ENGLISH 250
By: Fàtma alotaibi
. A and An
. The
the = definite articles + Noun (singular/plural specific or
known).
1- Use the when talking or writing about a singular, countable noun that is
already known or
understood by the reader, or it has been previously mentioned.
Ex: The moon shines at night. (reader knows there is only one moon /
understood).
2- Use the when the noun is definite. Many clauses and phrases make the noun
known
(specific) by telling the reader which person, object, or thing is being referred to.
Ex: The book on the desk is written by Azar. (not the book on the chair or in the
bag).
3- Use the when writing about *specific people involved in a procedure.
Ex: The doctor and anesthetist monitored the patient during the procedure.
4- Use the with parts of the body Blockage of an artery to the heart can cause
a heart attack. (there’s only one heart)
Ex: A patient may experience weakness and numbness in the legs. (legs are
body parts).
5- Use the with ordinal numbers and ordinal adjectives
Ex: The initial stages, The next step, The following step, The last step, The final
steps the initial stages involve preparation.
6- Use the with superlative adjectives + noun
Ex: Panadol is the most effective medication for headaches. (= the best
medication).
Punctuation
COMMA ,
Full stop ( period) .
Colon :
✅
🚨🚨🚨
🚨🚨🚨
❌
❌
Use a colon to introduce a series of items, such as
additional details, explanations, lists, causes,
symptoms, etc.
* These could be noun, gerund, or infinitive phrases.
Ex: The patient had many reasons for joining the health
club: to become stronger, meet new people, and lose
weight.
Do NOT
use a colon before a list when it
directly follows a verb or preposition.
The stroke patient needs: speech therapy, physical
therapy, a wheelchair, and an adjustable bed.
The stroke patient needs help with: speech therapy,
physical therapy, a wheelchair, and an adjustable
bed.
The stroke patient needs a range of support: speech
therapy, physical therapy, a wheelchair, and an
adjustable bed.
SEMICOLON ;
* A semicolon can replace a period in order to narrow the
gap bet ween t wo closely related sentences.
1- A semicolon separates t wo independent clauses. One or
both of the ICs are short and the ideas are closely related.
Ex: Following a healthy diet reduces the risk of
atherosclerosis; exercising regularly is also important.
2- A semicolon can be used before words such as however,
therefore, for example, when they introduce a complete
sentence. Use a comma after these words.
Ex: A number of factors increase the likelihood of
developing lung cancer; however, the main cause is
cigarette smoking.
Note: A semicolon does not come at the end of a sentence,
so the word after a semicolon does not have a capital
letter, unless it is a proper noun, acronym, or the pronoun I.
Question mark