aimed to
promote gender equality and women's empowerment.
5. Social reforms — Dr. Ambedkar recognized the need for social reforms in India and
played a crucial role in the abolition of caste-based discrimination and the promotion
of inter-caste marriages. His foresight in recognising the need for social reforms
helped India move towards a more egalitarian society.
Question 4
The Indian Constitution has taken the best features from the Constitutions of countries around
the world. Make a list of few of these features stating which country inspired them and how
have they been modified to suit the needs of our country.
Answer
The Indian Constitution has taken following features from the Constitutions of countries
around the world:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Concurrent list (Australia)
Joint-sitting of two houses of parliament (Australia)
Directive principles of state policy (Ireland)
Nomination of Rajya Sabha Members
Fundamental Duties (Russia)
Parliamentary Government (UK)
Single Citizenship (UK)
Ideals of Liberty, equality and fraternity (France)
Makers of our constitution gathered the best features of all the existing constitutions and
modified them with a view to avoid the faults that have been disclosed in their constitution.
The ideas have been modified as per the need of our country. For example, to avoid the dead
lock condition arising due to differences between Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha, provision of
joint sitting was incorporated.
Question 5
Trace how the Republic Day has been celebrated over the years.
Answer
Republic Day celebrations in India have evolved over the years, reflecting the changing
priorities and aspirations of the nation. However, the underlying spirit of national pride and
patriotism has remained constant throughout the years. Here is a brief history of how
Republic Day has been celebrated in India over the years:
1. First Republic Day Celebration (1950) — The first Republic Day was celebrated on
January 26, 1950, with a grand parade held at Rajpath in New Delhi. The parade
showcased India's diverse cultural heritage, and it was attended by representatives
from various countries.
2. First Chief Guest (1951) — The first chief guest at the Republic Day parade was
Indonesian President Sukarno in 1951. Since then, India has invited guests from
different countries each year to attend the celebrations.
3. Integration of States (1956) — In 1956, India celebrated Republic Day with the
theme of "Integration of States." This was a significant event in India's history, as it
marked the reorganization of states on linguistic lines.
4. Beating Retreat (1950s) — The Beating Retreat ceremony, which marks the end of
the Republic Day celebrations, was introduced in the 1950s. It is held on January 29th
every year and features a display of military bands.
5. First Presidential Address (1952) — The first Presidential address on Republic Day
was delivered by Dr. Rajendra Prasad in 1952. Since then, it has become a tradition
for the President of India to address the nation on this occasion.
6. Cultural Programmes (1960s) — In the 1960s, Republic Day celebrations included
cultural programs from different parts of the country. These programs showcased the
rich diversity of India's cultural heritage.
7. Military Parade (1970s) — In the 1970s, the Republic Day parade became more
focused on the display of India's military might. The parade included a display of
tanks, missiles, and other weapons.
8. Technology Showcase (1990s) — In the 1990s, the Republic Day parade began to
showcase India's technological advancements. This included displays of satellites,
space vehicles, and other technological innovations.
9. Women Empowerment (2019) — In 2019, the theme of Republic Day was "Nari
Shakti," which means "Women's Power." The parade showcased women's
achievements in various fields, including the armed forces, science, and sports.
10. Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav (2022) — In 2022, as India celebrated 75 years of
independence the theme of Republic Day was "Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav".
11. Jan-Bhagidari (2023) — The theme of Republic Day in 2023 was Jan-Bhagidari
which means participation of people.
STUDY MATERIAL
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5. Salient Features of the Constitution — II
History — Chapter 1
The Harappan Civilisation
History — Chapter 2
The Vedic Period
History — Chapter 3
Jainism and Buddhism
History — Chapter 4
The Mauryan Empire
History — Chapter 5
The Sangam Age
History — Chapter 6
The Age of the Guptas
History — Chapter 7
Medieval India — (A) The Cholas
History — Chapter 8
Medieval India — (B) The Delhi Sultanate
History — Chapter 9
Medieval India — (C) The Mughal Empire
History — Chapter 10
Medieval India — (D) Composite Culture
History — Chapter 11
The Modern Age in Europe — (A) Renaissance
History — Chapter 12
The Modern Age in Europe — (B) Reformation
History — Chapter 13
The Modern Age in Europe — (C) Industrial Revolution
Civics — Chapter 1
Our Constitution
Civics — Chapter 2
Salient Features of the Constitution — I
Civics — Chapter 3
Salient Features of the Constitution — II
Civics — Chapter 4
Elections
Civics — Chapter 5
Local Self-Government — Rural
Civics — Chapter 6
Local Self-Government — Urban
Appendix 2
Specimen Paper
Civics — Chapter 3
Salient Features of the
Constitution — II
Class 9 - Total History & Civics
Solutions
Multiple-Choice Questions
Question 1
Which of the following constitute the guidelines given in the Constitution for governance of
the Country?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fundamental Rights and Duties
Directive Principles of State Policy
Laws in the Constitution
None of the above
Answer
Directive Principles of State Policy
Question 2
Which of the following formed the sources for drafting the Directive Principles of State
Policy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Irish Constitution
UN Human Rights Charter
Mahatma Gandhi's ideas
All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 3
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the Directive Principles?
1. They provide a measure to judge a government's performance
2. They provide a framework for political, social and economic programmes for a
modern democratic state
3. They enlighten and educate people about profitability for the nation
4. They provide a direction to courts in respect of safeguarding rights of the citizens
Answer
They enlighten and educate people about profitability for the nation
Question 4
A Welfare state is a state which seeks
1.
2.
3.
4.
to be most profitable.
to be the most economically stable.
to ensure maximum happiness of maximum number of people living in its territory
to provide healthcare to its people.
Answer
to ensure maximum happiness of maximum number of people living in its territory
Question 5
Which of the following measures reflect the implementation of Directive Principles by the
government?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Untouchability made a punishable offence
The Right to Education Act
Reservations for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS)
All of the above
Answer
All of the above
Question 6
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana : Housing :: Ayushman Bharat : ...............
1.
2.
3.
4.
Employment
Health
Insurance
None of the above.
Answer
Health
Short Answer Questions
Question 1
What are known as Directive Principles of State Policy? In which part of the constitution are
Directive Principles incorporated?
Answer
The Directive Principles of state policy are the guidelines to be followed by the government
in the governance of the country. They are not a substitute for laws of the country. The
government has to take them into consideration while making laws.
Directive Principles are incorporated in part IV of the constitution, under Article 36 to 51.
Question 2
Name four important source of Directive Principles.
Answer
Four important sources of Directive Principles are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Constitution of the Irish Republic
The Ideas of Mahatma Gandhi
The Charter of Human Rights framed by the United Nations
The declaration of the rights of Man and Citizens of revolutionary France
Question 3
When the Directive Principles are not enforceable by law courts, why have they been
incorporated in the Constitution?
Answer
The Directive Principles are not enforceable by law courts, still they are very important. This
importance stems from following:
1. Directive Principles are in the nature of a pledge made by the framers of the
Constitution to the people of India. They provide a framework, political, social and
economic programme for a modern democratic State.
2. The Directive Principles give guidelines to the governments to make laws and draft
their policies, according to these fundamental principles. They provide an element of
permanence in a democracy.
3. They provide a measure to judge a government's performance.
4. They enlighten and educate the people of what they can expect from the politicians
whom they vote to power.
5. They provide a direction to Courts in respect of safeguarding the rights of the citizens.
Question 4
What happens in case of any conflict between the Directive Principles and Fundamental
Rights? Give reason to support your answer.
Answer
In case of any conflict between the Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights, the former
shall prevail. This is because the welfare of the people as a whole is of paramount importance
over that of an individual.
Question 5
Name any one measure taken by the Government towards implementation of the Directive
Principles of State Policy.
Answer
'The Right to Education' Act is one of the measures taken by the Government towards
implementation of the Directive Principles of State Policy.
The Right to Education Act has made it mandatory for every child between the ages of 6-14
to be provided free education in all government and government aided schools. The Act also
requires all private schools to reserve 25% of seats for the children belonging to economically
weaker sections of the society as a part of the public-private partnership plan.
Structured Questions
Question 1
There are differences of opinion regarding the significance of both the Directive Principles
and the Fundamental Rights. In this context explain the following:
(a) State any three differences between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of
State Policy.
(b) How do the Directive Principles complement Fundamental Rights?
(c) What is the importance of Directive Principles?
Answer
(a) Three differences between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights are:
Sl.
No.
Directive Principles
Fundamental Rights
1
Directive Principles are provided in
Part-IV of the constitution.
Fundamental Rights are provided in Part-III of
the constitution.
2
Directive Principles are not
justiciable or enforceable by any
court of law.
Fundamental Rights are justiciable. The citizens
can seek protection from a High Court or
Supreme Court in case of infringement.
3
Directive Principles are meant for
the government to create certain
privileges for the citizens
Fundamental Rights are privileges in existence
for the citizens to enjoy.
(b) Although the Directive Principles are not justiciable like Fundamental Rights but they are
necessary for creating an atmosphere where Fundamental Rights can be enjoyed. The
Directive Principles give guidelines to the Government to make laws and draft their policies
in accordance to the welfare of people. They provide a direction to the Courts in respect of
safeguarding the rights of the citizens. Thus we can say that the Directive Principles and the
Fundamental Rights complement each other.
(c) The importance of the Directive Principles are following:
1. Directive Principles are in the nature of a pledge made by the framers of the
Constitution to the people of India. They provide a framework, political, social and
economic programme for a modern democratic State.
2. The Directive Principles give guidelines to the governments to make laws and draft
their policies, according to these fundamental principles. They provide an element of
permanence in a democracy.
3. They provide a measure to judge a government's performance.
4. They enlighten and educate the people of what they can expect from the politicians
whom they vote to power.
5. They provide a direction to Courts in respect of safeguarding the rights of the citizens.
6. The Directive Principles direct the government to move towards the goal of a Welfare
State. They reflect the ideas of Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity mentioned in
the Preamble.
7. Since public opinion backs the Directive Principles, the goal of establishing social and
economic order is clearly laid out before the government.
8. The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 provides that if a law is made to give effect to any of
the Directive Principles it will not be declared unconstitutional even if it takes away
any of the rights under Articles 14, 19 and 31.
Question 2
With reference to the concept of a 'Welfare State', answer the following questions:
(a) What is meant by a 'Welfare State'?
(b) How does the Constitution of India seek to establish India as a Welfare State?
(c) Mention any four government schemes aimed at social upliftment of the poor.
Answer
(a) A Welfare State is a state which seeks to ensure the maximum happiness of maximum
number of people living within its territory.
(b) The Constitution of India seeks to established India as a Welfare State. Although the
words "Welfare State" are not specifically mentioned in the constitution, the aims and
objectives of a Welfare State are clearly pointed out in the Directive Principles of State
Policy. These Directives emphasise that the goal of the Indian Polity is a Welfare State,
where the State has a positive duty to ensure to its citizens social and economic justice and
dignity to the individual.
(c) Four government schemes aimed at social upliftment of the poor are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ayushman Bharat Yojna
Pradhan Mantri Samaan Nidhi Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (Housing for All)
Thinking Skills
Question 1
Why do you think the Directive Principles of State Policy are not justiciable by any court of
law? Give reasons to support your answer.
Answer
The Directive Principles of State Policy are not justiciable by any court of law because they
are only a set of guidelines for policy makers or the government. They are called so because
the government has to take them in consideration while making laws. These principles
contain lofty ideas, deep human thoughts, belief and knowledge. The policy makers can take
these thoughts and ideas into consideration while making laws in a way to create certain
privileges for the citizens of India. The directive Principles have wider scope as they deal
with wide range of subjects and aim at establishment of a welfare state. They are not rules or
rights and therefore, they are not justiciable. They are just moral obligation on state authority
for establishment of a welfare state.
Question 2
Suppose you are made the minister for Social Welfare. What measures would you initiate for
the welfare of weaker sections of the society?
Answer
Weaker section of society in India in ordinary sense refers to the section of population who
are socially, economically, politically and educationally backward than the other section.
They suffer due to their backwardness. Our constitution has many provisions for welfare of
weaker sections in Indian society. The Directive principles provide us guideline for drafting
policies for them.
If I would have been made Minister of Social Welfare, I would have given emphasis on their
education because education is the ultimate tool that can help them to uplift their conditions.
They should be aware about their rights. My priorities for their upliftment would have been:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Providing them with healthcare and education facilities.
Self employment schemes for them in order to make them self dependent.
Provisions for vocational training of men and women.
Eradicating corruption as it will help to realization of all the policies made for the
people.