Dy-Er
1
Dy-Er (Dysprosium-Erbium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have been determined by Spedding et al. [73Spe1]. The results, as shown by Gschneidner
jr. et al. [83Gsc2], are presented in Fig. 1.
Calculations of the phase equilibria (Shiflet et al. [79Shi1]) are in fairly good agreement with those
determined experimentally.
The gap between liquidus and solidus is too narrow to demonstrate it quantitatively in Fig. 1. The
combination of solid-solid and of liquid-solid equilibria (at ≈ 50 at% Er) causes a peritectic reaction.
Fig. 1. Dy-Er. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
For close packed hexagonal solid solutions Spedding et al. [73Spe1] have determined lattice parameters.
The results are given in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Er
Fig. 2. Dy-Er. Lattice parameters for cph (Dy, Er) solid solution.
References
73Spe1
79Shi1
83Gsc2
Spedding, F.H., Sanden, B., Beaudry, B.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 31 (1973) 1
Shiflet, G.J., Lee, J.K., Aaronson, H.I.: CALPHAD 3 (1979) 129
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 290
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
Dy-Fe
1
Dy-Fe (Dysprosium-Iron)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria in this system have been determined by van der Goot et al. [70Goo1] using thermal
analysis, metallographic observations and X-ray diffractography. The phase diagram thus constructed has
been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and from there it has been taken for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Fe. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Fe
2
Table 1. Dy-Fe. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
DyFe 2
cub
Cu 2 Mg
0.7335
DyFe 3
hex
Be 3 Nb
0.5123
Dy 6 Fe 23
cub
Mn 23 Th 6
1.2055
Dy 2 Fe 17
hex
Ni 17 Th 2
0.8453
c [nm]
2.4570
0.8287
Ref.
70Goo1, 81And1, 85Kas1,
78Bur1
70Goo1, 70Dar1, 84Plu1,
76Ari1, 85Lon1
70Goo1, 70Dar1, 65Kri3,
77Oes1, 65Kri3
70Goo1, 82Rad1, 83Rad1
Metastable phases
By melt spinning, Buschow [81Bus2] has prepared amorphous alloys containing 31 at% Fe. The
crystallization behavior has been investigated.
References
65Kri3
70Dar1
70Goo1
76Ari1
77Oes1
78Bur1
81And1
81Bus2
82Rad1
83Rad1
84Plu1
85Kas1
85Lon1
90Mas1
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 468
Dariel, M.P., Erez, G.: J. Less-Common Met. 70 (1970) 360
van der Goot, A.S., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 21 (1970) 151
Arif, S.K., Bunbury, D.S.P.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 33 (1976) 91
Oesterreicher, H., McNeely, D.: J. Less-Common Met. 53 (1977) 235
Burzo, E.: Phys. Rev. B 17 (1978) 1414
Andreyev, A.V., Deryagin, A.V., Zadverkin, S.M., Moskalev, V.N.: Fiz. Met. Metalloved.
51 (1981) 64
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 79 (1981) 9
Radwanski, R.J., Figiel, H., Krop, K., Warchol, S.: Solid State Commun. 41 (1982) 921
Radwanski, R.J., Krop, K.: Physica B + C (Amsterdam) 119 (1983) 180
Plusa, D., Pfranger, R., Wyslocki, B.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 40 (1984) 271
Kasprzyk, A., Zarek, W., Slabarski, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 105 (1985) 231
Long-huan, J., James, W.J., Rhyne, J., Lemaire, R.: Chin. Phys. Lett. 2 (1985) 253
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ga
1
Dy-Ga (Dysprosium-Gallium)
Phase diagram
Yatsenko et al. [79Yat1], Pelleg et al. [81Pel1] and Cirafici et al. [81Cir1] have done investigations
concerning phase equilibria. From the results obtained, Moffatt [82Mof1] has constructed a phase
diagram, which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1]. From there information was taken to draw
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Ga. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ga
2
Table 1. Dy-Ga. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Dy 5 Ga 3
tetr
Cr 5 B 3
0.7642
DyGa
DyGa 2
orth
hex
CrB
AlB 2
0.4300
0.42011
α-DyGa 3
β-DyGa 3
γ-DyGa 3
DyGa 6
hex
hex
cub
tetr
Ga 3 Pu
Pd 2 RhTa
AuCu 3
PuGa 6
0.6169
0.6170
0.4271
0.5923
b [nm]
1.089
c [nm]
Ref.
1.391
69Dzy1, 68Pal1,
79Yat1
61Bae1, 67Dwi1
61Bae2, 86Dou1,
61Has1
81Cir1
81Cir1
81Cir1
81Pel1, 86Tag1
0.4067
0.40655
2.7726
2.3035
0.7543
References
61Bae1
61Bae2
61Has1
67Dwi1
68Pal1
69Dzy1
79Yat1
81Cir1
81Pel1
82Mof1
86Dou1
86Tag1
90Mas1
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 946
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Haszko, S.E.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 221 (1961) 201
Dwight, A.E., Downey, J.W., Conner jr., R.A.: Acta Crystallogr. 23 (1967) 860
Palenzona, A., Franceschi, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 14 (1968) 47
Dzyana, D.I., Kripyakevich, P.I.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR, Ser. A (1969) 247
Yatsenko, S.P., Semyannikov, A.A., Semenov, B.G., Chuntonov, K.A.: J. Less-Common
Met. 64 (1979) 185
Cirafici, S., Franceschi, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 77 (1981) 269
Pelleg, J., Kimmel, G., Dayan, D.: J. Less-Common Met. 81 (1981) 33
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Doukoure, M., Gignoux, D., Sayetat, F.: Solid State Commun. 58 (1986) 713
Tagawa, Y., Sakurai, J., Komura, Y., Ishimasa, T.: J. Less-Common Met. 119 (1986) 269
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Gd
1
Dy-Gd (Dysprosium-Gadolinium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram was published by Markova et al. [71Mar1] but without mentioning the source of the
diagram. The solidus is slightly curved with an obviously tiny solid-liquid gap. Gschneidner jr. et al.
[83Gsc3] proposed a straight line between the melting points of the components as the most probable
solidus-liquidus combination. The same could be true for the phase transition (α-Dy, α-Gd) ↔ (β-Dy, βGd). Such phase equilibria were accepted and given in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Gd.Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Also, taken from Markova et al. [71Mar1], Gschneidner jr. et al. [83Gsc3] have presented a plot of lattice
parameters for the hexagonal (α-Dy, α-Gd) solid solutions. The information taken from there is given in
Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Gd
2
Fig. 2. Dy-Gd. Lattice parameters for hexago-nal (α-Dy, α-Gd) solid solution.
References
71Mar1
83Gsc3
Markova, I.A., Torchinova, R.S., Terekhova, V.E., Savitskii, E.M., in: "Diagrammy
Sostoyaniya Metallicheskikh Sistem", N.V. Ageev, O.S. Ivanov, (eds.), Izdetelstvo Nauka,
Moscow (1971), p. 170
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 291
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ge
1
Dy-Ge (Dysprosium-Germanium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have been determined by Eremenko et al. [77Ere1, 80Ere2]. Using the data obtained,
Moffatt [82Mof1] has drawn a phase diagram, which has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Ge. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ge
2
Table 1. Dy-Ge. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Dy 5 Ge 3
hex
Mn 5 Si 3
0.8432
Dy 5 Ge 4
DyGe
α-Dy 2 Ge 3
Dy 3 Ge 5
DyGe 2
DyGe 3
orth
orth
hex
orth
orth
orth
Ge 4 Sm 5
CrB
AlB 2
0.7603
0.4254
0.3654
0.5729
0.4100
0.4042
TbGe 2
b [nm]
1.6440
1.0617
1.7190
2.953
2.720
c [nm]
Ref.
0.6511
69May1, 64Gla5,
69Nar1, 64Bae1
67Hol1, 67Smi1
61Bae1, 88Bus1
64Gla4, 66Sek1
90Sch1
90Sch1
92Sch1
0.7680
0.7793
0.4146
1.3678
0.4005
0.3919
References
61Bae1
64Bae1
64Gla4
64Gla5
66Sek1
67Hol1
67Smi1
69May1
69Nar1
77Ere1
80Ere2
82Mof1
88Bus1
90Sch1
92Sch1
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 946
Baenziger, N.C., Hegenbarth, J.J.: Acta Crystallogr. 17 (1964) 620
Gladyshevskii, E.I.: Zh. Strukt. Khim. 5 (1964) 523
Gladyshevskii, E.I.: Zh. Strukt. Khim. 5 (1964) 852
Sekizawa, K.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 21 (1966) 1137
Holtzberg, F., Gambino, R.J., McGuire, T.R.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 28 (1967) 2283
Smith, G.S., Tharp, A.G., Johnson, Q.: Acta Crystallogr. 22 (1967) 940
Mayer, I., Shidlovsky, I.: Inorg. Chem. 8 (1969) 1240
Narasimhan, U.S.V.L., Steinfink, H., Ganapathy, E.V.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 40
(1969) 51
Eremenko, V.N., Batalin, V.G., Buyanov, Yu.I., Obushenko, I.M.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk
Ukr. RSR, Ser. B (1977) 516
Eremenko, V.N., Obushenko, I.M.: Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram. (Engl. Transl.)
(1980) 482
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Buschow, K.H.J., Schobinger-Papamantellos, P., Fischer, P.: J. Less-Common Met. 139
(1988) 221
Schobinger-Papamantellos, P., de Mooij, D.B., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met.
163 (1990) 319
Schobinger-Papamantellos, P., de Mooij, D.B., J. Buschow, K.H.: J. Less-Common Met.
183 (1992) 181
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-H
1
Dy-H (Dysprosium-Hydrogen)
Phase diagram
The homogeneity ranges of intermediate phases have been determined by Mulford [58Mul1] and were
presented also by Massalski [90Mas1]. From there information for the partial phase diagram has been
taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-H. Partial phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of hexagonal (α-Dy) solid solutions as a function of temperature have been determined
by Daou et al. [81Dao1]. The results are plotted in Fig. 2.
The temperature dependence of the lattice parameter of DyH 2 (cubic, CaF 2 -type) has been measured,
too [Bonnet et al. [77Bon1]). The results obtained are given in Fig. 3 (see also Pebler et al. [62Peb1]).
The structure of the DyH 3 phase has been investigated by Pebler et al. [62Peb1] and Mansmann et al.
[64Man2]. They stated that the crystal structure of this hydride is hexagonal of HoH 3 -type. The lattice
parameters obtained are a = 0.6358 nm, c = 0.6615 nm and a = 0.6359 nm, c = 0.6615 nm, respectively.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-H
2
Fig. 2. Dy-H. Lattice parameters vs. temperature for hexagonal (α-Dy) solid solution containing 20 at% H.
Fig. 3. Dy-H. Lattice parameter vs. temperature for cubic, CaF2-type, DyH2 intermediate phase.
References
58Mul1
62Peb1
64Man2
77Bon1
81Dao1
90Mas1
Mulford, R.N.R.: USAEC, AECU-3813 (1958)
Pebler, A., Wallace, W.E.: J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 148
Mansmann, M., Wallace, W.E.: J. Phys. (Orsay, Fr.) 25 (1964) 454
Bonnet, J.E., Daou, J.N.: J. Appl. Phys. 48 (1977) 964
Daou, J.N., Chiheb, M., Lukasson, P.: J. Less-Common Met. 79 (1981) 65
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Hg
1
Dy-Hg (Dysprosium-Mercury)
Phase diagram
By reaction of dysprosium with mercury Kirchmayr et al. [66Kir1] have proposed three intermediate
phases. In analogy to the Pr-Hg phase diagram Moffatt [86Mof1] has constructed speculative phase
equilibria in the Dy-rich part and in analogy to the La-Hg system in the middle part of the Dy-Hg system.
From there information was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Hg. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Hg
2
Table 1. Dy-Hg. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
DyHg
DyHg 2
DyHg 3
cub
hex
hex
CsCl
AlB 2
Ni 3 Sn
0.3676
0.4817
0.6543
0.3474
0.4880
65Ian1, 64Kir1
64Kir1, 68Ian1
66Pal3, 64Lau1, 64Kir1
References
64Kir1
64Lau1
65Ian1
66Kir1
66Pal3
68Ian1
86Mof1
Kirchmayr, H.R.: Monatsh. Chem. 95 (1964) 1667
Laube, E., Kusma, J.B.: Monatsh. Chem. 95 (1964) 1504
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Kirchmayr, H.R., Lugscheider, W.: Z. Metallkd. 57 (1966) 725
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1966) 290
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 15 (1968) 273
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ho
1
Dy-Ho (Dysprosium-Holmium)
Phase diagram
Using thermal analysis, metallographic techniques and X-ray diffractography, Spedding et al. [73Spe1]
have investigated phase equilibria of this system. It could not be differentiated between liquidus and
solidus, for the gap between them is too narrow. The same is true for the equilibria concerning phase
transition bcc → cph on the Dy-side of the system. Therefore a simple combination of two lines was used
to construct the phase diagram. This is also shown in the same manner in the review by Gschneidner jr. et
al. [83Gsc4] and thus it is taken for Fig. 1, too.
The combination of liquid-solid and solid-solid equilibria at ≈ 75 at% Ho (see Fig. 1) results in a
peritectic reaction. Shiflet et al. [79Shi1] corroborated in principle the experimentally determined Dy-Ho
phase diagram by thermodynamic calculation. They found the peritectic reaction at somewhat lower
concentration and lower temperature than shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Ho. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of hexagonal (α-Dy, α-Ho) solid solutions have been determined by Spedding et al.
[73Spe1] and by Sirota et al. [70Sir1]. The results obtained by [73Spe1] are given in Fig. 2. The a-values
published by [70Sir1] are in agreement with those given by [73Spe1], while their c-values are deviating
positively from Vegard's law.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ho
2
Fig. 2. Dy-Ho. Lattice parameters for cph (α-Dy, α-Ho) solid solution.
References
70Sir1
73Spe1
79Shi1
83Gsc4
Sirota, N.N., Semirenko, V.V.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1970) 209; Russ. Metall.
(1970) 167
Spedding, F.H., Sanden, B., Beaudry, B.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 31 (1973) 1
Shiflet, G.J., Lee, J.K., Aaronson, H.I.: CALPHAD 3 (1979) 129
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 293
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-I
1
Dy-I (Dysprosium-Iodine)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been published by Johnson et al. [69Joh1] and was redrawn by Moffatt [78Mof1].
From there information has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-I. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
The structure of DyI 3 is hexagonal (BiI 3 (I)-type) with lattice parameters a = 0.7488 nm, c = 2.0833 nm
(Asprey et al. [64Asp1]).
References
64Asp1
69Joh1
78Mof1
Asprey, L.B., Keenan, T.K., Kruse, F.H.: Inorg. Chem. 3 (1964) 1137
Johnson, D.A., Corbett, J.D., in: "Les Eléments des Terres Rares", Vol. 1; Paris-Grenoble
Conference (1969)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1978)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-In
1
Dy-In (Dysprosium-Indium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been determined by Kuvandykov et al. [82Kuv1] (differential thermal analysis
and X-ray diffractography) and was assessed by Moffatt [83Mof1] and by Okamoto [90Oka1]. From the
latter sources information was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-In. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-In
2
Table 1. Dy-In. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Dy 3 In
(metastable)
Dy 2 In
tetr
AuCu
hex
Dy 5 In 3
DyIn
Dy 3 In 5
DyIn 3
tetr
cub
orth
cub
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.4602
0.4945
61Bae2
InNi 2
0.5346
0.6677
Si 3 W 5
CsCl
Pd 5 Pu 3
AuCu 3
1.2170
0.37866
0.9835
0.4576
0.5988
68Pal2, 88Baz1,
83Yat2
74Fra1, 83Yat2
61Bae2, 83Yat2
81Del1
69Arn1, 69Bus1,
65Har1, 64Kuz1
0.799
1.026
References
61Bae2
64Kuz1
65Har1
68Pal2
69Arn1
69Bus1
74Fra1
81Del1
82Kuv1
83Mof1
83Yat2
88Baz1
90Oka1
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Kuzma, Yu.B., Markiv, V.Ya.: Kristallografiya 9 (1964) 279
Harris, I.R., Raynor, G.V.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 7
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 16 (1968) 379
Arnold, G., Nereson, N.: J. Chem. Phys. 51 (1969) 1495
Buschow, K.H.J., de Wijn, H.W., van Diepen, A.M.: J. Chem. Phys. 50 (1969) 137
Franceschi, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 37 (1974) 157
Delfino, S., Saccone, A., Mazzone, D., Ferro, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 81 (1981) 45
Kuvandykov, O.I., Shakarov, O.Kh., Yatsenko, S.P., Semyanikova, A.A., Saidov, M.S.:
Dokl. Akad. Nauk UzSSR (1982) 28
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1983)
Yatsenko, S.P., Semyannikov, A.A., Shakarov, H.O., Fedorova, E.G.: J. Less-Common
Met. 90 (1983) 95
Bazela, W., Szytula, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 138 (1988) 123
Okamoto, H., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski
(editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ir
1
Dy-Ir (Dysprosium-Iridium)
Phase diagram
On the basis of the sequence of intermediate phases (Blazina et al. [87Bla1]) Moffatt [89Mof1] has
constructed hypothetical solid-liquid equilibria. From there information was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Ir. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
DyIr 3 is not included in Fig. 1. Dy 5 Ir 3 exists in two modifications, α-Dy 5 Ir 3 at low temperatures and
β-Dy 5 Ir 3 at high temperatures.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ir
2
Table 1. Dy-Ir. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Dy 3 Ir
Dy 5 Ir 2
orth
mon
Fe 3 C
B 2 Pd 5
0.7187
1.5676
0.6344
0.7197
79LeR1
80LeR2
β-Dy 5 Ir 3 (h)
α-Dy 5 Ir 3 (l)
Dy 3 Ir 2
DyIr 2
DyIr 3
hex
tetr
tetr
cub
cub
Mn 5 Si 3
Pu 5 Rh 3
Rh 2 Y 3
Cu 2 Mg
Cu 3 Au
0.8172
1.0866
1.1183
0.7517
0.3842
0.9237
0.6442
β = 96.89°
0.6334
0.6276
2.500
82LeR1
80LeR1
80LeR1
66Dwi1, 65Ell1
87Nia1, 85Yua1,
89Yua1
References
65Ell1
66Dwi1
79LeR1
80LeR1
80LeR2
82LeR1
85Yua1
87Bla1
87Nia1
89Mof1
89Yua1
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Dwight, A.E., Downey, J.W., Conner jr., R.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 236 (1966) 1509
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 35 (1979) 1437
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 76 (1980) 131
Le Roy, J., Paccard, D., Moreau, J.M.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) P11
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D.: J. Less-Common Met. 86 (1982) 63
Yuan-tao, N., Xin-ming, Z., Yun, Z., Nian-yi, C., Hua, X., Jian-zhong, Z.: Xiyou Jinshu
(Rare Metals) 4 (1985) 31
Blazina, Z., Mohanty, R.C., Raman, A.: Z. Metallkd. 78 (1987) 485
Nianyi, C., Hua, X., Chuaanzheng, Y.: Acta Metall. Sin. (Chin. Ed.) 23 (1987) B145
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1989)
Yuan-Tao, N., Xin-Ming, Z., Yun, Z., Nian-Yi, C., Hua, X., Jian-Zhong, Z.: J. LessCommon Met. 147 (1989) 167
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-La
1
Dy-La (Dysprosium-Lanthanum)
Phase diagram
No experimentally determined phase equilibria could be found in the literature. Krizek et al. [74Kri1]
have investigated crystal structure of solid solutions and have estimated the width of the Sm-type
hexagonal phase at room temperature. On the basis of this information Moffatt [83Mof1] has constructed
a speculative phase diagram, which was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-La. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of solid solutions, as mentioned above, have been determined by Krizek et al.
[74Kri1]. The results, as also reported by Gschneidner jr. et al. [82Gsc1], are given in Fig. 2. At the Laside of the system there is an appreciable scatter of values of lattice parameters. Therefore the values
determined are given point by point.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-La
2
Fig. 2. Dy-La. Lattice parameters for cph, Sm-type, and dcph solid solutions. Solid lines: Vegard's law.
References
74Kri1
82Gsc1
83Mof1
Krizek, H., Taylor, K.N.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 38 (1974) 263
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 2 (1982) 447
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-La
(1983)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
3
Dy-Lu
1
Dy-Lu (Dysprosium-Lutetium)
Phase diagram
On information taken from Gschneidner jr. [85Gsc1], Moffatt [86Mof1] has constructed a qualitative
phase diagram, which was the basis for Fig. 1. The two-phase gaps are too narrow to be demonstrated in
this figure. At 18 at% Lu, obviously, there is a tiny peritectic region.
Fig. 1. Dy-Lu. Phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
86Mof1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Mg
1
Dy-Mg (Dysprosium-Magnesium)
Phase diagram
On the basis of experimental work done by Miller et al. [64Mil1], Joseph et al. [65Jos1] and Rokhlin
[78Rok1], Nayeb-Hashemi et al. [90Nay1] have published an assessed phase diagram. Later on, using
differential thermal analysis, metallographic examinations and X-ray diffractography, Saccone et al.
[91Sac1] have carefully redetermined the phase equilibria. From there information was taken to construct
Fig. 1.
The decomposition of supersaturated (Mg) solid solutions has been investigated by Rokhlin [83Rok1].
Fig. 1. Dy-Mg. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Mg
2
Table 1. Dy-Mg. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
DyMg
cub
CsCl
0.3776
DyMg 2
hex
MgZn 2
0.6029
DyMg x
(x ≅ 2)
DyMg 3
Dy 5 Mg 24
cub
NaTl
0.7402
cub
cub
BiF 3
Mn
0.7296
1.1264
(Mg)
3.5 at% Dy
hex
Mg
0.3218
c [nm]
Ref.
0.9767
91Sac1, 65Ian1, 73Bus1,
64Mil1, 67Kri1
91Sac1, 67Kri1, 78Bus1,
81Loi1
67Kri1
0.5215
91Sac1, 67Kri1
91Sac1, 78Kri1, 64Kri1,
62Kri2
91Sac1
References
62Kri2
64Kri1
64Mil1
65Ian1
65Jos1
67Kri1
73Bus1
78Bus1
78Kri1
78Rok1
81Loi1
83Rok1
90Nay1
91Sac1
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR (1962) 1612
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I., Gladyshevskii, E.I.: Kristallografiya 9 (1964) 330
Miller, A.E., Daane, A.H.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 230 (1964) 568
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Joseph, R.R., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 233 (1965) 2063
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 355 (1967) 104
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 33 (1973) 239
Buschow, K.H.J., Sherwood, R.C., Hsu, F.S.L.: J. Appl. Phys. 49 (1978) 1510
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I., Gladyshevskii, E.I.: Kristallografiya 9 (1978) 410
Rokhlin, L.L., in: "Probl. Metalloved. Tsvetn. Splavov", Zhavoronkov, N.M. (ed.), Izd.
Nauka, Moscow (1978) p. 59
Loidl, A., Knorr, K., Mullner, M., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Appl. Phys. 52 (1981) 1433
Rokhlin, L.L.: Phys. Met. Metallogr. (Engl Transl.) 55 (1983) 98
Nayeb-Hashemi, A.A., Clark, J.B., Massalski, in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second
Edition, Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials
Park, Ohio (1990)
Saccone, A., Delfino, S., Maccio, D., Ferro, R.: Z. Metallkd. 82 (1991) 568
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Mn
1
Dy-Mn (Dysprosium-Manganese)
Phase diagram
Using differential thermal analysis, Kirchmayr et al. [67Kir1] have investigated the phase equilibria. The
phase diagram obtained has been redrawn by Moffatt [85Mof1] and from there information was taken to
construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Mn.Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
DyMn 5 (see Table 1), investigated by Nassau et al. [60Nas1], has not been found by Kirchmayr et al.
[67Kir1] and therefore has not been included in Fig. 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Mn
2
Table 1. Dy-Mn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
DyMn 2
cub
Cu 2 Mg
0.7575
DyMn 2
> 3.1 GPa
Dy 6 Mn 23
hex
MgZn 2
0.5356
cub
Mn 23 Th 6
1.2358
DyMn 5
DyMn 12
orth
tetr
Mn 12 Th
0.718
0.8579
b [nm]
0.440
c [nm]
Ref.
0.8744
85Nag1, 81Mal2,
62Wer1
72Eat1
0.311
0.4763
67Kir2, 65Kri2,
65Kri3
60Nas1
67Kir2, 66Wan1
References
60Nas1
62Wer1
65Kri2
65Kri3
66Wan1
67Kir1
67Kir2
72Eat1
81Mal2
85Mof1
85Nag1
Nassau, K., Cherry, L.V., Wallace, W.E.: Phys. Chem. Solids 16 (1960) 123
Wernick, J.H., Haszko, S.E., Dovsi, D.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 23 (1962) 567
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P., Voroshilov, Yu.V.: Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram.
(Engl. Transl.) 4 (1965) 915
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 468
Wang, F.E., Gilfrich, J.V.: Acta Crystallogr. 21 (1966) 476
Kirchmayr, H.R., Lugscheider, W.: Z. Metallkd. 58 (1967) 185
Kirchmayr, H.R.: Z. Kristallogr. 124 (1967) 152
Eatough, N.L., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 11 (1972) 2608
Malik, S.K., Wallace, W.E.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 24 (1981) 23
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Nagai, H., Oguro, I.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 54 (1985) 466
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Mo
1
Dy-Mo (Dysprosium-Molybdenum)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
Brewer et al. [80Bre2] have estimated thermodynamic values of this system, which have been used by
Moffatt [82Mof1] to calculate a phase diagram. This diagram was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Mo. Calculated phase diagram.
References
80Bre2
82Mof1
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its
Compounds, and Alloys", L. Brewer (ed.), Atomic Energy Review Special Issue No. 7,
IAEA, Vienna (1980)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-N
1
Dy-N (Dysprosium-Nitrogen)
The phase diagram is not known.
Crystallographic data of dysprosium nitrides are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Dy-N. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Ref.
DyN
cub
NaCl
0.4890
Dy 2 N 3
cub
Mn 2 O 3
1.058
79Ett1, 56Kle1, 80Ett1,
63Bus1
72Kie1, 91Vil1
References
56Kle1
63Bus1
72Kie1
79Ett1
80Ett1
91Vil1
Klemm, W., Winkelmann, G.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 288 (1956) 87
Busch, G., Junod, P., Vogt, O., Hulliger, F.: Phys. Lett. 6 (1963) 79
Kieffer, R., Ettmayer, P., Pajakoff, S.: Monatsh. Chem. 103 (1972) 1285
Ettmayer, P., Waldhart, J., Vendl, A.: Monatsh. Chem. 110 (1979) 1109
Ettmayer, P., Waldhart, J., Vendl, A., Banik, G.: Monatsh. Chem. 111 (1980) 1185
Villars, P., Calvert, L.D.: "Pearson's Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic
Phases", Second Edition, Vol. 3, Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1991)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Nd
1
Dy-Nd (Dysprosium-Neodymium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been determined by Kobzenko et al. [72Kob2] using thermal analysis,
metallographic observations, dilatometric measurements and X-ray diffractography. According to these
investigations, the hexagonal Sm-type δ-phase is formed by cooling in a peritectoid reaction of (α-Nd)
with (α-Dy) at ≈ 1100 K. Regarding results obtained by Lundin [66Lun1] and Koch et al. [71Koc1] this
seems to be unprobable. Thus Gschneidner jr. et al. [82Gsc3], adjusting the phase equilibria to the lattice
spacings published by Chatterjee et al. [72Cha3], has proposed an assessed phase diagram, which has
been taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Nd. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for alloys within the whole concentration range of the system have been determined
by Chatterjee et al. [72Cha3] and for concentrations > 84 at% Nd by Arajas et al. [65Ara1]. The results
have been presented and discussed by Gschneidner jr. et al. [82Gsc3]. From there information has been
taken to draw Fig. 2. To demonstrate the scatter of the lattice parameter values and the manner of
deviation from Vegard's law, the individual data points were shown in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Nd
2
Fig. 2. Dy-Nd. Lattice parameters for cph, Sm-type, and dcph solid solutions. Circles and open triangles [72Cha3],
solid triangles [65Ara1]. Solid lines: Vegard's law.
References
65Ara1
66Lun1
71Koc1
72Cha3
72Kob2
82Gsc3
Arajas, S., Colvin, R.V., Chessin, H.: J. Less-Common Met. 8 (1965) 186
Lundin, C.E.: Final Report AD-633558, Denver Res. Inst. Univ. Denver, Denver, CO
(1966)
Koch, C.C., Mardon, P.G., McHargue, C.J.: Metall. Trans. 2 (1971) 1095
Chatterjee, D., Taylor, K.N.R.: J. Phys. F 2 (1972) 151
Kobzenko, G.F., Svechnikov, V.N., Martynchuk, E.L.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR, Ser.
A (1972) 563
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 3 (1982) 348
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ni
1
Dy-Ni (Dysprosium-Nickel)
Phase diagram
On the basis of phase equilibria determined experimentally by Zheng et al. [82Zhe1], Pan et al. [90Pan1]
have proposed an assessed phase diagram, which has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
According to findings by Zheng et al. [82Zhe1] a mutual solid solubility of the components could not
be detected. Obviously, Dy 2 Ni 7 shows a phase transformation, the temperature of which is not known.
Fig. 1. Dy-Ni. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ni
2
Table 1. Dy-Ni. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Dy 3 Ni
Dy 3 Ni 2
orth
mon
Fe 3 C
Dy 3 Ni 2
0.685
1.3321
DyNi
orth
FeB
0.5353
0.960
0.626
0.3662
0.9512
β = 105.72°
0.4319
0.6895
DyNi 2
cub
Cu 2 Mg
0.7160
DyNi 2
(< 20 K)
DyNi 3
Dy 2 Ni 7 (l)
tetr
hex
hex
Dy 2 Ni 7 (h)
DyNi 5
Dy 2 Ni 17
0.7134
0.7146
Be 3 Nb
Co 7 Er 2
0.4959
0.4928
2.4370
3.618
hex
Ce 2 Ni 7
0.4928
2.41
hex
hex
CaCu 5
Ni 17 Th 2
0.4869
0.8299
0.3969
0.8037
Ref.
67Lem2
74Mor1
61Bae1, 72Gig1,
65Dwi2
81Mar2, 78Bur1,
85Sok1
81Mar2
74Tsa1, 70Bus1
67Lem1, 69Lem1,
70Bus1
70Bus1, 67Lem1,
69Lem1
59Wer1, 61Bae2
66Bus2, 68Car1
Metastable phases
Using melt spinning as a technique of rapid quenching of liquid alloys, Klement et al. [60Kle1] and
Hannon et al. [91Han1] have prepared and investigated amorphous alloys with ≈ 30 at% Ni (atomic and
magnetic structure).
Thermodynamics
Using tin solution calorimetry, Schott et al. [86Sch2] have determined the enthalpy of formation of some
intermediate phases of the Dy-Ni system. The results are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Dy-Ni. Enthalpy of formation
of intermediate phases.
Phase
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ]
Dy 3 Ni
DyNi
DyNi 2
DyNi 5
– 22.2(25)
– 33.4(19)
– 32.6(18)
– 25.1(9)
References
59Wer1
Wernick, J.H., Geller, S.: Acta Crystallogr. 12 (1959) 662
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ni
60Kle1
61Bae1
61Bae2
65Dwi2
66Bus2
67Lem1
67Lem2
68Car1
69Lem1
70Bus1
72Gig1
74Mor1
74Tsa1
78Bur1
81Mar2
82Zhe1
85Sok1
86Sch2
90Pan1
91Han1
3
Klement jr., W., Willens, R.H., Duwez, P.: Nature (London) 187 (1960) 869
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 946
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Dwight, A.E., Conner jr., R.A., Downey, J.W.: Acta Crystallogr. 18 (1965) 837
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966) 204
Lemaire, R., Paccard, D., Panthenet, R.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. B 265 (1967) 1280
Lemaire, R., Paccard, D.: Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 90 (1967) 311
Carfagna, P.D., Wallace, W.E.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 39 (1968) 5259
Lemaire, R., Paccard, D.: Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 92 (1969) 9
Buschow, K.H.J., van der Goot, A.S.: J. Less-Common Met. 22 (1970) 419
Gignoux, D., Shah, J.S.: Solid State Commun. 11 (1972) 1709
Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 30 (1974) 2583
Tsai, S.C., Narashimhan, K.S.V.L., Kunosh, C.J., Buteva, R.A.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York)
45 (1974) 3582
Burzo, E.: Phys. Rev. B 17 (1978) 1414
Markosyan, A.S.: Fiz. Tverd. Tela (Leningrad) 23 (1981) 670
Zheng, J., Wang, C.: Acta Physiol. Sin. 31 (1982) 668
Sokolowskaya, E.M., Rayevskaya, M.V., Kazakova, E.F., Ilias, A.I., Pastushenkova, M.A.,
Bodak, O.I.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1985) 196
Schott, J., Sommer, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 119 (1986) 307
Pan, Y.Y., Nash, P., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B.
Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Hannon, A.C., Wright, A.C., Sinclair, R.N.: Mater. Sci. Eng.A134 (1991) 883
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-O
1
Dy-O (Dysprosium-Oxygen)
A phase diagram could not be found in the literature.
The only stable oxide, Dy 2 O 3 , exists in two modifications. The transition temperature amounts to
2423 K (Warshaw et al. [61War2]; Jorba et al. [61Jor1] found 2573 K). The crystallographic data are
given in Table 1.
Metastable phase
By evaporation under vacuum Kashaev et al. [75Kas1] have prepared the metastable phase Dy 2 O 3 (cubic;
CaF 2 structure), see Table 1, in the shape of thin films.
Table 1. Dy-O. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
α-Dy 2 O 3 (l)
cub
Mn 2 O 3
1.0665
β-Dy 2 O 3 (h)
mon
Sm 2 O 3
1.397
CaF 2
0.521
b [nm]
c [nm]
0.3519
0.8661
β = 100.00°
Ref.
73Cur1, 84Tay2,
70Rud1
66Hoe1, 69Sec1
Metastable phase
Dy 2 O 3
cub
75Kas1
References
61Jor1
61War2
66Hoe1
69Sec1
70Rud1
73Cur1
75Kas1
84Tay2
Jorba, M.P., Querroux, F., Collugues, R.: Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 84 (1961) 401
Warshaw, I., Roy, R.: J. Phys. Chem. 65 (1961) 2048
Hoekstra, H.R.: Inorg. Chem. 5 (1966) 754
Seck, H.A., Dachille, F., Roy, R.: Inorg. Chem. 8 (1969) 165
Rudenko, V.S., Boganov, A.G.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Neorg. Mater. 6 (1970) 1893
Curzon, A.E., Chlebek, H.G.: J. Phys. F 3 (1973) 1
Kashaev, A.A., Ushchapovskii, L.V., Ilin, A.G.: Kristallografiya 20 (1975) 114
Taylor, D.: Trans. J. Brit. Ceram. Soc. 83 (1984) 92
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Os
1
Dy-Os (Dysprosium-Osmium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for both intermediate phases existing in this system are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Dy-Os. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Dy 3 Os
DyOs 2
orth
hex
Fe 3 C
MgZn 2
0.7347
0.5307
0.9064
0.6254
0.8792
80San1, 80Pal1
65Ell1, 66Dwi1
References
65Ell1
66Dwi1
80Pal1
80San1
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Dwight, A.E., Downey, J.W., Conner jr., R.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 236 (1966) 1509
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) P 21
Sanjines-Zeballos, R., Chabot, B., Parthé, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) P17
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-P
1
Dy-P (Dysprosium-Phosphorus)
Phase equilibria of this system are not yet investigated.
The DyP intermediate phase exists in two modifications. The crystallographic data of these
modifications are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Dy-P. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
DyP
(T > 10.5 K)
DyP
(T < 10.5 K)
cub
NaCl
0.5653
tetr
0.5655
c [nm]
Ref.
63Bus1, 61Olc1, 69Lév1
0.5638
69Lév1
References
61Olc1
63Bus1
69Lév1
Olcese, G.L.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 31 (1961) 256
Busch, G., Junod, P., Vogt, O., Hulliger, F.: Phys. Lett. 6 (1963) 79
Lévy, F.: Phys. Kondens. Mater. 10 (1969) 85
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pb
1
Dy-Pb (Dysprosium-Lead)
Phase diagram
Thermal analysis, metallographic methods and X-ray diffractography have been applied by McMasters et
al. [68McM1] to establish the phase diagram. The results were taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Pb. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are summarized in Table 1 as far as experimental results are
obtainable.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pb
2
Table 1. Dy-Pb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Dy 5 Pb 3
hex
Mn 5 Si 3
0.8957
Dy 5 Pb 4
DyPb 3
orth
cub
Ge 4 Sm 5
Cu 3 Au
0.8127
0.4806
b [nm]
1.546
c [nm]
Ref.
0.6546
66Pal1, 68McM1,
67Jei1
69Mer1, 68McM1
68McM1, 64Kuz2
0.8194
References
64Kuz2
66Pal1
67Jei1
68McM1
69Mer1
Kuzma, Yu.B., Skolozdra, R.V., Markiv, V.Ya.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR (1964)
1070
Palenzona, A., Fornasini, M.L.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 40
(1966) 1040
Jeitschko, W., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr. 22 (1967) 551
McMasters, O.D., O'Keefe, T.J., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 242
(1968) 936
Merlo, F., Fornasini, M.L.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 46 (1969)
265
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pd
1
Dy-Pd (Dysprosium-Palladinum)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been established by Loebich jr. et al. [73Loe1]. As experimental methods these
authors used thermal analysis, metallographic observations and X-ray diffractography. Massalski
[90Mas1] has assessed this diagram regarding results obtained by Palenzona et al. [74Pal2] and Takao et
al. [89Tak1] (concerning the stoichiometry of intermediate compounds). A minor assessment followed by
Borzone et al. [90Bor1]. For Fig. 1 information was taken from [90Mas1].
Fig. 1. Dy-Pd. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermedite phases are compiled in Table 1.
Dependence of lattice parameters of (Pd) solid solution on concentration (at 1073 K) have been
determined by Loebich et al. [73Loe1]. The results are given in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pd
2
Table 1. Dy-Pd. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Dy 5 Pd 2
cub
Dy 5 Pd 2
1.3529
Dy 3 Pd 2
α-DyPd
(≤ 798 K)
β-DyPd
(≥ 798 K)
Dy 3 Pd 4
DyPd 3
tetr
orth
Si 2 U 3
FeB
0.7767
0.6921
cub
CsCl
0.3486
hex
cub
Pd 4 Pu 3
Cu 3 Au
1.3131
0.40694
b [nm]
0.4561
c [nm]
Ref.
0.3893
0.5532
74For1
(but see also:
73Loe1, 64Ber1)
73Loe1
82Kle1
73Loe1, 75Pal1
0.5690
74Pal2
72Gar1, 73Erd1,
81Dha1
Fig. 2. Dy-Pd. Lattice parameter for fcc (Pd) solid solution at 1073 K.
Thermodynamics
Applying the Knudsen effusion method, Zaitsev et al. [82Zai2] have determined vapor pressures of Dy
and of Pd above Dy-Pd alloys. From the temperature dependence of the vapor pressures integral
enthalpies of formation, ∆H S , and integral entropies of formation, ∆S S , have been calculated. The results
are given in Table 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pd
3
Table 2. Dy-Pd. Enthalpy of formation, ∆H S , and
entropy of formation, ∆S S , of intermediate phases.
Phase
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ] ∆S S [J g-atom –1 K]
DyPd
Dy 4 Pd 5
Dy 2 Pd 3
DyPd 2
DyPd 3
– 60.5(33)
– 62.0(36)
– 62.1(39)
– 61.0(43)
– 56.0(47)
– 1.1(21)
– 2.0(27)
– 2.2(29)
– 2.0(32)
– 1.4(35)
References
64Ber1
72Gar1
73Erd1
73Loe1
74For1
74Pal2
75Pal1
81Dha1
82Kle1
82Zai2
89Tak1
90Bor1
90Mas1
Berkowitz, A.E., Holtzberg, F., Methfessel, S.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 35 (1964) 1030
Gardner, W.E., Penfold, J., Smith, T.F., Harris, I.R.: J. Phys. F 2 (1972) 133
Erdmann, B., Keller, C.: J. Solid State Chem. 7 (1973) 40
Loebich jr., O., Raub, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 30 (1973) 47
Fornasini, M.L., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 38 (1974) 77
Palenzona, A., Iandelli, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 34 (1974) 121
Palenzona, A., Cirafici, S.: Thermochim. Acta 12 (1975) 267
Dhar, S.K., Malik, S.K., Vijayaraghavan, R.: Mater. Res. Bull. 16 (1981) 1557
Klepp, K., Parthé, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 85 (1982) 181
Zaitsev, A.I., Priselkov, Yu.A., Nesmeyanov, A.N.: Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 20 (1982) 866
Takao, K., Sakamoto, Y., Yoshida, M.: J. Less-Common Met. 152 (1989) 115
Borzone, G., Cacciamani, G., Ferro, R.: CALPHAD 14 (1990) 139
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pm
1
Dy-Pm (Dysprosium-Promethium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram is not determined experimentally.
Basing on information taken from Gschneidner jr. [85Gsc1], Moffatt [87Mof1] has constructed a
speculative phase diagram, which is similar to that of the Gd-Nd system. This hypothetical diagram was
taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Pm. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
87Mof1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Po
1
Dy-Po (Dysprosium-Pollonium)
A phase diagram is not known.
By reaction of Dy with Po at 1073 K the intermediate DyPo phase results (Kershner et al. [66Ker1]).
It melts incongruently at 2321 K.
The crystal structure of DyPo, also according to Kershner et al. [66Ker1], is cubic of NaCl-type. The
lattice constant amounts to 0.6214 nm.
References
66Ker1
Kershner, C.J., de Sando, R.J., Heidelberg, R.F., Steinmeyer, R.H.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.
28 (1966) 1581
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pr
1
Dy-Pr (Dysprosium-Praseodymium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
Taking information given by Gschneidner jr. [85Gsc1], Moffatt [87Mof1] has drawn a speculative
phase diagram in analogy to that of the Gd-Nd system. The diagram has been taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Pr. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
87Mof1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pt
1
Dy-Pt (Dysprosium-Platinum)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have not been determined experimentally.
Moffatt [85Mof1] supposed that the Dy-Pt phase diagram should be analogous to that of the Er-Pt
system. Taking existing intermediate phases known in the literature, he thus drew a hypothetical phase
diagram, which has been used to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Pt. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate compounds are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pt
2
Table 1. Dy-Pt. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Dy 3 Pt
Dy 2 Pt
Dy 5 Pt 3
Dy 5 Pt 4
DyPt
orth
orth
hex
orth
orth
Fe 3 C
Co 2 Si
Mn 5 Si 3
Ge 4 Sm 5
FeB
0.7049
0.7101
0.8367
0.7452
0.6974
0.9485
0.4747
0.6417
0.8731
0.6210
0.7526
0.5542
Dy 3 Pt 4
DyPt 2
DyPt 3
hex
cub
cub
Pd 4 Pu 3
Cu 2 Mg
Cu 3 Au
1.3107
0.7602
0.40723
DyPt 5
orth
79LeR1
78LeR2
78LeR2
78LeR1
80Cas1, 65Dwi2,
82Kle1
77Pal1
65Ell1, 61Bae2
69Arn1, 68Har1,
61Bae2
73Lue1, 67Bro2
0.5237
1.4533
0.4479
0.5673
0.9098
0.2647
Thermodynamics
At concentrations up to 62 at% Pt Zaitsev et al. [82Zai1] have determined Dy vapor pressures (at five
different Pt concentrations). From the published partial Gibbs free enthalpy values for dysprosium,
ln a Dy -values have been calculated and presented in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Dy-Pt. Thermodynamic activity of Dy in solid solutions at 1430 K.
References
61Bae2
65Dwi2
65Ell1
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Dwight, A.E., Conner jr., R.A., Downey, J.W.: Acta Crystallogr. 18 (1965) 837
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pt
67Bro2
68Har1
69Arn1
73Lue1
77Pal1
78LeR1
78LeR2
79LeR1
80Cas1
82Kle1
82Zai1
85Mof1
3
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Bronger, W.: J. Less-Common Met. 12 (1967) 63
Harris, I.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 14 (1968) 459
Arnold, G., Nereson, N.: J. Chem. Phys. 51 (1969) 1495
Lueken, H., Bronger, W.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 395 (1973) 203
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 53 (1977) 133
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 34 (1978) 3315
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 34 (1978) 9
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 35 (1979) 1437
Castets, A., Gignoux, D., Gomez-Sal, J.C.: J. Solid State Chem. 31 (1980) 197
Klepp, K., Parthé, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 85 (1982) 181
Zaitsev, A.I., Priselkov, Yu.A., Nesmeyanov, A.N.: Teplofiz. Vys. Temp. 20 (1982) 1081
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Pu
1
Dy-Pu (Dysprosium-Plutonium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
On the basis of information on phase equilibria given by Storhok [63Sto1] (solubility of Pu in (α-Dy),
and of Dy in (ε-Pu); no intermediate phases), Moffatt [87Mof1] has constructed a tentative phase
diagram, which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and from there has been taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Pu. Tentative phase diagram.
References
63Sto1
87Mof1
90Mas1
Storhok, V.W.: React. Mater. 6 (1963) 14
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Re
1
Dy-Re (Dysprosium-Rhenium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Elliott [65Ell1] found the intermediate phase DyRe 2 . Its structure is hexagonal (MgZn 2 -type). Lattice
parameters are: a = 0.5391 nm, c = 0.8804 nm (Elliott [65Ell1], Badayeva et al. [70Bad1], Savitskii et al.
[65Sav2]).
References
65Ell1
65Sav2
70Bad1
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Savitskii, E.M., Khamidov, O.Kh.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 1 (1965) 1693
Badayeva, T.A., Dashevskaya, L.I.: Russ. Metall. (Engl. Transl.) (1970) 136
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Rh
1
Dy-Rh (Dysprosium-Rhodium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have not been determined experimentally.
Accepting the intermediate phases available in the literature, Moffatt [90Mof1] has constructed a
tentative phase diagram, which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1]. From there information was
taken for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Rh. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Rh
2
Table 1. Dy-Rh. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Dy 3 Rh
Dy 7 Rh 3
α-Dy 5 Rh 3
β-Dy 5 Rh 3
Dy 3 Rh 2
DyRh
orth
hex
cub
hex
tetr
cub
Fe 3 C
Fe 3 Th 7
0.9397
0.6276
0.6107
Mn 5 Si 3
Rh 2 Y 3
CsCl
0.4142
0.9749
1.530
0.8152
1.116
0.3394
DyRh 2
cub
Cu 2 Mg
0.7447
DyRh 5
hex
CaCu 5
0.5144
73Gha2
73Olc1, 73Gha2
73Gha2
73Gha2, 82LeR1
76Mor1
72Cha1, 65Dwi2,
76Loe1
76Loe1, 73Gha2,
61Dwi1
73Gha2
0.6288
2.507
0.4294
References
61Dwi1
65Dwi2
72Cha1
73Gha2
73Olc1
76Loe1
76Mor1
82LeR1
90Mas1
90Mof1
Dwight, A.E.: Trans. Am. Soc. Met. 53 (1961) 479
Dwight, A.E., Conner jr., R.A., Downey, J.W.: Acta Crystallogr. 18 (1965) 837
Chamard-Bois, R., van Nhung, N., Yakinthos, J., Wintenberger, M.: Solid State Commun.
10 (1972) 685
Ghassem, H., Raman, A.: Z. Metallkd. 64 (1973) 197
Olcese, G.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 33 (1973) 71
Loebich jr., O., Raub, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 1
Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 32 (1976) 1767
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D.: J. Less-Common Met. 86 (1982) 63
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ru
1
Dy-Ru (Dysprosium-Ruthenium)
Phase diagram
Experimental investigations of phase equilibria have been performed by Loebich et al. [76Loe2].
Regarding results obtained by Palenzona [79Pal1] and Sharifrazi et al. [84Sha1] concerning intermediate
phases, Moffatt [85Mof1] has constructed an assessed phase diagram, which has been redrawn by
Massalski [90Mas1] and from there has been taken for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Ru. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ru
2
Table 1. Dy-Ru. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Dy 3 Ru
orth
Fe 3 C
0.7275
0.9175
0.6247
Dy 5 Ru 2
mon
B 2 Pd 5
1.5676
0.7278
DyRu 2
hex
MgZn 2
0.5265
0.6281
β = 97.38°
84Sha1, 79Pal1,
80San1
79Pal1, 84Sha1,
80Cen1
65Ell1, 66Dwi1,
84Sha1
0.8852
References
65Ell1
66Dwi1
76Loe2
79Pal1
80Cen1
80San1
84Sha1
85Mof1
90Mas1
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Dwight, A.E., Downey, J.W., Conner jr., R.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 236 (1966) 1509
Loebich jr., O., Raub, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 7
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 66 (1979) P27
Cenzual, K., Palenzona, A., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 36 (1980) 1631
Sanjines-Zeballos, R., Chabot, B., Parthé, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) P17
Sharifrazi, P., Mohanty, R.C., Raman, A.: Z. Metallkd. 75 (1984) 801
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-S
1
Dy-S (Dysprosium-Sulfur)
Phase diagram
On the basis of phase equilibria determined experimentally by Vasileva et al. [80Vas1], Moffatt [81Mof1]
has drawn a phase diagram, which was assessed by Massalski [90Mas1] regarding the results obtained by
Flahaut et al. [59Fla1] (polymorphic transformations in the Dy2 S 3 phase; incorporating the DyS 2 phase
found by [59Fla1]). This assessed phase diagram has been taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-S. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallogrpahic data for intermediate phases are presented in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-S
2
Table 1. Dy-S. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
β-DyS
(> 35 K)
α-DyS
(< 35 K)
Dy 5 S 7
cub
NaCl
0.5477
mon
α-Dy 2 S 3
mon
β-Dy 2 S 3
γ-Dy 2 S 3
DyS 2
orth
cub
tetr
tetr
b [nm]
0.5489
Y5S7
1.2785
1.7496
La 2 S 3
Th 3 P 4
0.7307
0.8286
0.769
High-pressure, high-temperature phases
cub
Cu 2 Mg
0.7809
DyS 2
DyS 2
tetr
Cu 2 Sb
0.3848
0.3813
β = 104.85°
0.4022
β = 98.67°
0.3890
c [nm]
Ref.
0.5453
82Hul1, 74Dra1,
80Vas1
82Hul1
1.1565
1.0183
1.523
65Ado1, 64Ado1,
68Ado1
68Sle1
0.785
72Gri1
89And1, 80Vas1
59Fla1
0.7861
70Web1
70Web1
References
59Fla1
64Ado1
65Ado1
68Ado1
68Sle1
70Web1
72Gri1
74Dra1
80Vas1
81Mof1
82Hul1
89And1
90Mas1
Flahaut, J., Guittard, M., Partie, M.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 26 (1959) 1917
Adolphe, C., Guittard, M., Laurelle, P.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 258 (1964) 4773
Adolphe, C.: Ann. Chim. (Paris) 10 (1965) 271
Adolphe, C., Laruelle, P.: Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 91 (1968) 219
Sleight, A.W., Prewitt, C.T.: Inorg. Chem. 7 (1968) 2282
Webb, A.W., Hall, A.T.: Inorg. Chem. 9 (1970) 1084
Grizik, A.A., Eliseev, A.A., Tolstova, V.A., Shmidt, E.V.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 17 (1972) 5
Drafall, L.E., McCarthey, G.J., Sipe, C.A., White, W.B.: Proc. Rare Earth Res. Conf., 11th,
Michigan, 1974 2 (1974) 954
Vasilev, I.G., Sokolov, V.V., Mironov, K.E., Kamarzin, A.A.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.)
16 (1980) 272
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1981)
Hulliger, F., Landolt, M., Schmelczer, R.: Rare Earths Mod. Sci. Technol. 3 (1982) 455
Andreev, O.V.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 34 (1989) 764
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Sb
1
Dy-Sb (Dysprosium-Antimony)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram has been published by Mironov et al. [79Mir1] and
Mironov et al. [80Mir1]. The results were taken by Massalski et al. [90Mas1] to draw an assessed phase
diagram, which was used to construct Fig. 1. This phase diagram is in disagreement with the older, partial
phase diagram determined by Gambino [67Gam1].
Fig. 1. Dy-Sb. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are summarized in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Sb
2
Table 1. Dy-Sb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Dy 5 Sb 3
hex
Mn 5 Si 3
0.8870
α-Dy 4 Sb 3
(< 1903 K)
α-DySb
(< 2163 K)
α'-DySb
cub
Th 3 P 4
0.9114
cub
NaCl
0.6155
tetr
CoO
0.6154
HoSb 2
0.3273
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.6266
0.6113
68Rie1, 86Abd1,
86Abd2
88Fer1, 67Gam1,
66Hoh2
88Fer1, 86Abd2,
69Lév1, 90Abd1
69Lév1
0.7965
69Eat1
High-pressure phase
DySb 2
(6 GPa and
1273 K)
orth
0.5888
Thermodynamics
By reaction calorimetry starting from compacted mixtures of powders of the components, Ferro et al.
[88Fer1] have determined enthalpies of formation, ∆H S , of intermediate phases. The results are given in
Table 2.
Table 2. Dy-Sb. Enthalpy of formation of intermediate
phases [80Fer1].
Phase
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ]
Dy 5 Sb 3
Dy 4 Sb 3
DySb
≈ DySb 2
– 105.5
– 111.5
– 114
– 76
References
66Hoh2
67Gam1
68Rie1
69Eat1
69Lév1
79Mir1
80Fer1
80Mir1
86Abd1
Hohnke, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr. 21 (1966) 435
Gambino, R.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 12 (1967) 344
Rieger, W., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 24 (1968) 456
Eatough, N.L., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 8 (1969) 1439
Lévy, F.: Phys. Kondens. Mater. 10 (1969) 85
Mironov, K.E., Burnashev, O.E.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 245 (1979) 1163; Dokl. Phys.
Chem. 245 (1979) 333
Ferro, R., Borzone, G., Cacciamani, G.: Thermochim. Acta 129 (1980) 99
Mironov, K.E., Abdusalyamova, M.N., Burnashev, O.R.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Neorg.
Mater. 16 (1980) 1951; Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 16 (1980) 1332
Abdusalyamova, M.N., Abuchaev, V.D., Levitin, R.Z., Markosijan, A.S., Popov, V.E.,
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Sb
86Abd2
88Fer1
90Abd1
90Mas1
3
Yumeguzhin, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 120 (1986) 281
Abdusalyamova, M.N., Burnashev, D.R., Mironov, K.Y.: J. Less-Common Met. 125
(1986) 1
Ferro, R., Borzone, G., Cacciamani, G.: Thermochim. Acta 129 (1988) 99
Abdusalyamova, M.N., Shokirov, H.S., Rakhmatov, O.I.: J. Less-Common Met. 166
(1990) 221
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Se
1
Dy-Se (Dysprosium-Selenium)
A phase diagram for this system is not available.
Crystallographic data of intermediate compounds are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Dy-Se. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
α-DySe
(<35 K)
β-DySe
DySe
(metastable)
Dy 3 Se 4
Dy 2 Se 3
tetr
Dy 2 Se 3
Dy 2 Sb 3
DySe 2
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.5699
0.5672
82Hul1
0.698
61Olc1
77Sin1
cub
hex
NaCl
ZnS
0.5713
0.400
cub
orth
Th 3 P 4
Sb 2 S 3
0.8622
1.110
tetr
cub
tetr
Cu 2 Sb
NaCl
Cu 2 Sb
0.3985
0.579
0.3985
b [nm]
0.401
1.088
0.8193
0.8193
64Gui1, 63Gui1
64Gui1, 65Fla1,
76Ran1
67Wan1
63Gui1, 64Gui1
67Wan1
References
61Olc1
63Gui1
64Gui1
65Fla1
67Wan1
76Ran1
77Sin1
82Hul1
Olcese, G.L.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 31 (1961) 256
Guittard, M., Flahaut, J., Domange, L.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 256 (1963) 427
Guittard, M., Benacerraf, A., Flahaut, J.: Ann. Chim. (Paris) 9 (1964) 25
Flahaut, J., Domange, L., Guittard, M., Pardo, M.P.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 31 (1965) 326
Wang, R., Steinfink, H.: Inorg. Chem. 6 (1967) 1685
Range, K.J., Leeb, R.: Z. Naturforsch. B 31 (1976) 685
Singh, A.K., Srivastava, O.N.: Z. Metallkd. 68 (1977) 768
Hulliger, F., Landolt, M., Schmelczer, R.: Rare Earths Mod. Sci. Technol. 3 (1982) 455
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Si
1
Dy-Si (Dysprosium-Silicon)
The phase diagram is not available.
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Dy-Si. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Dy 5 Si 3
hex
Mn 5 Si 3
0.8379
Dy 5 Si 4
α-DySi
β-DySi
orth
orth
orth
Ge 4 Sm 5
CrB
FeB
0.7373
0.4237
0.7844
α-DySi 2 (l)
hex
AlB 2
0.3831
β-DySi 2
orth
Gd 2 Si 3
0.4045
γ-DySi 2
(> 813 K)
tetr
Si 2 Th
0.39739
b [nm]
1.4536
1.0494
0.3820
c [nm]
Ref.
0.6290
72May1, 74May1,
83Saf1
67Hol1, 67Smi1
65Par2, 66Hoh1
66Hoh1, 64Gla2,
65Par2
79Ian2, 67May1,
86Kol1
60Bin1, 68May1,
79Nes1
79Nes1, 59Per1
0.7675
0.3818
0.5668
0.4121
0.3935
1.3319
1.3676
References
59Per1
60Bin1
64Gla2
65Par2
66Hoh1
67Hol1
67May1
67Smi1
68May1
72May1
74May1
79Ian2
79Nes1
83Saf1
86Kol1
Perri, J.A., Banks, E., Post, B.: J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 2073
Binder, I.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 43 (1960) 287
Gladyshevskii, E.I., Kripyakevich, P.I.: J. Struct. Chem. 5 (1964) 789
Parthé, E., Hohnke, D., Jeitschko, W., Schob, O.: Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965) 155
Hohnke, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr. 20 (1966) 572
Holtzberg, F., Gambino, R.J., McGuire, T.R.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 28 (1967) 2283
Mayer, I., Yanir, E., Shidlovsky, I.: Inorg. Chem. 6 (1967) 842
Smith, G.S., Tharp, A.G., Johnson, Q.: Acta Crystallogr. 22 (1967) 940
Mayer, I., Eshdat, Y.: Inorg. Chem. 7 (1968) 1904
Mayer, I., Felner, I.: J. Less-Common Met. 29 (1972) 25
Mayer, I., Fellner, I.: J. Less-Common Met. 37 (1974) 171
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A., Olcese, G.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 64 (1979) 213
Nesper, R., von Schnering, H.G., Curda, J.: Solid Compounds of Transition Elements VI,
Int. Conf., Stuttgart, 1979 (1979) 150
Safonov, V.N., Geld, P.V., Sychev, N.I., Kalishevich, G.I., Vereshchagin, Yu.A.: Fiz.
Tverd. Tela (Leningrad) 25 (1983) 1604
Koleshko, V.M., Belitsky, V.F., Khodin, A.A.: Thin Solid Films 141 (1986) 277
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Sm
1
Dy-Sm (Dysprosium-Samarium)
Phase diagram
No experimentally determined phase diagram is available.
Taking information from Gschneidenr jr. [85Gsc1], Moffatt [86Mof1] has constructed a tentative
phase diagram of this system in analogy to the Gd-Sm system. This rather qualitative diagram has been
taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Sm. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
86Mof1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Sn
1
Dy-Sn (Dysprosium-Tin)
Phase diagram
Applying differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction methods, Chen et al. [83Che1] have
determined the phase equilibria in the Dy-Sn system. Later on, Eremenko et al. [92Ere1] reinvestigated
the phase diagram by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffractography and metallographic analysis.
The results of the latter authors [92Ere1] have been taken to draw Fig. 1. It should be mentioned that the
diagram in Fig. 1 is not in agreement with that given by Chen et al. [83Che1].
Fig. 1. Dy-Sn. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Sn
2
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
Table 1. Dy-Sn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
α-Dy 5 Sn 3
hex
Mn 5 S 3
0.8884
Dy 5 Sn 4
Dy 11 Sn 10
DySn 2
DySn 3
DySn 3
(4 GPa and
1073 K)
orth
tetr
orth
orth
cub
Ge 4 Sm 5
Ge 10 Ho 11
Si 2 Zr
Gd 4 Sn 11
AuCu 3
0.7966
1.1503
0.4391
0.4387
0.4659
b [nm]
1.538
1.6233
0.4336
c [nm]
Ref.
0.6484
67Jei1, 66Pal2,
92Ere1
71For1, 92Ere1
71For1, 92Ere1
66Ian1, 92Ere1
88Kor1
72Mil1
0.8105
1.688
0.4300
2.1804
Thermodynamics
By tin solution calorimetry Sommer et al. [88Som1] have determined the partial enthalpy of mixing of
dysprosium in liquid Dy-Sn alloys at infinite dilution. The results are given in Table 2. The ∆H Dy
obtained by [88Som1] is consistent with the value published by Bacha et al. [72Bac1].
Table 2. Dy-Sn. Partial enthalpy of mixing of Dy in liquid
alloys at infinite dilution.
0
T [K]
–1
∆H Dy [kJ g-atom ]
Ref.
957
1098
1273
1379
1478
– 156.1(48)
– 157.6(22)
– 149.7(28)
– 150.5(28)
– 147.7(16)
72Bac1
88Som1
88Som1
88Som1
88Som1
References
66Ian1
66Pal2
67Jei1
71For1
72Bac1
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 40 (1966)
623
Palenzona, A., Merlo, F.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 40 (1966)
617
Jeitschko, W., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr. 22 (1967) 551
Fornasini, M.L., Merlo, F.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 50 (1971)
186
Bacha, A., Chatillon-Colinet, C., Percheron, A., Mathieu, J.C.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci.,
Ser. C 275 (1972) 921
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Sn
72Mil1
83Che1
88Kor1
88Som1
92Ere1
3
Miller, K., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 11 (1972) 1188
Chen, R.Z., Zheng, J.X.: Acta Physiol. Sin. 32 (1983) 933
Koretskaya, O.E., Komarovskaya, L.P., Skolozdra, R.V.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Neorg.
Mater. 24 (1988) 1112
Sommer, F., Schott, J., Krull, H.G.: J. Less-Common Met. 144 (1988) 53
Eremenko, V.N., Bulanova, M.V., Martsenjuk, P.S.: J. Alloys Compounds 189 (1992) 229
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ta
1
Dy-Ta (Dysprosium-Tantalum)
Phase diagram
The solubility of Ta in liquid Dy up to ≈ 2100 K has been determined by Dennison et al. [66Den1]. No
intermediate phases have been found in this system. In analogy to the La-Ta and the Ta-Y systems,
Moffatt [80Mof1] has drawn a schematic phase diagram, which has been taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Ta. Tentative phase diagram.
References
66Den1
80Mof1
Dennison, D.H., Tschetter, M.J., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1966)
108
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1980)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Tb
1
Dy-Tb (Dysprosium-Terbium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram could not be found.
On the basis of information taken from Gschneidner [85Gsc1], Moffatt [87Mof1] has drawn a
tentative phase diagram. This diagram is in analogy to that of the Gd-Tb system and was used to construct
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Tb. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of ternary Dy-Ho-Tb alloys have been determined by Sirota et al. [76Sir1].
Gschneidner et al. [83Gsc1] have published lattice parameters of binary (α-Dy, α-Tb) solid solutions
taken from there ([76Sir1]). This information was used to draw Fig. 2. The lattice parameters obey
Vegard's law.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Tb
2
Fig. 2. Dy-Tb. Lattice parameters of cph (α-Dy, α-Tb) solid solution.
References
76Sir1
83Gsc1
85Gsc1
87Mof1
Sirota, N.N., Semirenko, V.V.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1976) 209; Russ. Metall.
(1976) 167
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 160
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Tc
1
Dy-Tc (Dysprosium-Technetium)
The phase diagram of this system is not known.
The intermediate phase DyTc 2 has been found and investigated by Darby et al. [64Dar1]. Its structure
is hexagonal (MgZn 2 -type). Lattice parameters are: a = 0.5365 nm and c = 0.8830 nm.
References
64Dar1
Darby jr., J.B., Norton, L.J., Downey, J.W.: J. Less-Common Met. 6 (1964) 165
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Te
1
Dy-Te (Dysprosium-Tellurium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have been determined by Abrikosov et al. [70Abr3]. The phase diagram obtained was
redrawn by Moffatt [78Mof1] and assessed by Massalski [90Mas1] from where information was taken to
construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Te. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Te
2
Table 1. Dy-Te. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
DyTe
cub
NaCl
0.6079
2.542
0.891
0.4298
61Olc1, 76Kha1,
70Abr2
63Par1
70Abr2
Dy 4 Te 7
Dy 4 Te 11
tetr
orth
Cu 2 Sb
NdTe 3
0.429
0.4298
Dy 2 Te 3
orth
S 3 Sc 2
1.2216
0.8637
2.5911
DyTe 2
tetr
Cu 2 Sb
0.4274
Dy 2 Te 5
orth
Nd 2 Te 5
0.4299
4.33
0.4299
DyTe 3
DyTe 3
orth
tetr
NdTe 3
0.4296
0.4296
2.545
0.4296
2.545
Other phases
0.8917
65Fla2, 65Dis1,
70Abr2
63Par1, 70Abr2,
85Slo2, 85Slo1
70Abr2, 67Par1,
66Par1
67Par1, 85Slo2
65Par1
References
61Olc1
63Par1
65Dis1
65Fla2
65Par1
66Par1
67Par1
70Abr2
70Abr3
76Kha1
78Mof1
85Slo1
85Slo2
90Mas1
Olcese, G.L.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 31 (1961) 256
Pardo, M.P., Flahaut, J., Dommange, L.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 256 (1963) 953
Dismukes, J.P., White, J.G.: Inorg. Chem. 4 (1965) 970
Flahaut, J., Laruelle, P., Pardo, M.P., Guittard, M.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 31 (1965) 1399
Pardo, M.P., Gorochov, O., Flahaut, J., Domange, L.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 260
(1965) 1666
Pardo, M.P., Flahaut, J.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C 263 (1966) 1058
Pardo, M.P., Flahaut, J.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1967) 3658
Abrikosov, N.Kh., Zinchenko, K.A., Eliseev, A.A.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Neorg. Mater. 6
(1970) 634
Abrikosov, N.Kh., Zinchenko, K.A.: Redkozemenye Metally i Ikh Soedineniya, Naukova
Dumka, Kiev (1970) 173
Khan, A., Garcia, C.: Proc. Rare Earth Res. Conf., 12th, Colorado, 1976 2 (1976) 953
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1978)
Slovyanshikh, V.K., Kuznetzov, N.T., Gracheva, N.V., Kipiani, V.G.: Russ. J. Inorg.
Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 30 (1985) 1720
Slovyanskikh, V.K., Kuznetsov, N.T., Gracheva, N.V.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 30 (1985) 1666
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Th
1
Dy-Th (Dysprosium-Thorium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been investigated by Badayeva et al. [69Bad1] and redrawn by Massalski
[90Mas1]. From there information was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Th. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of (α-Dy) solid solutions have been determined by Badayeva et al. [69Bad1] and those
of (α-Th) solid solutions by Badayeva et al. [72Bad1] (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Th
2
Fig. 2. Dy-Th. Lattice parameters for cph (α-Dy) solid solution.
Fig. 3. Dy-Th. Lattice parameter for fcc (α-Th) solid solution.
References
69Bad1
72Bad1
90Mas1
Badayeva, T.A., Kuznetsova, R.I.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. 5 (1969) 156; Russ. Metall.
(Engl. Transl.) 5 (1969) 101
Badayeva, T.A., Kuznetsova, R.I.: Fiz.-Khim. Splavov Tugoplavkikh Soedi. Toriem
Uranom (1972) 1
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Ti
1
Dy-Ti (Dysprosium-Titanium)
Phase diagram
Baenziger et al. [61Bae2] have stated that there are no intermediate phases existing in this system. On the
other hand Beck [60Bec1] found by metallographic observations a miscibility gap in the liquid state. On
the basis of systematic considerations a tentative phase diagram has been constructed. This qualitative
diagram published by Massalski [90Mas1] was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Ti. Tentative phase diagram.
References
60Bec1
61Bae2
90Mas1
Beck, R.L.: USAEC, LAR-10, 60 (1960)
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Tl
1
Dy-Tl (Dysprosium-Thallium)
Phase diagram
Using differential thermal analysis, X-ray examination, metallography and microprobe analysis, Saccone
et al. [88Sac1] have investigated the phase equilibria of this system. Delfino et al. [90Del1] have assessed
the phase diagram. From there information was taken to construct the phase diagram given in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Tl. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Tl
2
Table 1. Dy-Tl. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Dy 2 Tl
Dy 5 Tl 3
Dy 5 Tl 3+x
β-DyTl
α-DyTl
Dy 3 Tl 5
DyTl 3
hex
hex
tetr
cub
tetr
orth
cub
Ni 2 In
Mn 5 Si 3
Ba 5 Pb 3
CsCl
AuCuI
Pd 5 Pu 3
Cu 3 Au
0.5301
0.8921
0.8010
0.3743
0.352
0.995
0.46720
b [nm]
0.803
c [nm]
Ref.
0.6652
0.6584
1.429
88Sac1
69Fra1, 88Sac1
88Sac1
61Bae2
81Sek1
81Del1
61Bae2, 88Sac1,
66Pal3
0.421
1.033
Thermodynamics
By quantitative differential thermal analysis, Palenzona et al. [74Pal1] have determined the enthalpy of
formation of DyTl 3 . They found ∆H S = – 34.3 kJ g-atom –1 .
References
61Bae2
66Pal3
69Fra1
74Pal1
81Del1
81Sek1
88Sac1
90Del1
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1966) 290
Franceschi, E., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 18 (1969) 93
Palenzona, A., Cirafici, S.: Thermochim. Acta 9 (1974) 419
Delfino, S., Saccone, A., Mazzone, D., Ferro, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 81 (1981) 45
Sekizawa, K., Chihara, H., Yasukochi, K.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 50 (1981) 3467
Saccone, A., Delfino, S., Cacciamani, G., Ferro, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 136 (1988) 249
Delfino, S., Saccone, A., Palenzona, A., Ferro, R., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams",
Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc.,
Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Tm
1
Dy-Tm (Dysprosium-Thulium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
Taking information from Gschneidner [85Gsc1], who proposed the phase diagram Dy-Ho as a
prototype for some other inter-rare-earth phase diagrams, Moffatt [86Mof1] has drawn a tentative (more
qualitative) phase diagram Dy-Tm, which was the basis for Fig. 1. The two-phase fields are narrower than
the thickness of the lines, and the peritectic appears as a point (at ≈ 27 at% Tm).
Fig. 1. Dy-Tm. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
86Mof1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-U
1
Dy-U (Dysprosium-Uranium)
The phase diagram could not be found.
Dy is soluble in liquid U up to ≈ 0.29 at% U (at 1523 K; Wilhelm [57Wil1]), 0.28 at% U (at 1473 K;
Haefling et al. [59Hae1]) and 0.22 at% U (at 1423 K; Wilhelm [57Wil1]).
References
57Wil1
59Hae1
Wilhelm, H.A.: Nucl. Fuels Newsletter, WASH-704 (1957)
Haefling, J.F., Daane, A.H.: Trans. AIME 215 (1959) 336
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-V
1
Dy-V (Dysprosium-Vanadium)
Phase diagram
Baenziger et al. [61Bae2] stated that there are no intermediate phases existing in this system. They also
found only a small mutual solubility of the components.
On the basis of experimental data (see Gschneidner jr. [61Gsc3], Shunk [69Shu1]), Smith et al.
[88Smi1] have calculated a phase diagram, which has been published by Smith et al. [90Smi1], too, and
which from there has been taken to construct Fig. 1. The phase equilibria at low concentrations are given
in Fig. 2 on an enlarged scale.
Fig. 1. Dy-V. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-V
2
Fig. 2. Dy-V. Partial phase diagram (Dy-rich part).
References
61Bae2
61Gsc3
69Shu1
88Smi1
90Smi1
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: "Rare Earth Alloys", New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. (1961) 331
Shunk, F.A.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement", New York: McGrawHill (1969)
Smith, J.F., Lee, K.J., Martin, D.M.: CALPHAD 12 (1988) 89
Smith, J.F., Lee, K.J., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B.
Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-W
1
Dy-W (Dysprosium-Tungsten)
Phase diagram
The liquidus at low W-concentrations has been determined by Dennison et al. [66Den2]. The results are
given in Fig. 1. According to Baenziger et al. [61Bae2] and Elliott et al. [65Ell1] the mutual solubility of
the components in the solid state is negligibly small and there are no intermediate phases existing in this
system. A short review has been given by Pandian et al. [88Pan1].
Fig. 1. Dy-W. Partial phase diagram (Dy-rich part).
References
61Bae2
65Ell1
66Den2
88Pan1
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Dennison, D.H., Tschetter, M.J., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966)
423
Pandian, S., Nagender Naidu, S.V., Rama Rao, P.: J. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1988) 73
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Y
1
Dy-Y (Dysprosium-Yttrium)
Phase diagram
Using thermal analysis, X-ray diffractorgraphy, metallography, measurements of hardness and electrical
conductivity, Markova et al. [67Mar1] have investigated the phase equilibria in this system. They found a
minimum of the liquidus and solidus curve at ≈ 45 at% Y (1603 K). According to Spedding et al.
[73Spe1] such a minimum does not exist for the analogous Er-Y system. Therefore the results obtained by
Markova et al. [67Mar1] were assessed by Gschneidner et al. [83Gsc7], who proposed a diagram as that
given in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Y. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Within the whole concentration range Shafigullina et al. [66Sha1] have determined the lattice parameters
of hexagonal close packed (α-Dy, α-Y) solid solutions. Within the scatter of experimental data Vegard's
law is more or less obeyed.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Y
2
Fig. 2. Dy-Y. Lattice parameters for cph (α-Dy, α-Y) solid solution.
References
66Sha1
67Mar1
73Spe1
83Gsc7
Shafigullina, G.A., Chechernikov, V.I., Markova, I.A.: Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 22 (1966)
838; Phys. Met. Metallogr. (Engl Transl.) 22 (1966) 35
Markova, I.A., Terekhova, V.F., Savitskii, E.M.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Neorg. Mater. 3
(1967) 392; Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.). 3 (1967) 343
Spedding, F.H., Sanden, B., Beaudry, B.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 31 (1973) 1
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 74
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Yb
1
Dy-Yb (Dysprosium-Ytterbium)
Phase diagram
According to Beaudry et al. [74Bea1] there are no intermediate phases existing in this system. On the
basis of considerations concerning phase equilibria in inter-rare-earth systems Moffatt [81Mof1] has
proposed a speculative phase diagram, which has been taken to draw Fig. 1. This diagram is similar to
that for the Gd-Yb system.
Fig. 1. Dy-Yb. Tentative phase diagram.
References
74Bea1
81Mof1
Beaudry, B.J., Spedding, F.H.: Metall. Trans. 5 (1974) 1631
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1981)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Zn
1
Dy-Zn (Dysprosium-Zinc)
Phase diagram
On the basis of information taken from Bruzzone et al. [70Bru2], Moffatt [86Mof1] has drawn a phase
diagram which has been used to construct the diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Zn. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Zn
2
Table 1. Dy-Zn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
α-DyZn
(< 139 K)
β-DyZn
(> 139 K)
DyZn 2
DyZn 3
Dy 3 Zn 11
Dy 6 Zn 23
Dy 13 Zn 58
DyZn 5
α-Dy 2 Zn 17
tetr
HgMn
0.3568
cub
CsCl
0.3562
orth
orth
orth
cub
hex
hex
hex
CeCu 2
YZn 3
Al 11 La 3
Mn 23 Th 6
Gd 13 Zn 58
CaCu 5
Ni 17 Th 2
0.4477
0.6700
0.4395
1.271
1.424
0.5411
0.8956
β-Dy 2 Zn 17
DyZn 12
hex
tetr
Ni 17 Th 2
Mn 12 Th
0.89658
0.8880
b [nm]
0.7090
0.4308
1.2922
c [nm]
Ref.
0.3545
74Mor2, 73Mor1
0.7600
1.006
0.8830
1.399
0.4199
0.8776
1.31339
0.5199
65Ian1, 73Mor1,
74Mor2
67For1
68Mic1
70Bru1, 70Bru2
66Kuz1
70Bru2
73Gre1, 64Lau1
65Kuz1, 67Ian1,
87Sie1
87Oli1, 67Ian1
66Lau2, 67Ian1,
65Kuz1
References
64Lau1
65Ian1
65Kuz1
66Kuz1
66Lau2
67For1
67Ian1
68Mic1
70Bru1
70Bru2
73Gre1
73Mor1
74Mor2
86Mof1
87Oli1
87Sie1
Laube, E., Kusma, J.B.: Monatsh. Chem. 95 (1964) 1504
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Kuzma, Yu.B., Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 1 (1965)
1410
Kuzma, Yu.B., Kripyakevich, P.I., Ugrin, N.S.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 2 (1966) 544
Laube, E.: Monatsh. Chem. 97 (1966) 722
Fornasini, M.L., Merlo, F.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 43 (1967)
357
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 12 (1967) 333
Michel, D.J., Ryba, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 24 (1968) 1267
Bruzzone, G., Fornasini, M.L., Merlo, F.: Colloq. Int. C. N. R. S. 1 (1970) 125
Bruzzone, G., Fornasini, M.L., Merlo, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 22 (1970) 253
Green, M.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 32 (1973) 391
Morin, P., Laforest, J., Pierre, J., Shah, J.S.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. B 227 (1973)
353
Morin, P., Pierre, J.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 21 (1974) 161
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Olivier, M., Siegrist, T., McAlister, S.P.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 66 (1987) 281
Siegrist, T., Le Page, Y.: J. Less-Common Met. 127 (1987) 189
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Zr
1
Dy-Zr (Dysprosium-Zirconium)
Phase diagram
Baenziger et al. [61Bae2] stated that there are no intermediate phases existing in this system. Phase
equilibria were determined by Croeni et al. [60Cro1] using thermal analysis, X-ray diffractography and
metallographic observations. The eutectic was investigated by Copeland et al. [64Cop1]. From this
information Massalski [90Mas1] has drawn a phase diagram, which was used to construct that in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Dy-Zr. Phase diagram.
Metastable phase
In the middle of the concentration range Wang [72Wan1] has prepared metastable hexagonal solid
solutions by splat-cooling of the liquid alloys. The lattice parameters (together with those of the stable (αDy) and (α-Zr) solid solutions) are plotted in Fig. 2. For interpretations of the solidification reactions see
Wang et al. [74Wan1].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Dy-Zr
2
Fig. 2. Dy-Zr. Lattice parameters for cph, (α-Dy) and (α-Zr), stable solid solutions, and cph (α-Dy, α-Zr)
metastable solid solution.
References
60Cro1
61Bae2
64Cop1
72Wan1
74Wan1
90Mas1
Croeni, J., Armantrout, C.E., Kato, H.: U.S. Bur. Mines, Rep. Invest. 5688 (1960)
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Copeland, M., Kato, H., in: "Physics, and Material Problems of Reactor Control Rods",
Proc. Symp. Vienna, 1963, IAEA Vienna (1964), p. 295
Wang, R.: Metall. Trans. 3 (1972) 1213
Wang, R., Kim, Y.B.: Metall. Trans. 5 (1974) 1973
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Fe
1
Er-Fe (Erbium-Iron)
Phase diagram
Applying thermal analysis, metallographic examinations and X-ray diffractography, Buschow et al.
[69Bus2] and Meyer [69Mey1] have investigated the phase equilibria. Both authors found the same
intermediate phases, but the nonvariant equilibria stated by Buschow et al. [69Bus2] are at higher
temperatures than those published by Meyer [69Mey1]. The samples investigated by [69Bus2] had a mass
approximately a factor of ten higher than those used by Meyer [69Mey1]. Therefore the results obtained
by the first mentioned authors are preferred. These results were redrawn by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and
from there information was taken to construct Fig. 1 (see also Massalski [90Mas1]).
By melt-spinning, Buschow [81Bus2] has prepared amorphous alloys at concentrations between 25
and 32 at% Fe. The crystallization behavior of these amorphous alloys has been investigated.
Fig. 1. Er-Fe. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Fe
2
Table 1. Er-Fe. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
ErFe 2
cub
MgCu 2
0.7283
0.533
0.857
70Bus2, 69Mey1,
71Bar1
85Tsv1
ErFe 2
(7.7 GPa)
ErFe 3
hex
MgZn 2
hex
Be 3 Nb
0.5089
2.4473
Er 6 Fe 23
Er 2 Fe 17
cub
hex
Th 6 Mn 23
Th 2 Ni 17
1.2011
0.845
0.832
83Mal1, 69Mey1,
69Bus2
84Her1
74Der1, 78Der1,
80Chr1
References
69Bus2
69Mey1
70Bus2
71Bar1
74Der1
78Der1
80Chr1
81Bus2
82Kub1
83Mal1
84Her1
85Tsv1
90Mas1
Buschow, K.H.J., van der Goot, A.S.: Phys. Status Solidi 35 (1969) 515
Meyer, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 18 (1969) 41
Buschow, K.H.J., van Stapele, R.P.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 41 (1970) 4066
Bargouth, M.O., Will, G.: J. Phys. (Orsay, Fr.) Colloq. 32 (1971) C1, 675
Deryagin, A., Ulyanov, A., Kudrevatykh, N., Barabanova, E., Bashkov, Y., Andreev, A.,
Tarasov, E.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 23 (1974) K 15
Deryagin, A.V., Kudrevatykh, N.V., Moskalev, V.N.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 45 (1978) 71
Christensen, A.N., Hazell, R.G.: Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 34 (1980) 455
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 79 (1981) 9
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Malik, S.K., Pourarian, F., Wallace, W.E.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 40 (1983) 27
Herbst, J.F., Croat, J.J., van Laar, B., Yelon, W.B.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 56 (1984)
1224
Tsvyashchenko, A.V., Popova, S.V.: J. Less-Common Met. 108 (1985) 115
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ga
Er-Ga (Erbium-Gallium)
Phase diagram
Fig. 1. Er-Ga. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
1
Er-Ga
2
Table 1. Er-Ga. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 5 Ga 3
hex
Mn 5 Si 3
0.8497
0.6377
69Dzy1, 68Pal1,
79Yat1
67Rie1, 67Dwi1,
79Yat1
83Yat1, 81Mar1
79Yat1, 83Mar1,
61Has1
81Cir1, 64Kri3,
79Yat1
81Pel1, 86Tag1
ErGa
orth
CrB
0.4264
1.0720
0.4045
Er 3 Ga 5
ErGa 2
orth
hex
Ga 5 Tm 3
AlB 2
1.134
0.4180
0.9583
0.6035
0.4016
ErGa 3
cub
Cu 3 Au
0.4219
ErGa 6
tetr
Ga 6 Pu
0.5846
0.7530
Thermodynamics
On the basis of EMF measurements Bayanov et al. [75Bay1] have determined the thermodynamic
properties of the intermediate phase ErGa 3 . They found for the formation of ErGa 3 from liquid Ga and
solid Er the values: ∆H S = – 214(6) kJ g-atom –1 ; ∆S S = – 45(8) J g-atom –1 K –1 .
References
61Has1
64Kri3
67Dwi1
67Rie1
68Pal1
69Dzy1
75Bay1
79Yat1
81Cir1
81Mar1
81Pel1
83Mar1
83Yat1
86Tag1
90Mas1
Haszko, S.E.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 221 (1961) 201
Kripyakevich, P.I., Markiv, V.Ya., Dzyna, D.I.: Ukr. Fiz. Zh. (Russ. Ed.) 9 (1964) 908
Dwight, A.E., Downey, J.W., Conner jr., R.A.: Acta Crystallogr. 23 (1967) 860
Rieger, W., Parthé, E.: Monatsh. Chem. 98 (1967) 1935
Palenzona, A., Franceschi, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 14 (1968) 47
Dzyana, D.I., Kripyakevich, P.I.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR, Ser. A (1969) 247
Bayanov, A.P., Soboleva, N.A., Genchenko, E.N.: Russ. Metall. (Engl. Transl.) (1975) 167
Yatsenko, S.P., Semyannikov, A.A., Semenov, B.G., Chuntonov, K.A.: J. Less-Common
Met. 64 (1979) 185
Cirafici, S., Franceschi, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 77 (1981) 269
Markiv, V.Ya., Zhunkovskaja, T.I., Beljavina, M.N.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR Ser. A
43 (1981) 85
Pelleg, J., Kimmel, G., Dayan, D.: J. Less-Common Met. 81 (1981) 33
Martin, O.E., Girgis, K.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 37 (1983) 228
Yatsenko, S.P., Hladyshevsky, E.I., Tschuntonov, K.A., Yarmolyuk, Ya.P., Hryn, Yu.N.: J.
Less-Common Met. 91 (1983) 21
Tagawa, Y., Sakurai, J., Komura, Y., Ishimasa, T.: J. Less-Common Met. 119 (1986) 269
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Gd
1
Er-Gd (Erbium-Gadolinium)
Phase diagram
Applying thermal analysis, metallographic observations, X-ray diffractography and measurements of
hardness, magnetic properties and electrical resistivity, Burov et al. [64Bur2] have investigated phase
equilibria in this system. From the results obtained by the above mentioned authors in respect to special
considerations concerning rare-earth-rare-earth binary systems, Gschneidner jr. et al. [83Gsc5] have
constructed a phase diagram, which has been used as a basis to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Gd. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of cph (Er, α-Gd) solid solutions have been determined by Burov et al. [64Bur2],
Smidt et al. [63Smi1] and McWhan et al. [67McW1]. As can be seen from Fig. 2, there seems to be slight
positive deviation from Vegard's rule.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Gd
2
Fig. 2. Er-Gd. Lattice parameters for cph (Er, α-Gd) solid solution. Open circles [64Bur2], solid circles [63Smi1],
triangles [67McW1]. Solid lines: Vegard's law.
References
63Smi1
64Bur2
67McW1
83Gsc5
Smidt jr., F.A., Daane, A.H.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 24 (1963) 361
Burov, I.V., Terekhova, V.F., Savitskii, E.M.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 2036; Russ. J.
Inorg. Chem. 9 (1964) 1100
McWhan, D.B., Stevens, A.L.: Phys. Rev. 154 (1967) 438
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 294
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ge
1
Er-Ge (Erbium-Germanium)
Phase diagram
Eremenko et al. [81Ere1] have determined the phase equilibria within the whole concentration range
using differential thermal analysis, metallographic methods and X-ray diffraction experiments. They
stated that the mutual solubility of the components is less than 1 at%. The phase diagram thus published
by [81Ere1] has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1], from where information was taken to construct
Fig. 1.
It should be mentioned that somewhat later Li et al [83 Li1] have investigated phase equilibria in the
range between 50 at% Ge and 100 at% Ge. In disagreement to [81Ere1] these authors [83 Li1] have not
found the intermediate phases Er 4 Ge 5 and ErGe 3–x included in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Ge. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are summarized in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ge
2
Table 1. Er-Ge. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 5 Ge 3
hex
Mn 5 Si 3
0.8367
0.6266
65Mor1, 70May1,
81Ere1
66Smi1, 67Smi1,
67Hol1
66Tha1, 81Ere1
66Bus1, 85Sch1,
81Ere1
81Ere1, 64Gla4
81Ere1
Er 5 Ge 4
orth
Ge 4 Sm 5
0.751
1.441
0.759
Er 11 Ge 10
ErGe
tetr
orth
Ge 10 Ho 11
CrB
1.076
0.4208
1.058
1.609
0.3897
α-Er 2 Ge 3
ErGe 3–x
(74 at% Ge)
hex
orth
AlB 2
0.389
2.077
0.399
0.409
0.388
References
64Gla4
65Mor1
66Bus1
66Smi1
66Tha1
67Hol1
67Smi1
70May1
81Ere1
85Sch1
90Mas1
Gladyshevskii, E.I.: Zh. Strukt. Khim. 5 (1964) 523
Moriarty, J.L., Gordon, R.O., Humphreys, J.E.: Acta Crystallogr. 19 (1965) 285
Buschow, K.H.J., Fast, J.F.: Phys. Status Solidi 16 (1966) 467
Smith, G.S., Tharp, A.G., Johnson, Q.: Nature (London) 210 (1966) 1148
Tharp, A.G., Smith, G.S., Johnson, Q.: Acta Crystallogr. 20 (1966) 583
Holtzberg, F., Gambino, R.J., McGuire, T.R.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 28 (1967) 2283
Smith, G.S., Tharp, A.G., Johnson, Q.: Acta Crystallogr. 22 (1967) 940
Mayer, I., Tendy, S.: Isr. J. Chem. 8 (1970) 955
Eremenko, V.N., Obushenko, I.M.: Sov. Non-Ferrous Met. Res. (Engl. Transl.) 9 (1981)
216
Schobinger-Papamantellos, P., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 111 (1985) 117
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-H
1
Er-H (Erbium-Hydrogen)
Phase diagram
Parts of the phase diagram in the solid state have been determined by Mulford [58Mul1]. This diagram
has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and from there information was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-H. Partial phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Lattice parameters of ErH x solid solutions up to ErH 0.32 have been determined by Bonnet [76Bon1].
They are linearly dependent on concentration. For Er 10 H 3 the a- and c-values are given in Table 1 (see
Villars et al. [91Vil1]).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-H
2
Table 1. Er-H. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
ErH 2
ErH 3
Er 10 H 3
((Er) solid solution at
773 K)
cub
hex
hex
CaF 2
H 3 Ho
Mg
0.51279
0.6272
0.3608
0.6526
0.5708
77Bon1, 62Peb1
62Peb1
76Bon1
Thermodynamics
From results of vapor pressure measurements Lundin [68Lun2, 68Lun1] has calculated integral values of
formation of ErH 2 . The results are given in Fig. 2 (∆H S ) and Fig. 3 (∆S S ).
Fig. 2. Er-H. Enthalpy of formation for (Er) and ErH1.80 solid solutions. Arrows indicate homogeneity boundaries for
(Er) and (ErH2) solid solutions, respectively. Solid line: hydrogenated samples, dashed line: deuterated samples.
Fig. 3. Er-H. Entropy of formation for (Er) and ErH1.80 solid solutions. Arrows indicate homogeneity boundaries for
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-H
3
(Er) and (ErH2) solid solutions, respectively. Solid line: hydrogenated samples, dashed line: deuterated samples.
References
58Mul1
62Peb1
68Lun1
68Lun2
76Bon1
77Bon1
90Mas1
91Vil1
Mulford, R.N.R.: USAEC, AECU-3813 (1958)
Pebler, A., Wallace, W.E.: J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 148
Lundin, C.E.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 242 (1968) 1161
Lundin, C.E.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 242 (1968) 903
Bonnet, J.E.: J. Less-Common Met. 49 (1976) 451
Bonnet, J.E., Daou, J.N.: J. Appl. Phys. 48 (1977) 964
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Villars, P., Calvert, L.D.: "Pearson's Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic
Phases", Second Edition, Vol. 3, Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1991)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Hf
1
Er-Hf (Erbium-Hafnium)
Phase diagram
Information on phase equilibria in this system was taken by Moffatt [82Mof1] from publications by
Kolesnichenko et al. [71Kol2], Savitskii et al. [70Sav1] and Terekhova [72Ter1] in order to draw a phase
diagram. A similar phase diagram has been published by Kubaschewski [81Kub1] and from there it was
taken as a basis to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Hf. Phase diagram.
References
70Sav1
71Kol2
72Ter1
81Kub1
Savitskii, E.M., Terekhova, V.F., Torchinova, R.S., Markova, I.A., Naumkin, O.P.,
Kolesnichenko, V.E., Stroganova, V.F., in: "Les Elements des Terres Rares", Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (1970)
Kolesnichenko, V.E., Terekhova, V.F., Savitskii, E.M.: Redkozem. Met. Ikh Soedin.,
Naukova , Moscow (1971)
Terekhova, V.F.: Fiz.-Khim. Redk. Met., Nauka, Moscow (1972)
Kubaschewski, O., in: "Hafnium, Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds and
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Hf
82Mof1
2
Alloys", Atomic Energy Review, Special Issue No. 8, IAEA, Vienna (1981)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Hg
1
Er-Hg (Erbium-Mercury)
Phase diagram
The phase equilibria in the solid state have been investigated by Kirchmayr et al. [66Kir1] using
differential thermal analysis. On the basis of the results obtained by these authors [66Kir1], Guminski
[90Gum1], regarding the intermediate phase Er 11 Hg 45 (found by Iandelli et al. [79Ian1] and described as
ErHg 4 ), has proposed an assessed phase diagram, which was the basis of Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Hg. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Guminski [90Gum1] assumes that Er 11 Hg 45 has the same crystal structure as analogous phases,
namely cubic of Cd 45 Sm 11 -type (see Merlo et al. [79Mer1]).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Hg
2
Table 1. Er-Hg. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
ErHg
ErHg 2
ErHg 3
cub
hex
hex
CsCl
AlB 2
Ni 3 Sn
0.3645
0.4790
0.6496
0.3442
0.4877
65Ian1, 64Kir1
64Kir1
64Kir1, 66Pal3
References
64Kir1
65Ian1
66Kir1
66Pal3
79Ian1
79Mer1
90Gum1
Kirchmayr, H.R.: Monatsh. Chem. 95 (1964) 1667
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Kirchmayr, H.R., Lugscheider, W.: Z. Metallkd. 57 (1966) 725
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1966) 290
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A., in: "Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths",
K.A. Gschneidner jr., L. Eyring, (eds)., Amsterdam: North-Holland Publ. Co., Vol. 2
(1979) 1-54
Merlo, F., Fornasini, M.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 64 (1979) 221
Guminski, C., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski
(editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ho
1
Er-Ho (Erbium-Holmium)
Phase diagram
Spedding et al. [73Spe1] have investigated the phase equilibria in the Er-Ho system using thermal
analysis, metallography and X-ray diffractography. The phase diagram obtained was assessed by
Gschneidner jr. et al. [90Gsc1]. Liquidus and solidus differ from each other by maximally 1.5 K. This
assessed diagram has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Shiflet et al. [79Shi1] calculated the phase equilibria. Their results are in rather good agreement with
the experimentally obtained ones. The solidus-liquidus combination was found to be ≈ 2 K higher than
experimentally determined.
Fig. 1. Er-Ho. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters obtained by Spedding et al. [73Spe1], are plotted in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ho
2
Fig. 2. Er-Ho. Lattice parameters for cph (Er, Ho) solid solution.
References
73Spe1
79Shi1
90Gsc1
Spedding, F.H., Sanden, B., Beaudry, B.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 31 (1973) 1
Shiflet, G.J., Lee, J.K., Aaronson, H.I.: CALPHAD 3 (1979) 129
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second
Edition, Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials
Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-I
1
Er-I (Erbium-Iodine)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been published by Corbett et al. [66Cor1] and was redrawn by Moffatt [78Mof1]
as well as by Massalski [90Mas1]. The diagram presented by Moffatt [78Mof1] was taken to construct
Fig. 1.
The intermediate phase ErI 3 has been investigated by Asprey et al. [64Asp1]. It has a hexagonal
crystal structure (BiI 3 -type) with lattice parameters a = 0.7451 nm and c = 2.078 nm.
Fig. 1. Er-I. Phase diagram.
References
64Asp1
66Cor1
78Mof1
90Mas1
Asprey, L.B., Keenan, T.K., Kruse, F.H.: Inorg. Chem. 3 (1964) 1137
Corbett, J.D., Pollard, L.D., Mee, J.E.: Inorg. Chem. 5 (1966) 761
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1978)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-In
1
Er-In (Erbium-Indium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been determined experimentally by Yatsenko et al. [83Yat2]. It was redrawn by
Moffatt [83Mof1] and Dieva [74Die1] and later on assessed by Okamoto (see Massalski [90Mas1]). The
latter assessed phase diagram has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
It should be mentioned that erbium exists up to its melting point in the cph structure (α-Er). Moffatt
[83Mof1] assumes that by impurities at high temperature near the melting point erbium may have a bcc
structure (β-Er) as has been found by Yatsenko et al. [83Yat2].
Fig. 1. Er-In. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-In
2
Table 1. Er-In. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Er 2 In
hex
InNi 2
Er 5 In 3
ErIn
Er 3 In 5
ErIn 3
hex
cub
orth
cub
Mn 5 Si 3
CsCl
Pd 5 Pu 3
Cu 3 Au
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.5298
0.6644
0.8889
0.3745
0.977
0.4563
0.6558
83Yat2, 68Pal2,
88Baz1
68Pal2
65Mor1
81Del1
65Mor1, 65Har1,
83Yat2
0.7955
1.025
References
65Har1
65Mor1
68Pal2
74Die1
81Del1
83Mof1
83Yat2
88Baz1
90Mas1
Harris, I.R., Raynor, G.V.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 7
Moriarty, J.L., Gordon, R.O., Humphreys, J.E.: Acta Crystallogr. 19 (1965) 285
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 16 (1968) 379
Dieva, E.N.: "Solubility of Rare Earth Metals in Liquid Indium", in: "Physico-Chemical
Studies of Liquid Metals and Alloys", V.B. Bamburov (ed.), Izd. Uralsk Nauch. Tsentra
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sverdlovsk (1974) 98
Delfino, S., Saccone, A., Mazzone, D., Ferro, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 81 (1981) 45
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1983)
Yatsenko, S.P., Semyannikov, A.A., Shakarov, H.O., Fedorova, E.G.: J. Less-Common
Met. 90 (1983) 95
Bazela, W., Szytula, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 138 (1988) 123
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ir
1
Er-Ir (Erbium-Iridium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
Assuming that the phase equilibria in the Er-In system should be similar to those in the La-Ir and CeIr systems, Moffatt [89Mof1] has proposed a phase diagram, which has been redrawn by Okamoto (see
Massalski [90Mas1]) and which has also been taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Ir. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structures
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ir
2
Table 1. Er-Ir. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 3 Ir
Er 5 Ir 2
orth
mon
Fe 3 C
B 2 Pd 5
0.7160
1.5405
0.6302
0.7165
89Bla1, 79LeR1
80LeR2, 89Bla1
β-Er 5 Ir 3
α-Er 5 Ir 3
Er 3 Ir 2
ErIr
ErIr 2
hex
tetr
tetr
cub
cub
Mn 5 Si 3
Pu 5 Rh 3
Rh 2 Y 3
CsCl
Cu 2 Mg
0.8112
1.0754
1.1055
0.3367
0.7488
0.9072
0.6382
β = 96.89°
0.6295
0.6128
2.482
89Bla1, 82LeR1
89Bla1, 80LeR1
80LeR1
65Dwi2, 89Bla1
89Bla1, 71Kri1,
61Dwi1
References
61Dwi1
65Dwi2
71Kri1
79LeR1
80LeR1
80LeR2
82LeR1
89Bla1
89Mof1
90Mas1
Dwight, A.E.: Trans. Am. Soc. Met. 53 (1961) 479
Dwight, A.E., Conner jr., R.A., Downey, J.W.: Acta Crystallogr. 18 (1965) 837
Krikorian, N.H.: J. Less-Common Met. 23 (1971) 271
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 35 (1979) 1437
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 76 (1980) 131
Le Roy, J., Paccard, D., Moreau, J.M.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) P11
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D.: J. Less-Common Met. 86 (1982) 63
Blazina, Z., Mohanty, R.C., Raman, A.: Z. Metallkd. 80 (1989) 192
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1989)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-La
1
Er-La (Erbium-Lanthanum)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has not been determined experimentally.
Gschneidner jr., [85Gsc1] has constructed for several rare-earth binary systems phase equilibria which
have been adapted for the Er-La system, too. This phase diagram, redrawn by Moffatt [86Mof1] and
Massalski [90Mas1], has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-La. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
86Mof1
90Mas1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Lu
1
Er-Lu (Erbium-Lutetium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
On the basis of considerations concerning inter-rare-earth binary phase equilibria published by
Gschneidner jr. [85Gsc1], Moffatt [86Mof1] has constructed a phase diagram, which has been redrawn by
Massalski [90Mas1] and also was taken for Fig. 1.
The gap between the solidus and the liquidus is extremely narrow. According to calculations by
Okamoto [92Oka3] the maximum value is expected to be of the order of magnitude of 2 at%.
Fig. 1. Er-Lu. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
86Mof1
90Mas1
92Oka3
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Okamoto, H.: J. Phase Equilibria 13 (1992) 676
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Mg
1
Er-Mg (Erbium-Magnesium)
Phase diagram
The Mg-rich part of the phase diagram has been investigated by Rokhlin et al. [78Rok2]. Using
differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffractography, metallography and microprobe analysis, Saccone et
al. [92Sac1] have examined the phase equilibria within the whole concentration range. The phase diagram
obtained has been taken as a basis to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Mg. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Mg
2
Table 1. Er-Mg. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 3 Mg (h)
ErMg
cub
cub
W
CsCl
0.3848
0.5756
0.60036
0.97356
1.1255
0.3215
0.5215
64Mil1
65Ian1, 92Sac1, 67Kri1,
73Bus1, 64Mil1
78Bus1, 81Loi1, 92Sac1,
64Kri2
92Sac1, 62Kri1, 64Kri1
92Sac1
ErMg 2
hex
MgZn 2
Er 5 Mg 24
(Mg)
(96.5 at% Mg)
cub
hex
α-Mn
Mg
References
62Kri1
64Kri1
64Kri2
64Mil1
65Ian1
67Kri1
73Bus1
78Bus1
78Rok2
81Loi1
92Sac1
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR (1962) 1610
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I., Gladyshevskii, E.I.: Kristallografiya 9 (1964) 330
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I., Zalutsky, I.I.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR
(1964) 766
Miller, A.E., Daane, A.H.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 230 (1964) 568
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 355 (1967) 104
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 33 (1973) 239
Buschow, K.H.J., Sherwood, R.C., Hsu, F.S.L.: J. Appl. Phys. 49 (1978) 1510
Rokhlin, L.L., Nikitina, N.F., Zolina, Z.K.: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met. (1978) 15
Loidl, A., Knorr, K., Mullner, M., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Appl. Phys. 52 (1981) 1433
Saccone, A., Delfino, S., Macciò, D., Ferro, R.: Metall. Trans. A 23 (1992) 1005
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Mn
1
Er-Mn (Erbium-Manganese)
Phase diagram
To prepare alloys for the investigation of phase equilbria, Kirchmayr et al. [67Kir1] have used the
amalgamation process. The phase equilibria have been determined by differential thermal analysis and
metallographic observations. Moffatt [85Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1] have redrawn the phase diagram
and from there information was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Mn. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Mn
2
Table 1. Er-Mn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
ErMn 2
Er 6 Mn 23
ErMn 12
hex
cub
tetr
MgZn 2
Mn 23 Th 6
Mn 12 Th
0.5321
1.2285
0.8540
0.8719
71Oes1, 64Tes1, 65Ell1
67Kir2, 65Kri2, 65Kri3
67Kir2, 66Wan1
0.4740
References
64Tes1
65Ell1
65Kri2
65Kri3
66Wan1
67Kir1
67Kir2
71Oes1
85Mof1
90Mas1
Teslyuk, M. Yu., Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Kristallografiya 9 (1964) 469
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P., Voroshilov, Yu.V.: Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram.
(Engl. Transl.) 4 (1965) 915
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 468
Wang, F.E., Gilfrich, J.V.: Acta Crystallogr. 21 (1966) 476
Kirchmayr, H.R., Lugscheider, W.: Z. Metallkd. 58 (1967) 185
Kirchmayr, H.R.: Z. Kristallogr. 124 (1967) 152
Oesterreicher, H.: J. Less-Common Met. 23 (1971) 7
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Mo
1
Er-Mo (Erbium-Molybdenum)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have not been determined by experiments.
Brewer et al. [80Bre2], on the basis of estimated thermodynamic data, have calculated a phase
diagram, which has been redrawn by Moffatt [82Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1] and which has been
taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Mo. Calculated phase diagram.
References
80Bre2
82Mof1
90Mas1
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its
Compounds, and Alloys", L. Brewer (ed.), Atomic Energy Review Special Issue No. 7,
IAEA, Vienna (1980)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-N
1
Er-N (Erbium-Nitrogen)
The phase diagram is not known.
The erbium nitride ErN is obtainable as a product of a reaction between powdered Er with KCl and
NH 3 at ≈ 1000 K. ErN is cubic (NaCl-type) (Klemm et al. [56Kle1]). This structure has been confirmed
by Busch et al. [63Bus1] (X-ray diffractography), Child et al. [63Chi1] (neutron diffraction) and Olcese
[79Olc1]. Lattice parameters obtained by Olcese [79Olc1] are plotted in Fig. 1 as a function of
temperature and in Fig. 2 as a function of pressure.
Fig. 1. Er-N. Lattice parameter vs. temperature for cubic ErN nitride at 1 atm.
Fig. 2. Er-N. Lattice parameter vs. pressure for cubic ErN nitride at 298 K.
References
56Kle1
63Bus1
63Chi1
79Olc1
Klemm, W., Winkelmann, G.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 288 (1956) 87
Busch, G., Junod, P., Vogt, O., Hulliger, F.: Phys. Lett. 6 (1963) 79
Child, H.R., Wilkinson, M.K., Cable, J.W., Koehler, W.C., Wollan, E.O.: Phys. Rev. 131
(1963) 922
Olcese, G.L.: J. Phys. F 9 (1979) 569
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Nb
1
Er-Nb (Erbium-Niobium)
Phase diagram
A tentative phase diagram has been published by Love [61Lov1], which shows no mutual solubility of the
components in the solid as well as in the liquid state. A simple construction of such a phase diagram is
given in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Nb. Tentative phase diagram.
References
61Lov1
Love, B.: U.S.A.F. WADD Tech. Rep. 61-123 (1961) p. 179
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Nd
1
Er-Nd (Erbium-Neodymium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria in this system have been investigated by Kobzenko et al. [72Kob1]. They stated that the
Sm-type structure occurs as a peritectoid-formed intermediate phase Er 2 Nd 3 on cooling. This is not in
agreement with the formation of the Sm-type structure in other inter-rare-earth systems (see Lundin
[66Lun1], Gschneidner et al. [82Gsc2]). Therefore, in an assessment, Gschneidner et al. [82Gsc4] have
assumed a congruent formation of this phase in analogy to other homologous systems. The assessed phase
diagram is given in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Nd. Phase diagram.
References
66Lun1
72Kob1
82Gsc2
82Gsc4
Lundin, C.E.: Final Report AD-633558, Denver Res. Inst. Univ. Denver, Denver, CO
(1966)
Kobzenko, G.F., Martynschuk, E.L., Moisceva, I.V.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR Ser. A
(1972) 374
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 2 (1982) 448
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 3 (1982) 350
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ni
1
Er-Ni (Erbium-Nickel)
Phase diagram
Basic investigations to disclose the phase equilibria have been done by Buschow [68Bus1] using thermal
analysis, metallography and X-ray diffractography. Moreau et al. [74Mor1] found the Er 3 Ni 2 intermediate
phase. Pan et al. [91Pan1] have proposed an assessed phase diagram, which has given necessary
information to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Ni. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ni
2
Table 1. Er-Ni. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 3 Ni
Er 3 Ni 2
ErNi
orth
hex
orth
Fe 3 C
0.943
FeB
0.6804
0.8472
0.6977
0.6245
1.5680
0.5443
ErNi 2
cub
Cu 2 Mg
0.71246
ErNi 3
hex
PuNi 3
0.4941
2.24252
Er 2 Ni 7
ErNi 4
Er 4 Ni 17
Er 5 Ni 22
ErNi 5
Er 2 Ni 17
hex
hex
hex
hex
hex
hex
Gd 2 Co 7
0.4909
0.4875
0.4869
0.4862
0.4854
0.8287
3.6067
6.013
6.407
7.177
0.3964
0.8017
67Lem2, 68Bus1
74Mor1
64Wal1, 65Dwi1,
68Bus1, 73Gig1,
64Abr1, 64Wal1
60Wer1, 68Bus1,
71Tay1, 68Man2
67Pac1, 68Bus1,
68Dwi1
68Bus1, 69Vir1
68Bus1
68Bus1
68Bus1
59Wer1, 68Bus1
68Bus1, 66Bus2
CaCu 5
Th 2 Ni 17
0.4110
Thermodynamics
Enthalpies of formation of intermediate phases have been determined by Schott et al. [86Sch2] using
solution calorimetry in liquid Sn at 1371 K. The results are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Er-Ni. Enthalpy of formation of intermediate phases at
1371 K, experimentally determined by Schott et al. [86Sch2].
Phase
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ]
Er 3 Ni
ErNi
ErNi 2
ErNi 5
Er 2 Ni 17
– 17.1(20)
– 30.6(11)
– 31.3(10)
– 20.2(5)
– 12.9(6)
References
59Wer1
60Wer1
64Abr1
64Wal1
65Dwi1
66Bus2
67Lem2
67Pac1
Wernick, J.H., Geller, S.: Acta Crystallogr. 12 (1959) 662
Wernick, J.H., Geller, S.: Trans. AIME 218 (1960) 866
Abrahams, S.C., Bernstein, J.L., Sherwood, R.C., Wernick, J.H., Williams, H.J.: J. Phys.
Chem. Solids 25 (1964) 1069
Walline, R.E., Wallace, W.E.: J. Chem. Phys. 41 (1964) 1587
Dwight, A.E., Conner jr., R.A., Downey, J.W.: Acta Crystallogr. 18 (1965) 835
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966) 204
Lemaire, R., Paccard, D.: Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 90 (1967) 311
Paccard, D., Pauthenet, R.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. B 264 (1967) 1056
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ni
68Bus1
68Dwi1
68Man2
69Vir1
71Tay1
73Gig1
74Mor1
86Sch2
91Pan1
3
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 16 (1968) 45
Dwight, A.E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 24 (1968) 1395
Mansey, R.C., Raynor, G.V., Harris, I.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 14 (1968) 329
Virkar, A.V., Raman, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 18 (1969) 59
Taylor, K.N.R.: Adv. Phys. 20 (1971) 551
Gignoux. D., Rossat-Mingad, J., Tcheou, F., Paccard, D.: Proc. 10th Rare Earth Conf. Res.,
Vol. 2, C.J. Kevane, T. Moeller, (eds.), NTIS, Springfield, VA (1973) 596
Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 30 (1974) 2583
Schott, J., Sommer, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 119 (1986) 307
Pan, Y.Y., Nash, P., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys", P. Nash, (ed.),
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1991)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-O
1
Er-O (Erbium-Oxygen)
Phase diagram
The partial phase diagram given in Fig. 1 has been taken from Love [61Lov1].
Fig. 1. Er-O. Partial phase diagram.
Crystal structure
The Er 2 O 3 compound is of cubic structure (Mn 2 O 3 -type). Lattice parameter: a = 1.005 nm [73Cur1,
84Tay2, 68Moo1].
References
61Lov1
68Moo1
73Cur1
84Tay2
Love, B.: U.S.A.F. WADD Tech. Rep. 61-123 (1961) p. 179
Moon, R.M., Koehler, W.C., Child, H.R., Raubenheimer, L.J.: Phys. Rev. 176 (1968) 722
Curzon, A.E., Chlebek, H.G.: J. Phys. F 3 (1973) 1
Taylor, D.: Trans. J. Brit. Ceram. Soc. 83 (1984) 92
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Os
1
Er-Os (Erbium-Osmium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Moffatt [81Mof1] assumes that the Er-Os system is similar to the Os-Y system.
Table 1. Er-Os. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 3 Os
ErOs 2
orth
hex
Fe 3 C
MgZn 2
0.7340
0.5291
0.8927
0.6183
0.8755
80San1, 80Pal1
65Ell1, 66Dwi1
References
65Ell1
66Dwi1
80Pal1
80San1
81Mof1
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Dwight, A.E., Downey, J.W., Conner jr., R.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 236 (1966) 1509
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) P 21
Sanjines-Zeballos, R., Chabot, B., Parthé, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) P17
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1981)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-P
1
Er-P (Erbium-Phosphorus)
The phase diagram is not known.
The compound ErP has a cubic structure (NaCl-type) with the lattice constant: a = 0.5606 nm
[61Bru1, 63Chi1].
References
61Bru1
63Chi1
Bruzzone, G.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 31 (1961) 260
Child, H.R., Wilkinson, M.K., Cable, J.W., Koehler, W.C., Wollan, E.O.: Phys. Rev. 131
(1963) 922
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Pb
1
Er-Pb (Erbium-Lead)
The phase equilibria are not investigated.
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Er-Pb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 5 Pb 3
Er 5 Pb 4
ErPb 3
hex
orth
cub
Mn 5 Si 3
Ge 4 Sm 5
Cu 3 Au
0.8867
0.8081
0.4797
1.533
0.6504
0.8117
66Pal1, 67Jei1
69Mer1
73Mil1, 64Kuz2
References
64Kuz2
66Pal1
67Jei1
69Mer1
73Mil1
Kuzma, Yu.B., Skolozdra, R.V., Markiv, V.Ya.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR (1964)
1070
Palenzona, A., Fornasini, M.L.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 40
(1966) 1040
Jeitschko, W., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr. 22 (1967) 551
Merlo, F., Fornasini, M.L.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 46 (1969)
265
Miller, K., Hall, H.T.: J. Less-Common Met. 32 (1973) 275
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Pd
1
Er-Pd (Erbium-Palladium)
Phase diagram
Loebich jr. et al. [73Loe1] investigated phase equilibria using thermal analysis, metallography and X-ray
diffractography. Palenzona et al. [74Pal2] and Fornasini et al. [79For1] have performed structure
determinations. Borzone et al. [90Bor1], on the basis of systematic considerations of rare-earth-palladium
alloys and of thermodynamic calculations, at last proposed a phase diagram, which was used as a basis for
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Pd. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Lattice parameters of (Pd) solid solutions at 1073 K have been determined by Loebich jr. et al.
(73Loe1]. The results are plotted in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Pd
2
Fig. 2. Er-Pd. Lattice parameter for cubic (Pd) solid solution at 1073 K.
Table 1. Er-Pd. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 5 Pd 2
tetr
cub
tetr
cub
hex
cub
0.949
1.3368
0.7670
0.3459
1.3000
0.40542
1.343
Dy 5 Pd 2
Si 2 U 3
CsCl
Pd 4 Pu 3
Cu 3 Au
69Loe1, 73Loe1
74For1
73Loe1
75Pal1, 73Loe1
74Pal2
72Gar1, 73Erd1, 81Dha1
Er 3 Pd 2
β-ErPd
Er 3 Pd 4
ErPd 3
0.3906
0.5671
References
69Loe1
72Gar1
73Erd1
73Loe1
74For1
74Pal2
75Pal1
79For1
81Dha1
90Bor1
Loebich jr., O., Raub, R.: Naturwissenschaften 56 (1969) 278
Gardner, W.E., Penfold, J., Smith, T.F., Harris, I.R.: J. Phys. F 2 (1972) 133
Erdmann, B., Keller, C.: J. Solid State Chem. 7 (1973) 40
Loebich jr., O., Raub, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 30 (1973) 47
Fornasini, M.L., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 38 (1974) 77
Palenzona, A., Iandelli, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 34 (1974) 121
Palenzona, A., Cirafici, S.: Thermochim. Acta 12 (1975) 267
Fornasini, M.L., Mugnoli, A., Palenzona, A.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 35 (1979) 1950
Dhar, S.K., Malik, S.K., Vijayaraghavan, R.: Mater. Res. Bull. 16 (1981) 1557
Borzone, G., Cacciamani, G., Ferro, R.: CALPHAD 14 (1990) 139
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Pm
1
Er-Pm (Erbium-Prometium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
On the basis of systematic considerations on inter-rare-earth alloys by Gschneidner jr. [85Gsc1],
Moffatt [87Mof1] has drawn a tentative phase diagram, which is similar to that of the Er-Nd system. This
qualitative diagram which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] was taken to draw Fig. 1.
The δ-phase is of the α-Sm-structure.
Fig. 1. Er-Pm. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
87Mof1
90Mas1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Po
1
Er-Po (Erbium-Polonium)
No phase diagram is known.
Kershner et al. [63Ker1] stated that reaction of Po vapor with solid Er yields a phase with the probable
stoichiometry Er 3 Po and a melting point of ≥ 1770(50) K.
References
63Ker1
Kershner, C.J., Steinmeyer, R.H.: USAEC, MLM-1163, F1-F6 (1963)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Pr
1
Er-Pr (Erbium-Praseodymium)
Phase diagram
Experimentally determined phase equilibria are not known.
Gschneidner jr. et al. [85Gsc1] have performed systematic considerations concerning phase equilibria
in inter-rare-earth binary systems. Moffatt [87Mof1] on this basis has proposed a qualitative phase
diagram (similar to that of the Er-Nd system) which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and was
taken to draw Fig. 1.
The δ-phase is of α-Sm-type structure.
Fig. 1. Er-Pr. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
87Mof1
90Mas1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Pt
1
Er-Pt (Erbium-Platinum)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have been determined partially by Koleshnichenko et al. [71Kol1], Iandelli et al.
[81Ian1] and Palenzona [77Pal1]. From this information Moffatt [85Mof1] has proposed a phase diagram,
which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and also has been taken as a basis to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Pt. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Pt
2
Table 1. Er-Pt. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 3 Pt
Er 2 Pt
Er 5 Pt 3
Er 5 Pt 4
ErPt
orth
orth
hex
orth
orth
Fe 3 C
Co 2 Si
Mn 5 Si 3
Ge 4 Sm 5
FeB
0.7008
0.7037
0.8298
0.7417
0.6906
0.9373
0.4705
0.6374
0.8668
0.6181
0.7486
0.5509
Er 3 Pt 4
ErPt 2
hex
cub
Pd 4 Pu 3
Cu 2 Mg
1.3004
0.7575
ErPt 3
cub
Cu 3 Au
0.50560
ErPt 5
orth
79LeR1
78LeR2, 84Gig1
78LeR2
78LeR1, 81Ian1
80Cas1, 71Kri1,
78Pal1
77Pal1
66Dwi1, 65Ell1,
71Kri1
71Kri1, 73Har1,
73Erd1
73Lue1, 71Kri1,
67Bro2
0.5229
1.4456
0.4451
0.5651
0.9085
2.651
References
65Ell1
66Dwi1
67Bro2
71Kol1
71Kri1
73Erd1
73Har1
73Lue1
77Pal1
78LeR1
78LeR2
78Pal1
79LeR1
80Cas1
81Ian1
84Gig1
85Mof1
90Mas1
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Dwight, A.E., Downey, J.W., Conner jr., R.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 236 (1966) 1509
Bronger, W.: J. Less-Common Met. 12 (1967) 63
Koleshnichenko, V.E., Terekhova, V.F., Savitsky, E.M.: Diagrammy. Sostoyaniya. Met.
Sist., Nauka Publishers (1971) p. 174
Krikorian, N.H.: J. Less-Common Met. 23 (1971) 271
Erdmann, B., Keller, C.: J. Solid State Chem. 7 (1973) 40
Harris, I.R., Gardner, W.E., Taylor, R.H.: J. Less-Common Met. 31 (1973) 151
Lueken, H., Bronger, W.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 395 (1973) 203
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 53 (1977) 133
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 34 (1978) 3315
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 34 (1978) 9
Palenzona, A., Cirafici, S.: Thermochim. Acta 25 (1978) 252
Le Roy, J., Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 35 (1979) 1437
Castets, A., Gignoux, D., Gomez-Sal, J.C.: J. Solid State Chem. 31 (1980) 197
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 80 (1981) P71
Gignoux, D., Gomez-Sal, J.C., Fernandez, J.R.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 86 (1984) 295
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Pu
1
Er-Pu (Erbium-Plutonium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram is not known.
Some observations published by Anon [62Ano1] (raising of the melting point of Pu by addition of Er,
the amount of solid solubility of the components in each other, the statement of the nonexistence of
intermediate phases (see also Storkok [63Sto1])) were taken by Moffatt [87Mof1] as a basis to propose a
hypothetical phase diagram. This diagram has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and was also taken to
draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Pu. Tentative phase diagram.
References
62Ano1
63Sto1
87Mof1
90Mas1
Anon: USAEC, LAMS-2815 (1962) 12
Storhok, V.W.: React. Mater. 6 (1963) 14
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Re
1
Er-Re (Erbium-Rhenium)
Phase diagram
Essential parts of the phase diagram have been determined by Savitskii et al. [67Sav1]. The phase
diagram has been redrawn from there by Moffatt [85Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1]. From these latter
compilations it was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Re. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Savitskii et al. [65Sav1, 65Sav2, 70Bad1] have investigated the intermediate phase ErRe 2 by X-ray
diffractography. It has a hexagonal MgZn 2 -type structure with lattice parameters a = 0.5363 nm and
c = 0.8758 nm.
References
65Sav1
65Sav2
67Sav1
70Bad1
Savitskii, E.M., Khamidov, O.Kh., Tylkina, M.A.: Kristallografiya 10 (1965) 763
Savitskii, E.M., Khamidov, O.Kh.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 1 (1965) 1693
Savitskii, E.M., Khamidov, O.Kh.: Inorg. Mater. 3 (1967) 571
Badayeva, T.A., Dashevskaya, L.I.: Russ. Metall. (Engl. Transl.) (1970) 136
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Re
85Mof1
90Mas1
2
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Rh
1
Er-Rh (Erbium-Rhodium)
Phase diagram
On the basis of known intermediate phases, Ghassem et al. [73Gha1] have predicted the liquidus. The
phase diagram thus proposed has been redrawn by Moffatt [87Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1] and also
was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Rh. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Rh
2
Table 1. Er-Rh. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 3 Rh
Er 7 Rh 3
β-Er 5 Rh 3
Er 3 Rh 2
ErRh
orth
hex
hex
tetr
cub
Fe 3 C
Fe 3 Th 7
Mn 5 Si 3
Rh 2 Y 3
CsCl
0.7075
0.9643
0.8084
1.109
0.3372
0.9235
0.6218
0.6070
0.6306
2.488
ErRh 2
cub
Cu 2 Mg
0.7465
ErRh 5
hex
CaCu 5
0.5118
72Ram1, 89Yua1
72Ram1, 73Olc1
73Ram1
76Mor1
65Dwi2, 73Gha1,
72Cha1
73Gha1, 61Dwi1,
76Loe1
73Ram1, 89Yua1,
73Gha1
0.4292
References
61Dwi1
65Dwi2
72Cha1
72Ram1
73Gha1
73Olc1
73Ram1
76Loe1
76Mor1
87Mof1
89Yua1
90Mas1
Dwight, A.E.: Trans. Am. Soc. Met. 53 (1961) 479
Dwight, A.E., Conner jr., R.A., Downey, J.W.: Acta Crystallogr. 18 (1965) 837
Chamard-Bois, R., van Nhung, N., Yakinthos, J., Wintenberger, M.: Solid State Commun.
10 (1972) 685
Raman, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 26 (1972) 199
Ghassem, H., Raman, A.: Metall. Trans. 4 (1973) 745
Olcese, G.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 33 (1973) 71
Raman, A., Ghassem, H.: J. Less-Common Met. 30 (1973) 185
Loebich jr., O., Raub, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 1
Moreau, J.M., Paccard, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 32 (1976) 1767
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Yuan-Tao, N., Xin-Ming, Z., Yun, Z., Nian-Yi, C., Hua, X., Jian-Zhong, Z.: J. LessCommon Met. 147 (1989) 167
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ru
1
Er-Ru (Erbium-Ruthenium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram published by Palenzona [79Pal1] has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and also
has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Ru. Partial phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ru
2
Table 1. Er-Ru. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 3 Ru
orth
Fe 3 C
0.7253
0.9051
0.6206
Er 5 Ru 2
mon
B 2 Pd 5
1.5472
0.7278
Er 44 Ru 25
Er 3 Ru 2
ErRu 2
orth
cub
hex
Y 44 Ru 25
Pu 2 C 3
MgZn 2
2.7775
0.9683
0.5235
0.6227
β = 97.37°
1.4998
84Sha1, 79Pal1,
80San1
84Sha1, 79Pal1
1.4998
0.8790
90Pal1
84Sha1
61Dwi1, 59Com1,
89Yua1
References
59Com1
61Dwi1
79Pal1
80San1
84Sha1
89Yua1
90Mas1
90Pal1
Compton, V.B., Matthias, B.T.: Acta Crystallogr. 12 (1959) 651
Dwight, A.E.: Trans. Am. Soc. Met. 53 (1961) 479
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 66 (1979) P27
Sanjines-Zeballos, R., Chabot, B., Parthé, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) P17
Sharifrazi, P., Mohanty, R.C., Raman, A.: Z. Metallkd. 75 (1984) 801
Yuan-Tao, N., Xin-Ming, Z., Yun, Z., Nian-Yi, C., Hua, X., Jian-Zhong, Z.: J. LessCommon Met. 147 (1989) 167
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Palenzona, A., Canepa, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 162 (1990) 267
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-S
1
Er-S (Erbium-Sulfur)
The phase equilibria are not known.
Only melting points of two Er-S compounds have been determined by Flahaut et al. [57Fla1]. The
results are given in Table 1.
Crystallographic data of erbium sulfides are collected in Table 2.
Table 1. Er-S. Melting temperatures determined
by Flahaut et al. [57Fla1.
Phase
T m [K]
Er 5 S 7
Er 2 S 3
1893
2003
Table 2. Er-S. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
ErS
cub
NaCl
0.5405
Er 5 S 7
mon
S7Y5
1.2671
0.3775
1.1484
β = 104.75°
0.3824
Ref.
74Dra1, 85Fis1,
78Eli1
64Ado1, 68Ado1
High-temperature, high-pressure phases
Er 2 S 3
(1 GPa, 1173 K)
Er 2 S 3
(7.7 GPa, 2273 K)
ErS 2
(1…7 GPa, 973 K)
ErS 2
(3 GPa, 1273 K)
orth
Sb 2 S 3
1.0526
1.0374
cub
Th 3 P 4
0.8244
69Eat2
cub
MgCu 2
0.7745
70Web1
tetr
Cu 2 Sb
0.3818
0.7811
75Ran1
70Web1
References
57Fla1
64Ado1
68Ado1
69Eat2
70Web1
74Dra1
75Ran1
78Eli1
Flahaut, J., Guittard, M., Loriers, J., Patrie, M.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 245 (1957)
2291
Adolphe, C., Guittard, M., Laurelle, P.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 258 (1964) 4773
Adolphe, C., Laruelle, P.: Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 91 (1968) 219
Eatough, N.L., Webb, A.W., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 8 (1969) 2069
Webb, A.W., Hall, A.T.: Inorg. Chem. 9 (1970) 1084
Drafall, L.E., McCarthey, G.J., Sipe, C.A., White, W.B.: Proc. Rare Earth Res. Conf., 11th,
Michigan, 1974 2 (1974) 954
Range, K.J., Leeb, R.: Z. Naturforsch. B 30 (1975) 889
Eliseev, A.A., Grizik, A.A., Borzenkov, N.N., Borodulenko, G.P., Gracheva, N.M.,
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-S
85Fis1
Evdokimova, V.V., Novokshonov, V.I.: Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 23 (1978) 1453
Fischer, P., Hälg, W., Hulliger, F.: Physica B+C, Amsterdam 130B (1985) 551
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
Er-Sb
1
Er-Sb (Erbium-Antimony)
The phase diagram is not known.
Samsonov et al. [74Sam1] found that ErSb melts at 2173 K. ErSb 2 melts incongruently at 923 K
(Abdusalyamova et al. [88Abd1]). Crystallographic data of these intermediate phases are given in
Table 1.
Table 1. Er-Sb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
ErSb
cub
NaCl
0.6107
ErSb 2
(6 GPa, 1273 K)
Er 4 Sb 3
orth
HoSb 2
0.3259
cub
P 4 Th 3
0.902
b [nm]
0.5866
c [nm]
Ref.
0.7926
74Sam1, 69Lév1,
90Abd1, 74Dwi1
69Eat1
84Abd1
References
69Eat1
69Lév1
74Dwi1
74Sam1
84Abd1
88Abd1
90Abd1
Eatough, N.L., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 8 (1969) 1439
Lévy, F.: Phys. Kondens. Mater. 10 (1969) 85
Dwight, A.E.: Proc. Rare Earth Res. Conf., 11th, Michigan, 1974 2 (1974) 642
Samsonov, G.V., Abdusalyamova, M.N., Shokirov, Kh., Pryakhina, S.A.: Izv. Akad. Nauk
SSSR Neorg. Mater. 10 (1974) 1951; Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1974) 1672
Abdusalyamova, M.N., Vlassov, N.A., Goryachev, Yu.M.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 20
(1984) 1242
Abdusalyamova, M.N., Burnashev, O.R., Mironov, K.E., Rakhmatov, O.I., Fazlyeva, N.D.:
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Neorg. Mater. 24 (1988) 495; Neorg. Mater. 24 (1988) 409
Abdusalyamova, M.N., Shokirov, H.S., Rakhmatov, O.I.: J. Less-Common Met. 166
(1990) 221
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Sc
1
Er-Sc (Erbium-Scandium)
Phase diagram
Applying thermal analysis, metallography, microhardness tests and X-ray diffractography by Naumkin et
al. [64Nau1] and Savitskii et al. [65Sav3] some parts of the phase diagram have been determined. Using
the results published, Gschneidner et al. [90Gsc1] have constructed an assessed phase diagram, which has
been taken as a basis to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Sc. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of the cph (Er, α-Sc) solid solutions have been determined by Cavin et al. [67Cav1].
The results are plotted in Fig. 2. The lattice spacings of pure Er and pure Sc are taken from Beaudry et al.
[78Bea1].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Sc
2
Fig. 2. Er-Sc. Lattice parameters for cph (Er, α-Sc) solid solution.
References
64Nau1
65Sav3
67Cav1
78Bea1
90Gsc1
Naumkin, O.P., Terekhova, V.F., Savitskii, E.M.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 2497; Russ. J.
Inorg. Chem. 9 (1964) 1347
Savitskii, E.M., Terekhova, V.F., Burov, I.V., Naumkin, O.P., Markova, I.A.: Izv. Akad.
Nauk SSSR Neorg. Mater. 1 (1965) 1648; Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 1 (1965) 1503
Cavin, O.B., Steele, R.M., Yakel, H.L.: ORNL-4170, Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Oak Ridge,
T.N. (1967)
Beaudry, B.J., Gschneidner jr., K.A., in: "Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare
Earths", Vol. 1, Metals, K.A. Gschneidner jr., L. Eyring, eds., Amsterdam: North-Holland
Publ. Co. (1978) 215
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second
Edition, Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials
Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Se
1
Er-Se (Erbium-Selenium)
Phase diagram
Results of investigations of phase equilibria have been published by Haase et al. [65Haa1, 65Haa2]. On
the basis of these results Massalski [90Mas1] has drawn an assessed phase diagram, which was used to
construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Se. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Se
2
Table 1. Er-Se. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
ErSe
cub
NaCl
0.5656
Er 2 Se 3
orth
S 3 Sc 2
1.138
Er 2 Se 3
(7.7 GPa, 2073 K)
α-ErSe 2
β-ErSe 2
ErSe 2
(1…7 GPa, 773 K)
cub
P 4 Th 3
0.8581
orth
orth
tetr
Te 2 U
Cu 2 Sb
1.622
0.4061
0.3973
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.809
2.420
67Gui1, 63Gui1,
64Gui1
65Haa2, 82Slo1,
91Ran1
69Eat2
1.580
0.5571
1.188
1.316
0.8197
65Haa2
65Haa2, 71Kle1
67Wan1, 70Web2
References
63Gui1
64Gui1
65Haa1
65Haa2
67Gui1
67Wan1
69Eat2
70Web2
71Kle1
82Slo1
90Mas1
91Ran1
Guittard, M., Flahaut, J., Domange, L.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 256 (1963) 427
Guittard, M., Benacerraf, A., Flahaut, J.: Ann. Chim. (Paris) 9 (1964) 25
Haase, D.J., Steinfink, H., Weiss, E.J., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare
Earth Res.), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965) 535
Haase, D.J., Steinfink, H., Weiss, E.J.: Inorg. Chem. 4 (1965) 538
Guittard, M., Flahaut, J.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C 264 (1967) 1951
Wang, R., Steinfink, H.: Inorg. Chem. 6 (1967) 1685
Eatough, N.L., Webb, A.W., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 8 (1969) 2069
Webb, A.W., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 9 (1970) 843
Klein Haneveld, A.J., Jellinek, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 24 (1971) 229
Slovyanskikh, V.K., Kutznetsov, N.T., Gracheva, N.V.: Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl.
Transl.) 27 (1982) 745
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Range, K.J., Eglmeier, Ch.: J. Less-Common Met. 171 (1991) L 27
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Si
1
Er-Si (Erbium-Silicon)
Phase diagram
Using thermal analysis, metallographic observations and X-ray diffractography Copeland et al. [64Cop1]
have investigated phase equilibria on the Er-rich side of the system. Adding some intermediate phases
Moffatt [84Mof1] constructed a tentative phase diagram which has been assessed by Massalski [90Mas1].
From the latter publication information was taken to construct the phase diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Si. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Si
2
Table 1. Er-Si. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Er 5 Si 3
hex
Mn 5 Si 3
0.8294
0.6217
72May1, 82AlS2,
68Ram2
68Ram2, 82AlS1
66Hoh1, 65Par2,
86Kol1
65Par2, 68Ram1,
66Hoh1, 67Ram1
86Kol1
Er 5 Si 4
ErSi (h)
orth
orth
Ge 4 Sm 5
FeB
0.7270
0.7772
1.432
0.3785
0.7580
0.5599
ErSi (l)
orth
CrB
0.4197
1.0382
0.3791
Er 3 Si 5
hex
AlB 2
0.3799
0.4090
References
64Cop1
65Par2
66Hoh1
67Ram1
68Ram1
68Ram2
72May1
82AlS1
82AlS2
84Mof1
86Kol1
90Mas1
Copeland, M., Kato, H., in: "Physics, and Material Problems of Reactor Control Rods",
Proc. Symp. Vienna, 1963, IAEA Vienna (1964), p. 295
Parthé, E., Hohnke, D., Jeitschko, W., Schob, O.: Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965) 155
Hohnke, D., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr. 20 (1966) 572
Raman, A., Steinfink, H.: Acta Crystallogr. 22 (1967) 688
Raman, A.: Inorg. Chem. 7 (1968) 973
Raman, A.: Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 21 (1968) 5
Mayer, I., Felner, I.: J. Less-Common Met. 29 (1972) 25
Al-Shahery, G.M.Y., Jones, D.W., McColm, I.J., Steadman, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 85
(1982) 233
Al-Shahery, G.M.Y., Jones, D.W., McColm, I.J., Steadman, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 87
(1982) 99
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1984)
Koleshko, V.M., Belitsky, V.F., Khodin, A.A.: Thin Solid Films 141 (1986) 277
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Sm
1
Er-Sm (Erbium-Samarium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not known.
Gschneidner [85Gsc1] has discussed the shape of inter-rare-earth phase diagrams. Taking information
from there, Moffatt [85Mof1] has constructed a qualitative phase diagram, which is analogous to that of
the Ho-Sm system. The sketch given by Moffatt [85Mof1] was redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and from
there information was taken to construct the diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Sm. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
85Mof1
90Mas1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Sn
1
Er-Sn (Erbium-Tin)
Phase diagram
Parts of the phase diagram have been determined experimentally. Results obtained for concentrations up
to 33 at% Sn are published by Love [60Lov2] and for 66.7 at% Sn up to 100 at% Sn by Kulagina et al.
[85Kul1]. Using this and other information presented in the literature Massalski [90Mas1] has drawn a
phase diagram, which was the basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Sn. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Sn
2
Table 1. Er-Sn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Er 5 Sn 3
Er 11 Sn 10
ErSn 2
ErSn 3
hex
tetr
orth
cub
Mn 5 Si 3
Ge 10 Ho 11
ZrSi 2
Cu 3 Au
0.8799
1.144
0.4365
0.4648
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
1.6132
0.6442
1.674
0.4285
66Pal2, 67Jei1
71For1
66Ian1
72Mil1
Thermodynamics
Using Miedema's relation (see for instance [75Mie2]), Colinet et al. [84Col1] have estimated the enthalpy
of mixing of liquid Er-Sn alloy at 50 at% Sn. The value amounts to ∆H L = –38 kJ g-atom –1 .
References
60Lov2
66Ian1
66Pal2
67Jei1
71For1
72Mil1
75Mie2
84Col1
85Kul1
90Mas1
Love, B.: U.S.A.F. WADD Tech. Rep. 60-74 (1960) p. 226
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 40 (1966)
623
Palenzona, A., Merlo, F.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 40 (1966)
617
Jeitschko, W., Parthé, E.: Acta Crystallogr. 22 (1967) 551
Fornasini, M.L., Merlo, F.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 50 (1971)
186
Miller, K., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 11 (1972) 1188
Miedema, A.R., Boom, R., de Boer, F.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 41 (1975) 283
Colinet, C., Pasturel, A., Percheron-Guégan, A., Achard, J.C.: J. Less-Common Met. 102
(1984) 167
Kulagina, I.G., Bayanov, A.P., Kulagin, N.M.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1985) 211;
Russ. Metall. (1985) 213
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ta
1
Er-Ta (Erbium-Tantalum)
Phase diagram
Dennison et al. [66Den1] have determied the solubility of solid Ta in liquid Er. The results are plotted by
Massalski [90Mas1] and from there information was taken to construct Fig. 1. It was stated that there are
no intermediate phases existing in this system.
Fig. 1. Er-Ta. Partial phase diagram (Er-rich part).
References
66Den1
90Mas1
Dennison, D.H., Tschetter, M.J., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1966)
108
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Tb
1
Er-Tb (Erbium-Terbium)
Phase diagram
Using thermal analysis, metallogrpahic observations and X-ray diffactography, Spedding et al. [73Spe1]
have determined the phase diagram. It has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and also was taken to
construct the diagram in Fig. 1.
It should be mentioned that Shiflet et al. [79Shi1] have calculated the phase diagram using
information on enthalpy and entropy of melting and of transformation of the components. They found the
peritectic at somewhat higher temperature and higher concentration than Spedding et al. [73Spe1]
determined experimentally.
Gschneidner et al. [83Gsc6] have given a short review of the investigations on Er-Tb alloys present in
the literature up to 1983.
Crystal structure
Spedding et al. [73Spe1] have determined the lattice parameters of cph (Er, α-Tb) solid solutions in the
whole concentration range of the system. The results are plotted in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Er-Tb. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Tb
2
Fig. 2. Er-Tb. Lattice parameters for cph (Er, α-Tb) solid solutions.
References
73Spe1
79Shi1
83Gsc6
90Mas1
Spedding, F.H., Sanden, B., Beaudry, B.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 31 (1973) 1
Shiflet, G.J., Lee, J.K., Aaronson, H.I.: CALPHAD 3 (1979) 129
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 298
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Tc
1
Er-Tc (Erbium-Technetium)
The phase diagram is not known.
The intermediate phase ErTc 2 has a hexagonal structure (MgZn 2 -type). Lattice parameters: a = 0.5340
nm; c = 0.8792 nm (Darby et al. [64Dar1]).
References
64Dar1
Darby jr., J.B., Norton, L.J., Downey, J.W.: J. Less-Common Met. 6 (1964) 165
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Te
1
Er-Te (Erbium-Tellurium)
Phase diagram
From phase diagrams published by Abrikosov et al. [73Abr1] and Haase et al. [65Haa3], Massalski
[90Mas1] has constructed an assessed phase diagram, which has been taken as the basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Te. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Te
2
Table 1. Er-Te. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
ErTe
cub
NaCl
0.6021
Er 2 Te 3
ErTe 3
ErTe 3
orth
tetr
orth
S 3 Sc 2
1.2134
0.4282
0.431
NdTe 3
High-temperature, high-pressure phase
tetr
Cu 2 Sb
ErTe 2
(10 GPa, 1473K)
0.4248
b [nm]
0.8579
2.545
c [nm]
2.5737
2.536
0.431
0.8865
Ref.
61Bru1, 60Bri1,
63Fla1
65Fla2, 65Haa3
65Par1
65Haa4, 67Par1,
85Slo1
70Can1
References
60Bri1
61Bru1
63Fla1
65Fla2
65Haa3
65Haa4
65Par1
67Par1
70Can1
73Abr1
85Slo1
90Mas1
Brixner, L.H.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 15 (1960) 199
Bruzzone, G.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 31 (1961) 260
Flahaut, J., Domange, L., Guittard, M., Pardo, M.P., Petrie, M.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad.
Sci. 257 (1963) 1530
Flahaut, J., Laruelle, P., Pardo, M.P., Guittard, M.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 31 (1965) 1399
Haase, D.J., Steinfink, H., Weiss, E.J.: Inorg. Chem. 4 (1965) 541
Haase, D.J., Steinfink, H., Weiss, E.J.: Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix (Arizona),
1964 (1965) 535
Pardo, M.P., Gorochov, O., Flahaut, J., Domange, L.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 260
(1965) 1666
Pardo, M.P., Flahaut, J.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. (1967) 3658
Cannon, J.F., Hall, H.T.: Inorg. Chem. 9 (1970) 1639
Abrikosov, E., Poretskaya, L., Skudnova, E.: "Rare Earth Metals, Alloys, and Compounds",
Izd. Nauka, Moskow (1973) 174
Slovyanshikh, V.K., Kuznetzov, N.T., Gracheva, N.V., Kipiani, V.G.: Russ. J. Inorg.
Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 30 (1985) 1720
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Th
1
Er-Th (Erbium-Thorium)
Phase diagram
On the basis of phase equilibria published by Badayeva et al. [69Bad1], Massalski [90Mas1] has
presented an assessed phase diagram, which has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Th. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters for fcc (α-Th) solid solutions are plotted in Fig. 2 (taken from Badayeva et al.
[72Bad2]). Lattice parameters of cph (Er) solid solutions determined by the same authors are given in
Fig. 3.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Th
2
Fig. 2. Er-Th. Lattice parameter for fcc (α-Th) solid solution.
Fig. 3. Er-Th. Lattice parameters for cph (Er) solid solution.
References
69Bad1
72Bad2
90Mas1
Badayeva, T.A., Kuznetsova, R.I.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. 5 (1969) 156; Russ. Metall.
(Engl. Transl.) 5 (1969) 101
Badayeva, T.A., Kuznetsova, R.I.: Physical Chemistry of Alloys, and Refractory
Compounds of Thorium and Uranium (1972) 9
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ti
1
Er-Ti (Erbium-Titanium)
Phase diagram
Solid-liquid equilibria have been determined by Love [60Lov3] using differential thermal analysis,
metallography and X-ray investigations. Murray [90Mur1] has evaluated this system by thermodynamic
calculations. The result obtained was presented by Massalski [90Mas1] and from there information was
taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Ti. Phase diagram.
References
60Lov3
90Mas1
90Mur1
Love, B.: U:S:A:F: WADD Tech. Rep. 60-74, Part I (1960)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Murray, J.L., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Ti
(editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
Er-Tl
1
Er-Tl (Erbium-Thallium)
Phase diagram
The phase equilibria have been determined by Delfino et al. [87Del1] using thermal analysis,
metallography, X-ray diffractography and microprobe analysis. Also, at about the same time, Sabirzyanov
et al. [87Sab1] have published a phase diagram of the Er-Tl system. On the basis of these two works,
Delfino et al. [90Del1] have given an assessed phase diagram, which was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Tl. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Tl
2
Table 1. Er-Tl. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Er 5 Tl 3
hex
Mn 5 Si 3
Er 5 Tl 3+x
ErTl (h)
tetr
cub
ErTl (l)
Er 3 Tl 5
ErTl 3
tetr
orth
cub
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.8842
0.6524
Ba 3 Pb 5
CsCl
0.7925
0.3715
1.419
AuCu
Pd 5 Pu 3
Cu 3 Au
0.491
0.9901
0.4659
87Del1, 69Fra1,
87Sab1
87Del1
65Ian1, 87Sab1,
65Mor1
87Del1
87Sab1, 81Del1
65Mor1, 87Del1,
66Pal3, 82Del1
0.8058
0.415
1.0314
References
65Ian1
65Mor1
66Pal3
69Fra1
81Del1
82Del1
87Del1
87Sab1
90Del1
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Moriarty, J.L., Gordon, R.O., Humphreys, J.E.: Acta Crystallogr. 19 (1965) 285
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1966) 290
Franceschi, E., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 18 (1969) 93
Delfino, S., Saccone, A., Mazzone, D., Ferro, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 81 (1981) 45
Delfino, S., Saccone, A., Mazzone, D.: Congr. Naz. Chim. Inorg. Atti, 15th, Universita
Bari, Italiy, 1982 (1982) 405
Delfino, S., Saccone, A., Cacciamani, G., Ferro, R.: Z. Metallkd. 78 (1987) 344
Sabirzyanov, N.A., Yatsenko, S.P., Kononenko, V.I.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. 6 (1987)
168
Delfino, S., Saccone, A., Palenzona, A., Ferro, R., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams",
Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc.,
Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Tm
1
Er-Tm (Erbium-Thulium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have not been determined experimentally.
On the basis of considerations regarding inter-rare-earth systems (Gschneidner [85Gsc1]), Moffat
[86Mof1] has drawn a tentative phase diagram Er-Tm, which is analogous to the Er-Ho phase diagram.
This diagram was taken to draw Fig. 1. The solidus-liquidus gap is narrower than the line drawn.
Fig. 1. Er-Tm. Tentative phase diagram.
References
85Gsc1
86Mof1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 29
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-U
1
Er-U (Erbium-Uranium)
The phase diagram is not known.
The solubility of Er in liquid U has been determined by Wilhelm [57Wil1] and Haefling et al.
[59Hae1]. The results are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Er-U. Solubility of Er in liquid U.
T [K]
at% Er
Ref.
1523
1473
1423
0.28
0.26
0.21
57Wil1
59Hae1
57Wil1
References
57Wil1
59Hae1
Wilhelm, H.A.: Nucl. Fuels Newsletter, WASH-704 (1957)
Haefling, J.F., Daane, A.H.: Trans. AIME 215 (1959) 336
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-V
1
Er-V (Erbium-Vanadium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria in the Er-V system have been determined by Love [60Lov1], Copeland et al. [64Cop1]
and Savitskii et al. [73Sav1]. The results obtained show a remarkable scatter, obviously as a result of
impurities. Therefore Smith et al. [90Smi1] have calculated the phase diagram from thermodynamic data.
This diagram has been presented in the compilation edited by Massalski [90Mas1] and from there
information was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-V. Phase diagram.
References
60Lov1
64Cop1
73Sav1
90Mas1
Love, B.: U.S.A.F. WADD Tech. Rep. 60-74 (1960)
Copeland, M., Kato, H., in: "Physics, and Material Problems of Reactor Control Rods",
Proc. Symp. Vienna, 1963, IAEA Vienna (1964), p. 295
Savitskii, E.M., Efimov, Yu.V.: Redkozem. Met. Splavy Soedin., Izdatelstwo Nauka,
Moscow (1973) 310
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-V
90Smi1
2
Smith, J.F., Lee, K.J., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B.
Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-W
1
Er-W (Erbium-Tungsten)
Phase diagram
The solubility of W in liquid Er has been determined by Dennison et al. [66Den2] up to 1.1 at% W. The
results obtained were taken by Pandian et al. [88Pan1] to yield an assessed partial phase diagram, which
has been redrawn in the compilation performed by Massalski [90Mas1]. From there information was
taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-W. Partial phase diagram.
References
66Den2
88Pan1
90Mas1
Dennison, D.H., Tschetter, M.J., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966)
423
Pandian, S., Nagender Naidu, S.V., Rama Rao, P.: J. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1988) 73
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Y
1
Er-Y (Erbium-Yttrium)
Phase diagram
Using differential thermal analysis, metallography and X-ray diffractography Spedding et al. [73Spe1]
have investigated phase equilibria. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by Markova et
al. [64Mar1], if adjustment to the melting points of pure metals is made. These results were used by
Gschneidner et al. [83Gsc8] to assess the phase diagram and from there information was taken to draw
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Y. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of cph (Er, α-Y) solid solutions have been determined by Spedding et al. [73Spe1].
The results given in Fig. 2 show only very small positive deviations from Vegard's law.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Y
2
Fig. 2. Er-Y. Lattice parameters for cph (Er, α-Y) solid solution.
References
64Mar1
73Spe1
83Gsc8
Markova, I.A., Terekhova, V.F., Savitskii, E.M.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 2034; Russ. J.
Inorg. Chem. 9 (1964) 1098
Spedding, F.H., Sanden, B., Beaudry, B.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 31 (1973) 1
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 77
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Yb
1
Er-Yb (Erbium-Ytterbium)
Phase diagram
Investigations of the Er-Yb system have been performed by Beaudry et al. [74Bea1]. The phase equilibria
seem to be similar to those of the Lu-Yb system. There has been found no intermediate phase but a
miscibility gap at high temperature. Moffatt [81Mof1] has sketched qualitatively the phase diagram,
Massalski [90Mas1] has redrawn it. From there information was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Yb. Tentative phase diagram.
References
74Bea1
81Mof1
90Mas1
Beaudry, B.J., Spedding, F.H.: Metall. Trans. 5 (1974) 1631
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1981)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Zn
1
Er-Zn (Erbium-Zinc)
Phase diagram
Some of the phase equilibria have been published by Bruzzone et al. [70Bru2]. Taking this information
Moffatt [86Mof1] has proposed a constrained-vapor phase diagram, which has been redrawn by
Massalski [90Mas1] and, also, was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Zn. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Zn
2
Table 1. Er-Zn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
ErZn
cub
CsCl
0.3532
ErZn 2
ErZn 3
Er 6 Zn 23
Er 13 Zn 58
ErZn 5
α-Er 2 Zn 17
orth
orth
cub
hex
hex
hex
CeCu 2
YZn 3
Mn 23 Th 6
Gd 13 Zn 58
CaCu 5
Th 2 Zn 17
0.4448
0.6678
1.263
1.420
0.5388
0.89465
ErZn 12
tetr
Mn 12 Th
0.88501
b [nm]
0.6984
0.4350
c [nm]
0.7610
1.0024
1.398
0.4185
1.31199
0.5195
Ref.
73Mor1, 64Cha1,
65Ian1
67For1
70Bru2, 69Mic1
65Kuz1
70Bru2
73Gre1, 71For2
87Sie1, 87Oli1,
66Lau1
65Kuz1, 67Ian1
References
64Cha1
65Ian1
65Kuz1
66Lau1
67For1
67Ian1
69Mic1
70Bru2
71For2
73Gre1
73Mor1
86Mof1
87Oli1
87Sie1
90Mas1
Chao, C.C., Luo, H., Duwez, P.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 35 (1964) 257
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Kuzma, Yu.B., Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 1 (1965)
1410
Laube, E.: Monatsh. Chem. 97 (1966) 1568
Fornasini, M.L., Merlo, F.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 43 (1967)
357
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 12 (1967) 333
Michel, D.J., Ryba, E.: Scr. Metall. 3 (1969) 683
Bruzzone, G., Fornasini, M.L., Merlo, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 22 (1970) 253
Fornasini, M.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 25 (1971) 329
Green, M.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 32 (1973) 391
Morin, P., Laforest, J., Pierre, J., Shah, J.S.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. B 227 (1973)
353
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Olivier, M., Siegrist, T., McAlister, S.P.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 66 (1987) 281
Siegrist, T., Le Page, Y.: J. Less-Common Met. 127 (1987) 189
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Zr
1
Er-Zr (Erbium-Zirconium)
Phase diagram
Copeland et al. [64Cop1] and Love [60Lov2] have studied the phase equilibria (thermal analysis). An
assessed phase diagram is given by Moffatt [78Mof1], which also appears in the compilation performed
by Massalski [90Mas1] from where data were taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Er-Zr. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
By splat cooling of liquid alloys a continous series of metastable hexagonal close packed solid solutions
has been prepared (Wang [70Wan1]). The lattice parameters of these solid solutions are shown in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Er-Zr
2
Fig. 2. Er-Zr. Lattice parameters for metastable, cph (Er, α-Zr) solid solution.
References
60Lov2
64Cop1
70Wan1
78Mof1
90Mas1
Love, B.: U.S.A.F. WADD Tech. Rep. 60-74 (1960) p. 226
Copeland, M., Kato, H., in: "Physics, and Material Problems of Reactor Control Rods",
Proc. Symp. Vienna, 1963, IAEA Vienna (1964), p. 295
Wang, R.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 17 (1970) 460
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1978)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Es-Mo
1
Es-Mo (Einsteinium-Molybdenum)
Phase diagram
A phase diagram has been calculated on the basis of an assumed model by Brewer et al. [90Bre1]. This
diagram has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Es-Mo. Calculated phase diagram.
References
90Bre1
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition,
Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio
(1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Es-O
1
Es-O (Einsteinium-Oxygen)
The phase diagram is not known.
The compound Es 2 O 3 has cubic structure of Mn 2 O 3 -type. The lattice constant is a = 1.0766 nm (Haire
et al. [73Hai1]).
References
73Hai1
Haire, R.G., Baybarz, R.D.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 35 (1973) 489
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Fe
1
Eu-Fe (Europium-Iron)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have not been determined experimentally.
Miedema [76Mie1] has stated theoretically that there are no intermediate phases existing in the Eu-Fe
system.
On the basis of thermodynamic considerations published by Miedema [76Mie1], Moffatt [82Mof1]
has proposed a phase diagram, which is given in Fig. 1. This qualitative phase diagram, nevertheless,
seems to be not quite reliable (see below).
Fig. 1. Eu-Fe. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
By computerized pattern recognition of chemical bond parameters, Yuan-Tao et al. [89Yua1] have
predicted, in contrast to Miedema [76Mie1], the existence of an intermediate phase with the stoichiometry
EuFe 2 . They even were able to prepare this phase experimentally by crystallization from the melt. The
structure is hexagonal (MgZn 2 -Laves type); lattice parameters: a = 0.5889 nm; c = 0.9624 nm.
There is need for more experimental work to clear up the discrepancy between [82Mof1] and
[89Yua1].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Fe
2
References
76Mie1
82Mof1
89Yua1
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Yuan-Tao, N., Xin-Ming, Z., Yun, Z., Nian-Yi, C., Hua, X., Jian-Zhong, Z.: J. LessCommon Met. 147 (1989) 167
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ga
1
Eu-Ga (Europium-Gallium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been determined experimentally using differential thermal analysis and X-ray
diffractography by Yatsenko et al. [78Yat1]. It has been redrawn by Moffatt [79Mof1] and Massalski
[90Mas1] and from there it was taken as a basis to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Ga. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
It should be mentioned that the intermediate phases Eu 3 Ga 5 (found by [87Gri1]) and Eu 3 Ga 8 (found
by [85Moo1]) are not included in the phase diagram (Fig. 1).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ga
2
Table 1. Eu-Ga. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Eu 3 Ga 5
α-EuGa 2
orth
orth
Eu 3 Ga 5
CeCu 2
1.5333
0.4637
0.4577
0.7614
1.1018
0.7620
β-EuGa 2
hex
AlB 2
0.4351
Eu 3 Ga 8
EuGa 4
orth
tetr
Ni 4 Si 4 U 3
Al 4 Ba
0.4408
0.4402
87Gri1
82Mar1, 84Bus1,
65Kri4
64Ian2, 84Bus1,
64Day1
85Moo1, 85Yat1
85Moo1, 78Yat1,
65Kri4
0.4506
0.4375
2.585
1.0678
References
64Day1
64Ian2
65Kri4
78Yat1
79Mof1
82Mar1
84Bus1
85Moo1
85Yat1
87Gri1
90Mas1
Dayana, D.I., Markiv, V.Ya., Hladyshevsky, E.I.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR (1964)
1177
Iandelli, A.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 330 (1964) 221
Kripyakevich, P.I., Gladyshevskii, E.I., Dzyana, D.I.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl.
Transl.) 10 (1965) 392
Yatsenko, S.P., Semenov, B.G., Chuntunov, K.A.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1978) 209;
Russ. Metall. (1978) 173
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1979)
Markiv, V.Ya., Beljavina, N.N., Zhunkovskaja, T.I.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR Ser. A
44 (1982) 84
Buschow, K.H.J., de Mooij, D.B.: J. Less-Common Met. 97 (1984) L5
de Mooij, D.B., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 109 (1985) 117
Yatsenko, S.P., Sichevich, O.M., Jarmoljuk, Ja.P., Grin, Ju.N.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr.
RSR, Ser. B (1985) 55
Grin, Ju.N., Yatsenko, S.P., Fedorova, E.G., Sabirsianov, N.A., Sitschewitsch, O.M.,
Yarmolyuk, Ya.P.: J. Less-Common Met. 136 (1987) 55
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ge
1
Eu-Ge (Europium-Germanium)
Phase diagram
Using differential thermal analysis, metallographic observations and X-ray diffractography, Eremenko et
al. [80Ere1] have determined the phase equilibria. Taking these results as a basis, Gokhale et al. [91Gok1]
have published an assessed phase diagram, which was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Ge. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ge
2
Table 1. Eu-Ge. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
EuGe
orth
CrB
0.4715
1.126
0.4101
α-EuGe 2
hex
Cd 2 Ce
0.4102
65Hla1, 67Mer1,
66Tha1
64Hla1
0.4995
Thermodynamics
Using the experimentally determined solubility data (Eremenko et al. [80Ere1]), Gokhale et al. [91Gok1]
have calculated thermodynamic data of liquid Eu-Ge alloys. The maximum of the enthalpy of mixing is
∆H L = – 14.4 kJ g-atom –1 at 60 at% Ge.
References
64Hla1
65Hla1
66Tha1
67Mer1
80Ere1
91Gok1
Hladyshevsky, E.I.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR (1964) 209
Hladyshevsky, E.I., Uhryn, N.S.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR (1965) 1326
Tharp, A.G., Smith, G.S., Johnson, Q.: Acta Crystallogr. 20 (1966) 583
Merlo, F., Fornasini, M.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 13 (1967) 603
Eremenko, V.N., Obushenko, I.M., Buyanov, Yu.I., Meleshevich, K.A.: Diagrammy.
Sostoyaniya Tugoplark. Sis., Kiev (1980) 163
Gokhale, A.B., Abbaschian, G.J.: J. Phase Equilibria 12 (1991) 490
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-H
1
Eu-H (Europium-Hydrogen)
The phase diagram is not known.
An intermediate phase with the approximate stoichiometry EuH 2 has been prepared and investigated
crystallographically. Korst et al. [56Kor2] found EuD 1. 95 with orthorhombic structure. Warf et al.
[61War1] investigated EuH 1.8 with orthorhombic structure, too. Similar results were published by
Haschke et al. [75Has1]. At last Bischof et al. [85Bis1] have synthesized and crystallographically
investigated EuH 1.90 . They found that this compound is of orthorhombic structure (PbCl 2 -type) with
lattice parameters: a = 0.6254 nm; b = 0.3808 nm; c = 0.7221 nm (at 295 K).
References
56Kor2
61War1
75Has1
85Bis1
Korst, W.L., Warf, J.C.: Acta Crystallogr. 9 (1956) 452
Warf, J.C., Hardcastle, K.J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (1961) 2206
Haschke, J.M., Clark, J.M.: High Temp. Sci. 7 (1975) 152
Bischof, R., Kaldis, E., Wachter, P.: J. Less-Common Met. 111 (1985) 139
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Hf
1
Eu-Hf (Europium-Hafnium)
Phase diagram
Savitskii et al. [71Sav1] have found no intermediate phases in this system and only small solubility of Hf
in liquid Eu not far above the melting point of Eu. From this information Massalski [90Mas1] has drawn
an assessed phase diagram, which has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Hf. Phase diagram.
References
71Sav1
90Mas1
Savitskii, E.M., Arabei, B.G., Bakarinova, V.I., Salibekov, S.E., Timofeeva, N.I.,
Romashov, V.M.: At. Energ. 30 (1971) 390; Sov. At. Energy (Engl. Transl.) 30 (1971) 479
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Hg
1
Eu-Hg (Europium-Mercury)
Phase diagram
A phase diagram is not available.
The solubility of Eu in liquid Hg has been determined rather often using different methods. The
results have been discussed by Guminski [93Gum2]. Two groups of results at room temperature are
obtained, one of them amounts to ≈ 1.6 at% Eu, the other one to ≈ 0.152 at% Eu. According to the
discussion by Guminski [93Gum2] the lower value should be preferred.
Crystal structure
Intermediate phases found and their crystallographic structure obtained experimentally are listed in
Table 1.
Chao [65Cha1] was not able to confirm the existence of the phase EuHg.
Table 1. Eu-Hg. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
EuHg
EuHg 2
EuHg 3
Eu 14 Hg 51
cub
hex
hex
hex
CsCl
AlB 2
Ni 3 Sn
Gd 14 Ag 51
0.3880
0.4970
0.6794
1.357
0.3705
0.5074
0.974
64Ian1, 84Lyl1, 65Ian1
64Ian1, 68Ian1, 84Lyl1
64Ian1, 84Lyl1
79Mer1, 84Lyl1
References
64Ian1
65Cha1
65Ian1
68Ian1
79Mer1
84Lyl1
93Gum2
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 37 (1964)
165
Chao, C.C.: USAEC Rep. CALT-221-11 (1965)
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 15 (1968) 273
Merlo, F., Fornasini, M.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 64 (1979) 221
Lyle, S.J., Westal, W.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 99 (1984) 265
Guminski, C.: J. Phase Equilibria 14 (1993) 97
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ho
1
Eu-Ho (Europium-Holmium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Savitskii et al. [67Sav2] was not successful in determining phase equilibria but mentioned that
obviously there is an extensive mutual solubility of the components even in the solid state. Moffatt
[79Mof1] stated that a continous serious of solid solutions is not possible due to the different
crystallographic structures of Eu (bcc) and Ho (cph).
References
67Sav2
79Mof1
Savitskii, E.M., Terekhova, V.F., Torchinova, R.S.: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met. 2
(1967) 25; Met. Sci. Heat Treat. Met. (Engl. Transl.) 1/2 (1967) 100
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1979)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-In
1
Eu-In (Europium-Indium)
Phase diagram
Using thermal analysis, metallographic observations and X-ray diffractography Köster et al. [65Kös1]
have investigated phase equilibria between 50 and 100 at% In. In good agreement with these results is the
phase diagram obtained by Yatsenko et al. [83Yat3], who applied differential thermal analysis, X-ray
diffractography and thermomagnetic analysis as experimental methods. The solubility of Eu in liquid In
in the temperature range between 673 K and 773 K has been published by Dieva [74Die1]. Primarily on
the basis of results published by Yatsenko et al. [83Yat3], Okamoto [90Oka2] has proposed an assessed
phase diagram, which has been used as a basis to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-In. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
The intermediate phase EuIn 2 has been investigated crystallographically by Iandelli [64Ian2] and
Yatsenko et al. [83Yat2]. Its structure is hexagonal (CaIn 2 -type). Lattice parameters: a = 0.4975 nm;
c = 0.7869 nm [64Ian2].
Thermodynamics
Using an EMF method, Dubinin et al. [85Dub1] have determined thermodynamic properties of dilute
solutions. Bushmanov et al. [87Bus1] have calorimetrically measured the enthalpies of mixing of liquid
alloys. The results are given in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-In
2
Fig. 2. Eu-In. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1300 K.
References
64Ian2
65Kös1
74Die1
83Yat2
83Yat3
85Dub1
87Bus1
90Oka2
Iandelli, A.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 330 (1964) 221
Köster, W., Meixner, J.: Z. Metallkd. 56 (1965) 695
Dieva, E.N.: "Solubility of Rare Earth Metals in Liquid Indium", in: "Physico-Chemical
Studies of Liquid Metals and Alloys", V.B. Bamburov (ed.), Izd. Uralsk Nauch. Tsentra
Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sverdlovsk (1974) 98
Yatsenko, S.P., Semyannikov, A.A., Shakarov, H.O., Fedorova, E.G.: J. Less-Common
Met. 90 (1983) 95
Yatsenko, S.P., Zoltarev, V.M., Fedorova, E.G.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1983) 209;
Russ. Metall. (1983) 168
Dubinin, V.A., Kover, V.I., Kochkin, V.I., Nichkov, I.F.: Zh. Fiz. Khim. 59 (1985) 1258;
Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 59 (1985) 735
Bushmanov, V.D., Fedorova, E.G., Yatsenko, S.P.: Zh. Fiz. Khim. 61 (1987) 1797; Russ. J.
Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 61 (1987) 936
Okamoto, H.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 11 (1990) 140
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ir
1
Eu-Ir (Europium-Iridium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Eu-Ir. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Eu 4 Ir
EuIr 2
tetr
cub
Eu 4 Ir
MgCu 2
0.9326
0.7566
0.8572
89Pal2
65Ell1, 59Boz1
References
59Boz1
65Ell1
89Pal2
Bozorth, R.M., Matthias, B.T., Suhl, H., Corenzwit, E., Davis, D.D.: Phys. Rev. 115 (1959)
1595
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 154 (1989) 227
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-La
1
Eu-La (Europium-Lanthanum)
Phase diagram
According to thermodynamic considerations by Miedema [76Mie1] there are no intermediate phases
existing in this system. On the basis of this modelling, Moffatt [82Mof1] has sketched a phase diagram,
which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] showing a broad miscibility gap in the liquid state. At
last Sprenger et al. [90Spr1] have determined the phase diagram experimentally using differential thermal
analysis. The results are give in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-La. Phase diagram.
References
76Mie1
82Mof1
90Mas1
90Spr1
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Sprenger, S., Renz, I., Bach, H.: J. Less-Common Met. 161 (1990) 109
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Mg
1
Eu-Mg (Europium-Magnesium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been determined by Mühlpfordt et al. [69Müh1] applying thermal analysis. It was
discussed by Nayeb-Hashemi et al. [88Nay1] and redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1]. Later on, Zandbergen
et al. [89Zan1] has found an additional intermediate phase (EuMg 4 ), and at last Okamoto [92Oka1] taking
in consideration this latter compound has proposed an assessed phase diagram, which was the basis for
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Mg. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Mg
2
Table 1. Eu-Mg. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
EuMg
EuMg 2
cub
hex
CsCl
MgZn 2
0.4102
0.6379
1.0308
EuMg 4
EuMg 5
Eu 2 Mg 17
hex
hex
hex
1.0416
1.0412
1.0493
2.8051
1.0762
1.0327
Ref.
64Kle1
79Gra1, 64Kle1, 65Ian1,
78Bus1
89Zan1
70Müh1, 79Gra1, 87Era1
85Lue1, 69Kri1, 64Kle1
References
64Kle1
65Ian1
69Kri1
69Müh1
70Müh1
78Bus1
79Gra1
85Lue1
87Era1
88Nay1
89Zan1
90Mas1
92Oka1
Klemm, W., Kock, H., Mühlpfordt, W.: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 3 (1964) 704
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Kripyakevich, P.I., Evdokimenko, V.I.: Visn. Lviv Derzh. Univ., Ser. Khim. (1969) 3
Mühlpfordt, W., Klemm, W.: J. Less-Common Met. 17 (1969) 127
Mühlpfordt, W.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 374 (1970) 174
Buschow, K.H.J., Sherwood, R.C., Hsu, F.S.L.: J. Appl. Phys. 49 (1978) 1510
Graaf, H., Huiskamp, W.J., Thiel, R.C., Le Fever, H.T.: Physica B (1979) 60
Lueken, H., Erassme, J.: J. Less-Common Met. 111 (1985) 101
Erassme, J., Lueken, H.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 43 (1987) 244
Nayeb-Hashemi, A.A., Clark, J.B.: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Magnesium Alloys", A.A.
Nayeb-Hashemi, J.B. Clark (eds.), ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio (1988)
Zandbergen, H.W., van Tendeloo, G., de Mooij, D.B., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common
Met. 154 (1989) 375
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Okamoto, H.: J. Phase Equilibria 13 (1992) 103
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Mn
1
Eu-Mn (Europium-Manganese)
Phase diagram
Frankevich et al. [73Fra1] have observed layering in the liquid state and absence of intermediate phases.
On the basis of this information Moffatt [78Mof1] has sketched a phase diagram, which has been redrawn
by Massalski [90Mas1] and which was also taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Mn. Tentative phase diagram.
References
73Fra1
78Mof1
90Mas1
Frankevich, D.P., Zarechnyuk, O.S.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1973) 196; Russ. Metall.
(1973) 141
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1978)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Mo
1
Eu-Mo (Europium-Molybdenum)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not known.
Brewer et al. [80Bre2] have calculated phase equilibria from estimated thermodynamic data. The
phase diagram thus obtained has been redrawn by Moffatt [82Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1] and also
was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Mo. Tentative phase diagram.
References
80Bre2
82Mof1
90Mas1
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its
Compounds, and Alloys", L. Brewer (ed.), Atomic Energy Review Special Issue No. 7,
IAEA, Vienna (1980)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-N
1
Eu-N (Europium-Nitrogen)
A phase diagram is not available.
An intermediate phase, EuN, has been observed. Klemm et al. [56Kle1] prepared it by chemical
reaction, and Eick et al. [56Eic1] by synthesis from the elements. According to Iandelli [60Ian1] its
structure is cubic of NaCl-type. The lattice parameter amounts to a = 0.5014 nm [60Ian1].
References
56Eic1
56Kle1
60Ian1
Eick, H.A., Baenziger, N.C., Eyring, L.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78 (1956) 5987
Klemm, W., Winkelmann, G.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 288 (1956) 87
Iandelli, A.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 29 (1960) 62
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Nb
1
Eu-Nb (Europium-Niobium)
Phase diagram
On the basis of thermodynamic considerations by Miedema [76Mie1] a speculative phase diagram has
been drawn by Massalski [90Mas1], which has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Nb. Tentative phase diagram.
References
76Mie1
90Mas1
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ni
1
Eu-Ni (Europium-Nickel)
Phase diagram
Savitskii et al. [67Sav2] using thermal analysis, metallography, hardness measurements and X-ray
diffractography have investigated the phase equilibria. The results were taken by Tung et al. [89Tun1] to
draw an assessed partial phase diagram. Ning et al. [89Nin1] have found an additional intermediate phase.
Thus Okamoto [92Oka2] has drawn speculatively the phase diagram for the whole concentration range.
This tentative phase diagram was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Ni. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ni
2
Table 1. Eu-Ni. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
EuNi 2
EuNi 5
hex
hex
MgNi 2
CaCu 5
0.5390
0.49225
1.749
0.39631
Eu 2 Ni 17
hex
Th 2 Ni 17
0.836
0.809
89Nin1
78Ros1, 67Ter1, 78Oli1,
85Gav1
67Ter1, 67Sav2
References
67Sav2
67Ter1
78Oli1
78Ros1
85Gav1
89Nin1
89Tun1
92Oka2
Savitskii, E.M., Terekhova, V.F., Torchinova, R.S.: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met. 2
(1967) 25; Met. Sci. Heat Treat. Met. (Engl. Transl.) 1/2 (1967) 100
Terekhova, V.F., Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P., Torchinova, R.S.: Russ. Metall.
(Engl. Transl.) (1967) 107
Oliver, F.W., West, K.W., Cohen, R.L., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Phys. F 8 (1978) 701
Rosa, J.W., Walley, S.P.: Conf. Ser. Inst. Phys. 37 (1978) 155
Gavra, Z., Akiva, E., Murray, J.J., Calvert, L.D., B. Taylor, J.: Mater. Res. Bull. 20 (1985)
209
Ning, Y.T., Zhou, X.M., Zen, Y., Chen, N.Y., Hua, X., Zhang, J.Z.: J. Less-Common Met.
147 (1989) 167
Tung, C.H., Nash, P.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 10 (1989) 127
Okamoto, H.: J. Phase Equilibria 13 (1992) 441
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-O
1
Eu-O (Europium-Oxygen)
Phase diagram
On the basis of thermodynamic calculations starting from oxygen partial pressure of the oxides,
McCarthy et al.[70McC1] obtained as a result phase equilibria in this system. Taking additionally melting
points of Eu 3 O 4 and Eu 2 O 3 determined by Bedford et al. [70Bed1], Massalski [90Mas1] has constructed
a partial phase diagram, which was used to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-O. Partial phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of europium oxides are collected in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-O
2
Table 1. Eu-O. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
EuO
cub
NaCl
0.5142
Eu 3 O 4
α-Eu 2 O 3
β-Eu 2 O 3
orth
cub
mon
CaFe 2 O 4
Mn 2 O 3
Sm 2 O 3
1.0085
1.0866
1.41105
EuO 2
tetr
Cu 2 Sb
0.396
b [nm]
c [nm]
0.3502
1.2064
0.36021
β = 100.04°
0.8808
0.663
Ref.
63Cun1, 84Tay1,
66McW1
64Rau1, 66Rau1
63Cun1, 84Tay1
64Rau1, 75Fer1,
79Yak1
74Ima1
References
63Cun1
64Rau1
66McW1
66Rau1
70Bed1
70McC1
74Ima1
75Fer1
79Yak1
84Tay1
90Mas1
Cunningham, G.W.: React. Mater. 6 (1963) 63
Rau, R.C.: Proc. 3rd Conf. Rare Earth Res., Clearwater, 1963 (1964) 117
McWhan, D.B., Souers, P.C., Juva, G.: Phys. Rev. 143 (1966) 385
Rau, R.C.: Acta Crystallogr. 20 (1966) 716
Bedford, R.G., Catalano, E.: Proc. 8th Rare Earth Res. Conf., Reno, Nevada, H4 (1970);
see also J. Solid State Chem. 3 (1971) 112
McCarthy, G.J., White, W.B.: J. Less-Common Met. 22 (1970) 409
Imamow, R.M., Ragimli, N.A., Semiletov, S.A.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 19
(1974) 466
Ferguson, I.F.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 31 (1975) 569
Yakel, H.L.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 35 (1979) 564
Taylor, D.: Trans. J. Brit. Ceram. Soc. 83 (1984) 5
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-P
1
Eu-P (Europium-Phosphorus)
The phase diagram is not known.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Eu-P. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Eu 3 P 2
EuP
Eu 3 P 4
EuP 3
(1170…1470 K)
EuP 3
(1170…1470 K)
EuP 7
cub
cub
orth
mon
P 4 Th 3
NaCl
As 4 Eu 3
BaP 3
0.9026
0.57562
1.4050
0.9068
mon
P 3 Sr
1.1307
mon
EuP 7
1.0610
b [nm]
1.7085
0.7222
β = 113.15°
0.7345
β = 103.39°
0.5700
β = 123.94°
c [nm]
Ref.
0.5738
0.5598
70Hul1
74Mir1
84Sch1, 79Wit1
79Wit1
0.8453
79Wit1, 88Cha1
1.3305
80Sch4
References
70Hul1
74Mir1
79Wit1
80Sch4
84Sch1
88Cha1
Hulliger, F., Vogt, O.: Solid State Commun. 8 (1970) 771
Mironov, K.E., Brygalina, G.P.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1974) 787
Wittmann, M., Schmettow, W., Sommer, D., Bauhofer, W., von Schnering, H.G.:
"Phosphides, Arsenides, and Antimonides of Divalent Europium", Solid Compounds of
Transition Elements VI, Int. Conf., Stuttgart, 1979 (1979) 217
von Schnering, H.G., Wittmann, M.: Z. Naturforsch. B 35 (1980) 824
von Schnering, H.G., Wittmann, M., Sommer, D.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 510 (1984) 61
Chattopadhyay, T., Brown, P.J., Thalmeier, P., Bauhofer, W., von Schnering, H.G.: Phys.
Rev. B 37 (1988) 269
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Pb
1
Eu-Pb (Europium-Lead)
Phase diagram
McMasters et al. [67McM1] have established the phase diagram by differential thermal analysis,
metallography and X-ray diffractography. It has been redrawn by Moffatt [84Mof1] and Massalski
[90Mas1] and also has been taken as a basis to construct the phase diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Pb. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Pb
2
Table 1. Eu-Pb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Eu 2 Pb
Eu 5 Pb 3
α-EuPb
EuPb 3
orth
tetr
tetr
cub
Co 2 Si
W 5 Si 3
AuCu
AuCu 3
0.787
0.13184
0.5226
0.4915
0.540
1.003
0.6214
0.4586
67McM1
70Fra1
76Bru1
67McM1
References
67McM1
70Fra1
76Bru1
84Mof1
90Mas1
McMasters, O.D., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 13 (1967) 193
Franceschi, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 22 (1970) 249
Bruzzone, G., Merlo, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 48 (1976) 103
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1984)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Pd
1
Eu-Pd (Europium-Palladium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been determined experimentally by Iandelli et al. [74Ian1]. Harris et al. [71Har1]
stated that there are ≈ 10 at% Eu soluble in solid Pd at 873 K. Takao et al. [90Tak1] have confirmed this.
From this information Moffatt [84Mof1] has drawn a phase diagram, which has been redrawn by
Massalski [90Mas1] and which has also been taken to construct the diagram in Fig. 1, where findings by
Zhang et al. [88Zha1] have been regarded, too. See also observations of ordering in the EuPd 7 phase
(Takao et al. [90Tak1]).
Fig. 1. Eu-Pd. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Lattice parameters of (Pd) solid solutions at 298 K are plotted in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Pd
2
Fig. 2. Eu-Pd. Lattice parameter for fcc (Pd) solid solution.
Table 1. Eu-Pd. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Eu 3 Pd
Eu 5 Pd 2
Eu 3 Pd 2
EuPd
EuPd 2
EuPd 3
cub
mon
hex
orth
cub
cub
Cu
B 2 Pd 3
Er 3 Ni 2
CrB
Cu 2 Mg
AuCu 3
0.44293
1.7299
0.9204
0.4092
0.7763
0.40853
EuPd 5
orth
0.5268
b [nm]
c [nm]
0.6985
1.1075
0.7919
1.7384
0.4450
0.8984
0.2553
Ref.
71Har1
74Ian1
75Ian1
73Lon1, 74Ian1
74Ian1, 71Har1
71Har1, 83Dha1,
74Ian1
88Kan1
References
71Har1
73Lon1
74Ian1
75Ian1
83Dha1
84Mof1
88Kan1
88Zha1
90Mas1
90Tak1
Harris, I.R., Longworth, G.: J. Less-Common Met. 23 (1971) 281
Longworth, G., Harris, I.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 33 (1973) 83
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 38 (1974) 1
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 40 (1975) 263
Dhar, S.K., Nagarajan, R., Malik, S.K., Rambabu, D., Vijayaraghavan, R.: J. Magn. Magn.
Mater. 31-34 (1983) 393
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1984)
Kanghon, Z., Lili, C.: Acta Metall. Sin. (Chin. Ed.) 1B (1988) 75
Zhang, K.G., Cheng, L.L.: Acta Metall. Sin. (Chin. Ed.) 24 (1988) B 65
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Takao, K., Zhao, K.L., Sakamoto, Y.: J. Mater. Sci. 25 (1990) 1255
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Po
1
Eu-Po (Europium-Polonium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Kershner et al. [66Ker1] has prepared the intermediate phase EuPo by reaction of europium hydride
with Po at ≈ 1070 K. EuPo melts incongruently at 1761(50) K.
Crystal structure of EuPo is cubic (NaCl-type) with lattice constant a = 0.6720 nm [66Ker1].
References
66Ker1
Kershner, C.J., de Sando, R.J., Heidelberg, R.F., Steinmeyer, R.H.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.
28 (1966) 1581
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Pt
1
Eu-Pt (Europium-Platinum)
Phase diagram
Iandelli et al. [81Ian1] have investigated the phase equilibria by means of differential thermal analysis, Xray diffractography and metallography. On the basis of their results the phase diagram in Fig. 1 was
drawn.
Fig. 1. Eu-Pt. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Pt
2
Table 1. Eu-Pt. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Eu 9 Pt
Eu 5 Pt 2
cub
mon
B 2 Pd 5
0.5857
1.6776
Eu 3 Pt 2
Eu 5 Pt 4
EuPt 2
hex
orth
cub
Er 3 Ni 2
Ge 4 Sm 5
Cu 2 Mg
0.9063
0.7703
0.7731
EuPt 3
Eu 2 Pt 7
EuPt 5
cub
hex
orth
Cu 2 Mg
Ce 2 Ni 7
0.7722
0.5304
0.5304
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.6877
β = 97.24°
0.7843
81Ian1
81Ian1
1.5217
1.7270
0.7982
0.9189
2.687
2.6366
81Ian1
81Ian1
65Ell1, 81Ian1,
73Erd1
73Har1, 68Har1
81Ian1
73Lue1, 81Ian1,
67Bro2
References
65Ell1
67Bro2
68Har1
73Erd1
73Har1
73Lue1
81Ian1
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Bronger, W.: J. Less-Common Met. 12 (1967) 63
Harris, I.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 14 (1968) 459
Erdmann, B., Keller, C.: J. Solid State Chem. 7 (1973) 40
Harris, I.R., Gardner, W.E., Taylor, R.H.: J. Less-Common Met. 31 (1973) 151
Lueken, H., Bronger, W.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 395 (1973) 203
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 80 (1981) P71
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Pu
1
Eu-Pu (Europium-Plutonium)
Phase diagram
Wood et al. [69Woo1] have investigated some samples by differential thermal analysis. They found no
intermediate phases. However, they found the indication that there is an immmiscibility in the liquid state.
The melting points of the elements have not been affected by the presence of the second partner of the
alloys. Also the polymorphic transformations of plutonium were not altered by the addition of Eu.
Metallographic observations confirmed the existence of the solubility gap in the liquid state. Chemical
analysis indicated that 0.74 at% Pu are soluble in Eu and < 0.02 at% Eu are soluble in Pu. This result
seems to be true for a temperature near the melting point of the solvent.
Using this information Moffatt [78Mof1] has drawn a tentative phase diagram, which was redrawn by
Massalski [90Mas1] and which has been taken as a basis for Fig. 1, too.
Fig. 1. Eu-Pu. Tentative phase diagram.
References
69Woo1
78Mof1
90Mas1
Wood, D.H., Cramer, E.M.: J. Less-Common Met. 19 (1969) 66
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1978)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Pu
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
Eu-Re
1
Eu-Re (Europium-Rhenium)
The phase diagram is not known.
By sintering of the elements Elliott [65Ell1] have synthesized the intermediate phase EuRe 2 . Its
structure is hexagonal (MgZn 2 -type) with lattice parameters: a = 0.5316 nm and c = 0.8742 nm.
References
65Ell1
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-S
1
Eu-S (Europium-Sulfur)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have been discussed by Eliseev et al. [74Eli1], Ananth et al. [74Ana1], and Domange et
al. [59Dom1]. Massalski [90Mas1] proposed a mostly tentative phase diagram, which was the basis for
constructing the diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-S. Tentative phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-S
2
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate compounds are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Eu-S. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
EuS
α-Eu 3 S 4
(below 168 K)
β-Eu 3 S 4
(above 168 K)
EuS 2
cub
tetr
NaCl
0.59708
0.8505
0.8539
84Eli1, 74Eli1, 77Cre1
70Dav1
cub
Th 3 P 4
tetr
0.8532
0.7871
70Dav1, 78Pel1, 79Den1
0.8040
59Fla1, 74Eli1, 78Eli2
References
59Dom1
59Fla1
70Dav1
74Ana1
74Eli1
77Cre1
78Eli2
78Pel1
79Den1
84Eli1
90Mas1
Domange, L., Flahaut, J., Guittard, M.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 249 (1959) 697
Flahaut, J., Guittard, M., Partie, M.: Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 26 (1959) 1917
Davis, H.H., Bransky, I., Tallan, M.M.: J. Less-Common Met. 22 (1970) 193
Ananth, K.P., Gielisse, P.J., Rockett, T.J.: Mater. Res. Bull. 9 (1974) 1167
Eliseev, A.A., Sadovskaya, O.A., Nguyen, V.T.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Neorg. Mater. 10
(1974) 2134; Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1974) 1832
Crecelius, G., Maletta, H., Pink, H., Zinn, W.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 5 (1977) 150
Eliseev, A.A., Tolstova, V.A., Kuzmicheva, G.M.: Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 23 (1978) 1759
Pelazzi, M., Jaulmes, S.: Mater. Res. Bull. 13 (1978) 1153
Denner, W., Wichelhaus, W., Schulz, H.: Z. Kristallogr. 149 (1979) 134
Eliseev, A.A.: Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 29 (1984) 945
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Sb
1
Eu-Sb (Europium-Antimony)
The phase diagram is not known.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
Table 1. Eu-Sb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Eu 2 Sb 3
mon
Sb 3 Sr 2
0.6573
1.5039
Eu 11 Sb 10
EuSb 2
tetr
mon
Ge 10 Ho 11
CaSb 2
1.2325
0.4768
1.2772
β = 90.09°
79Wit1, 80Cha2,
83Nes1
79Sch1
78Hul1, 79Wit1
0.4299
β = 103.01°
1.8024
0.8970
References
78Hul1
79Sch1
79Wit1
80Cha2
83Nes1
Hulliger, F., Schmelczer, R.: J. Solid State Chem. 26 (1978) 389
Schmelczer, R., Schwarzenbach, D., Hulliger, F.: Z. Naturforsch. B 34 (1979) 1213
Wittmann, M., Schmettow, W., Sommer, D., Bauhofer, W., von Schnering, H.G.:
"Phosphides, Arsenides, and Antimonides of Divalent Europium", Solid Compounds of
Transition Elements VI, Int. Conf., Stuttgart, 1979 (1979) 217
Chapuis, G., Hulliger, F., Schmelczer, R.: J. Solid State Chem. 31 (1980) 59
Nesper, R., von Schnering, H.G.: Tschermaks Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 32 (1983) 195
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Sc
1
Eu-Sc (Europium-Scandium)
Phase diagram
Experimentally determined phase equilibria are not known. Obviously this is also due to the small
difference between the melting temperature of Sc (1814 K) and the boiling point of Eu (1802 K).
On the basis of thermodynamic considerations by Miedema [76Mie1] the existence of intermediate
phases in this system can be excluded. Further on, Moffatt [82Mof1] has sketched the phase diagram,
which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and which also has been used to construct Fig. 1.
A short review is given by Gschneidner jr. et al. [83Gsc9].
Fig. 1. Eu-Sc. Tentative phase diagram.
References
76Mie1
82Mof1
83Gsc9
90Mas1
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Gschneidner jr., K.A., Calderwood, F.W.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 4 (1983) 78
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Se
1
Eu-Se (Europium-Selenium)
The phase diagram is not available.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Eu-Se. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
EuSe
Eu 2 Se 3
cub
orth
NaCl
Sc 2 S 3
0.6190
1.239
0.876
2.628
59Gui1, 85Wes1
75Eli1
References
59Gui1
75Eli1
85Wes1
Guittard, M., Benacerrat, A.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 248 (1959) 2589
Eliseev, A.A., Sadovskaya, O.S., van Tam, N.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 11 (1975) 361
Westerholt, K., Bach, H.: Phys. Rev. B 31 (1985) 7151
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Si
1
Eu-Si (Europium-Silicon)
The phase diagram is not known.
Only information concerning the intermediate phase EuSi 2 is available. Its melting point amounts to
1573 K and a polymorphic transformation occurs at 123 K (Grinthal [59Gri1]).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Eu-Si. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
EuSi
α-EuSi 2
β-EuSi 2
orth
hex
tetr
BCr
AlB 2
Si 2 Th
0.4694
0.4052
0.4303
1.114
0.3981
0.4482
1.366
67Mer1, 64Gla2
79Nes1
83Eve1, 60Bin1,
77Eve1
References
59Gri1
60Bin1
64Gla2
67Mer1
77Eve1
79Nes1
83Eve1
Grinthal, R.D.: J. Electrochem. Soc. 107 (1959) 59
Binder, I.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 43 (1960) 287
Gladyshevskii, E.I., Kripyakevich, P.I.: J. Struct. Chem. 5 (1964) 789
Merlo, F., Fornasini, M.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 13 (1967) 603
Evers, J., Oehlinger, G., Weiss, A.: J. Solid State Chem. 20 (1977) 173
Nesper, R., von Schnering, H.G., Curda, J.: Solid Compounds of Transition Elements VI,
Int. Conf., Stuttgart, 1979 (1979) 150
Evers, J., Oehlinger, G., Weiss, A., Hulliger, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 90 (1983) L19
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Sm
1
Eu-Sm (Europium-Samarium)
Phase equilibria in this system have not been investigated.
Only Spedding et al. [60Spe1] stated that addition of ≈ 0.2 at% Eu to Sm lowers the melting point of
the latter by the amount of 20 K. The allotropic transformation of Sm (1190(5) K), however, is not
affected by this Eu concentration.
References
60Spe1
Spedding, F.H., McKeown, J.J., Daane, A.H.: J. Phys. Chem. 64 (1960) 289
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Sn
1
Eu-Sn (Europium-Tin)
The phase diagram of this system is not known.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Eu-Sn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
EuSn
EuSn 3
orth
cub
BCr
Cu 3 Au
0.4976
0.47445
1.190
0.4456
67Mer1
65Har1
References
65Har1
67Mer1
Harris, I.R., Raynor, G.V.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 7
Merlo, F., Fornasini, M.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 13 (1967) 603
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ta
1
Eu-Ta (Europium-Tantalum)
Phase diagram
By heating of liquid Eu in Ta containers Dennison et al. [66Den2] found a solubility of 0.00018 at% Ta.
At temperatures between 1950 K and 2145 K there are 0.027…0.050 at% Ta soluble in liquid Eu
[66Den2].
According to Miedema's thermodynamic considerations [76Mie1] no intermediate phases are existing
in this system. On this basis Moffatt [82Mof1] has predicted a phase diagram, which has been redrawn by
Massalski [90Mas1] and also has been taken to construct the diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Ta. Tentative phase diagram.
References
66Den2
76Mie1
82Mof1
90Mas1
Dennison, D.H., Tschetter, M.J., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966)
423
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Te
1
Eu-Te (Europium-Tellurium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been established by Sadovskaya et al. [70Sad1] and redrawn by Massalski
[90Mas1]. From there information was taken to draw the phase diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Te. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Te
2
Table 1. Eu-Te. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Ref.
EuTe
(> 11 GPa)
EuTe
(> 10 GPa)
CuTe
(< 10 GPa)
cub
NaCl
0.3739
72Cha2
cub
CsCl
0.3755
71Sin1
cub
NaCl
0.6591
71Sin1, 84Eli1,
66Roo1
References
66Roo1
70Sad1
71Sin1
72Cha2
84Eli1
90Mas1
Rooymann, C.J.M.: Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 70 (1966) 1036
Sadowskaya, O.A., Yarembash, E.J.: Russ. Inorg. Mater. 6 (1970) 1097
Singh, A.K., Jayaraman, A., Chatterjee, A.: Solid State Commun. 9 (1971) 1459
Chatterjee, A., Singh, A.K., Jayaraman, A.: Phys. Rev. B 6 (1972) 2285
Eliseev, A.A.: Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. (Engl. Transl.) 29 (1984) 945
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Th
1
Eu-Th (Europium-Thorium)
Phase diagram
Badayeva et al. [69Bad1] found experimentally that there is no compound formation in this system and
that there obviously is immiscibility of the components in the liquid state. Massalski [90Mas1] has
proposed a hypothetical phase diagram, which was the basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Th. Tentative phase diagram.
References
69Bad1
90Mas1
Badayeva, T.A., Kuznetsova, R.I.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. 5 (1969) 156; Russ. Metall.
(Engl. Transl.) 5 (1969) 101
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Ti
1
Eu-Ti (Europium-Titanium)
Phase diagram
Eu-Ti alloys are difficult to investigate due to the high vapor pressure of Eu. Kato et al. [60Kat1] found
that there are no intermediate phases in this system. The solubility of Ti in liquid Eu at 1423 K was
determined to be 9 to 12 at% Ti.
Thermodynamic considerations by Miedema [76Mie1] confirmed the absence of intermediate phases.
Further on, these considerations were taken to construct a tentative phase diagram (Moffatt [82Mof1]),
which has been used to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Ti. Tentative phase diagram.
References
60Kat1
76Mie1
82Mof1
Kato, H., Armantrout, C.E.: USAEC, USBM-U-745 (QPR 7) (1960) 41
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Tl
1
Eu-Tl (Europium-Thallium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
Table 1. Eu-Tl. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
EuTl
EuTl 2
EuTl 3
cub
hex
cub
CsCl
CaIn 2
Cu 3 Au
0.3970
0.5035
0.4718
0.7964
65Ian1, 66Cha1
64Ian2
66Mor1
References
64Ian2
65Ian1
66Cha1
66Mor1
Iandelli, A.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 330 (1964) 221
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Chao, C.C., Duwez, P.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 37 (1966) 2631
Moriarty, J.L., Humphreys, J.E., Gordon, R.O., Baenziger, N.C.: Acta Crystallogr. 21
(1966) 840
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-U
1
Eu-U (Europium-Uranium)
Phase diagram
On the basis of thermodynamic considerations by Miedema [76Mie1], Moffatt [82Mof1] has proposed a
phase diagram, which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and which also has been taken to
construct Fig. 1.
The mutual solubilities of the components have been determined as a function of temperature by
Wilhelm [58Wil1] and Haefling et al. [59Hae1]. The solubilities thus found are regarded in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-U. Phase diagram.
References
58Wil1
59Hae1
76Mie1
82Mof1
90Mas1
Wilhelm, H.A.: Nucl. Fuels Newspaper, WASH-704, (1957); quoted by F.A. Rough, and
A.A. Bauer, USAEC BMI-1300 (1958) 26
Haefling, J.F., Daane, A.H.: Trans. AIME 215 (1959) 336
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-U
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
Eu-V
1
Eu-V (Europium-Vanadium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
Smith et al. [87Smi1] have used results obtained by thermodynamic modelling by Miedema [76Mie1]
to calculate the phase equilibria applying a subregular solution model for solid and liquid solutions. The
results thus obtained were redrawn by Smith et al. [90Smi1] and, also, were taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-V. Calculated phase diagram.
References
76Mie1
87Smi1
90Smi1
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Smith, J.F., Lee, K.J.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 8 (1987) 221
Smith, J.F., Lee, K.J., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2, T.B.
Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-W
1
Eu-W (Europium-Tungsten)
Phase diagram
According to thermodynamic modelling by Miedema [76Mie1] there are no intermediate phases existing
in this system. On the basis of this modelling, Moffatt [82Mof1] has calculated a phase diagram, which
has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Dennison et al. [66Den2] have determined the solubility of W in liquid Eu at its melting point (1095
K) by heating of Eu in a W container. The solubility amounts to << 0.001 at% W.
Fig. 1. Eu-W. Calculated phase diagram.
References
66Den2
76Mie1
82Mof1
Dennison, D.H., Tschetter, M.J., Gschneidner jr., K.A.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966)
423
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Y
1
Eu-Y (Europium-Yttrium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not available.
Using thermodynamic data estimated by Miedema [76Mie1], Moffatt [82Mof1] has calculated a
hypothetical phase diagram, which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and which has been taken to
construct Fig. 1, too.
Fig. 1. Eu-Y. Calculated phase diagram.
References
76Mie1
82Mof1
90Mas1
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Yb
1
Eu-Yb (Europium-Ytterbium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram in Fig. 1 has been constructed by Moffatt [82Mof1]. The (Eu, β-Yb)–(α-Yb) twophase region has been determined by King et al. [70Kin1] and Kozlow et al. [79Koz1]. Both authors used
measurements of electrical resistivity.
Fig. 1. Eu-Yb. Phase diagram. Dashed lines [79Koz1], dashed-dotted lines [70Kin1].
References
70Kin1
79Koz1
82Mof1
King, E., Harris, I.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 20 (1970) 237
Kozlov, V.G., Stanolevich, G.F., Kulifeev, V.K.: Nauchn. Tr. Mosk. Inst. Stali Splavov
117 (1979) 99
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Zn
1
Eu-Zn (Europium-Zinc)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have not been determined experimentally.
Bruzzone et al. [70Bru2] have found five intermediate phases at concentrations ≥ 50 at% Zn. In
analogy to other rare-earth-Zn systems Moffatt [86Mof1] has proposed a hypothetical phase diagram,
which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and also has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Zn. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Zn
2
Table 1. Eu-Zn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
EuZn
EuZn 2
EuZn 5
cub
orth
hex
CsCl
CeCu 2
CaCu 5
0.3808
0.4728
0.5454
0.7650
0.7655
0.4285
EuZn 11
EuZn 13
tetr
cub
BaCd 11
NaZn 13
1.072
1.2216
0.6877
Ref.
64Ian1, 65Ian1
64Ian1
64Ian1, 65Kuz1,
78Bau1
65Kuz1
64Ian1, 67Ian1,
66Kuz1
References
64Ian1
65Ian1
65Kuz1
66Kuz1
67Ian1
70Bru2
78Bau1
86Mof1
90Mas1
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 37 (1964)
165
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 9 (1965) 1
Kuzma, Yu.B., Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 1 (1965)
1410
Kuzma, Yu.B., Kripyakevich, P.I., Ugrin, N.S.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 2 (1966) 544
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: J. Less-Common Met. 12 (1967) 333
Bruzzone, G., Fornasini, M.L., Merlo, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 22 (1970) 253
Bauminger, E.R., Felner, I., Ofer, S.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 7 (1978) 317
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1986)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Eu-Zr
1
Eu-Zr (Europium-Zirconium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram is not known.
On the basis of thermodynamic data estimated by Miedema [76Mie1], Moffatt [82Mof1] has drawn a
hypothetical phase diagram, which was redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and also was taken to construct
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Eu-Zr. Tentative phase diagram.
References
76Mie1
82Mof1
90Mas1
Miedema, A.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 46 (1976) 167
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1982)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-In
1
F-In (Fluorine-Indium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Hannebohn et al. [36Han1] have prepared anhydrous InF 3 . This phase melts at 1443 K. The boiling
point is 1473 K.
Crystal structure
InF 3 has a hexagonal crystal structure and is isotypic with ScF 3 . Lattice parameters are: a = 0.5419 nm
and c = 1.443 nm (Hebecker et al. [66Heb1]).
References
36Han1
66Heb1
Hannebohn, O., Klemm, W.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 229 (1936) 337
Hebecker, C.: Naturwissenschaften 53 (1966) 104
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-K
1
F-K (Fluorine-Potassium)
Phase diagram
Johnson et al. [58Joh1] have determined experimentally the phase equilibria by thermal analysis and by a
sampling method. Information for drawing Fig. 1 has been taken from Bredig [64Bre1] (see also Dworkin
et al. [62Dwo1], Bredig et al. [60Bre1], Bredig et al. [55Bre1]), as well as from Moffatt [88Mof1] and
from Massalski [90Mas1], who have redrawn the phase diagram.
Fig. 1. F-K. Partial phase diagram (subsystem KF-K).
Crystal structure
The crystal structure of KF is cubic of NaCl-type. The lattice parameter is a = 0.5344 nm [36Fin1].
References
36Fin1
55Bre1
58Joh1
60Bre1
62Dwo1
64Bre1
88Mof1
90Mas1
Finch, G.J., Fortham, S.: Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 48 (1936) 85
Bredig, M.A., Bronstein, H.R., Smith jr., W.T.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 1454
Johnson, J.W., Bredig, M.A.: J. Phys. Chem. 62 (1958) 604
Bredig, M.A., Bronstein, H.R.: J. Phys. Chem. 64 (1960) 64
Dworkin, A.S., Bronstein, H.R., Bredig, M.A.: J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 572
Bredig, M.A.: "Mixtures of Metals with Molten Salts", in: "Molten Salt Chemistry", M.
Blander (ed.), New York: Interscience (1964)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1988)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-K
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
F-Li
1
F-Li (Fluorine-Lithium)
Phase diagram
The partial phase diagram (LiF-Li) published by Dworkin et al. [62Dwo1] and also presented by Bredig
[64Bre1] has been taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. F-Li. Partial phase diagram (subsystem LiF-Li).
References
62Dwo1
64Bre1
Dworkin, A.S., Bronstein, H.R., Bredig, M.A.: J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 572
Bredig, M.A.: "Mixtures of Metals with Molten Salts", in: "Molten Salt Chemistry", M.
Blander (ed.), New York: Interscience (1964)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Mg
1
F-Mg (Fluorine-Magnesium)
The phase equilibria have not been investigated.
The melting point of MgF 2 is 1536 K. The enthalpy of melting is ∆H M = 11.2 kJ mol –1 and the
entropy of melting is ∆S M = 57.2 J mol –1 K –1 (Kubaschewski et al. [79Kub1]; see also Nayeb-Hashemi et
al. [88Nay1]).
The crystal structure of MgF 2 is tetragonal of TiO 2 -type (rutile) [56Bau1]. Lattice parameters are:
a = 0.4625 nm, c = 0.3052 nm.
References
56Bau1
79Kub1
88Nay1
Baur, W.H.: Acta Crystallogr. 9 (1956) 515
Kubascheswki, O., Alcock, C.B.: "Metallurgical Thermochemistry", 5th ed., New York:
Pergamon Press (1979)
Nayeb-Hashemi, A.A., Clark, J.B.: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Magnesium Alloys", A.A.
Nayeb-Hashemi, J.B. Clark (eds.), ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio (1988)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Mo
1
F-Mo (Fluorine-Molybdenum)
Phase diagram
Taking some equilibrium relations found in the literature and using estimated thermodynamic data,
Brewer et al. [80Bre1] have drawn a phase diagram, which has been redrawn by Moffatt [84Mof1] and
Massalski [90Mas1] and which also has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 shows the high-temperature part of the phase equilibria. At lower temperatures eutectics are
existing between intermediate phases. The temperatures of these eutectics are: MoF 5 /Mo 2 F 11 at 281 K,
Mo 2 F 11 /Mo 4 F 23 at 273.7 K, and Mo 4 F 23 /MoF 6 at 280.8 K.
Fig. 1. Phase diagram (high-temperature part).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of molybdenum fluorides are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Mo
2
Table 1. F-Mo. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
MoF 3
MoF 3
MoF 5
cub
hex
mon
ReO 3
0.38985
0.5208
0.961
MoF 6 (h)
MoF 6 (l)
(< 263 K)
cub
orth
W
0.623
0.965
b [nm]
1.422
β = 94.35°
0.868
c [nm]
Ref.
1.4409
0.516
51Gut1
60LaV1
62Edw1
0.505
67Tre1
67Tre1
References
51Gut1
60LaV1
62Edw1
67Tre1
80Bre1
84Mof1
90Mas1
Gutmann, V., Jack, K.H.: Acta Crystallogr. 4 (1951) 244
La Valle, D.E., Stelle, R.M., Witkinson, M.K., Yakel, H.L.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82 (1960)
2433
Edwards, A.J., Peacock, R.D., Small, R.W.H.: J. Chem. Soc. Part IV (1962) 4486
Trevorrov, L.E., Steindler, M.J., Steidl, D.V., Savage, J.T.: Adv. Chem. Ser. 71 (1967) 308
Brewer, L. (ed.): "Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its Compounds, and
Alloys", Atomic Energy Review Special Issue No. 7, IAEA, Vienna (1980)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1984)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Na
1
F-Na (Fluorine-Sodium)
Phase diagram
The subsystem NaF-Na has been investigated by Bredig et al. [60Bre1] using thermal analysis and a
sampling method. From the results Fig. 1 has been drawn (see also Bredig [64Bre1], Bredig et al.
[55Bre2, 55Bre1] and Dworkin et al. [62Dwo1], Moffatt [88Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1]).
Fig. 1. F-Na. Partial phase diagram (subsystem NaF-Na).
Crystal structure
The compound NaF has a cubic structure of NaCl-type. The lattice parameter is a = 0.463278 nm
[55Str1].
References
55Bre1
55Bre2
55Str1
60Bre1
62Dwo1
Bredig, M.A., Bronstein, H.R., Smith jr., W.T.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 1454
Bredig, M.A., Johnson, J.W., Smith jr., W.T.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 307
Straumanis, M.E.: Acta Crystallogr. 8 (1955) 608.
Bredig, M.A., Bronstein, H.R.: J. Phys. Chem. 64 (1960) 64
Dworkin, A.S., Bronstein, H.R., Bredig, M.A.: J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 572
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Na
64Bre1
88Mof1
90Mas1
2
Bredig, M.A.: "Mixtures of Metals with Molten Salts", in: "Molten Salt Chemistry", M.
Blander (ed.), New York: Interscience (1964)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1988)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Ni
1
F-Ni (Fluorine-Nickel)
The phase diagram is not known.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of NiF 2 are given in Table 1.
For a short survey of this system see Okamoto [91Oka1].
Table 1. F-Ni. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
α-NiF 2
β-NiF 2
orth
tetr
Type
TiO 2
(rutile)
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.464844
0.4710
0.464719
0.30745
0.3118
66Hae1
26Fer1,
52Hae1,
69Kab1
High-pressure phase
cub
NiF 2
CaF 2
0.482
69Kab1
References
26Fer1
52Hae1
66Hae1
69Kab1
91Oka1
Ferrari, A.: Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. Rend. 3 (1926) 324
Haendler, H.M., Patterson jr., W.L., Bernard, W.J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (1952) 3167
Haefner, K., Stout, J.W., Barrett, C.S.: J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1966) 449
Kabalkina, S.S., Vereshchagin, L.F., Lityagina, L.M.: Fiz. Tverd. Tela 11 (1969) 1040;
Sov. Phys. Solid State 11 (1969) 847
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys", P. Nash, (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1991)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Rb
1
F-Rb (Fluorine-Rubidium)
The phase equilibria in the subsystem RbF-Rb were determined using thermal analysis and a sampling
method (Bredig et al. [60Bre2]). The phase equilibria have been also published by Dworkin et al.
[62Dwo1] and Bredig [64Bre1] as well as by Moffatt [87Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1]. From this
information Fig. 1 has been drawn.
Fig. 1. F-Rb. Partial phase diagram (subsystem RbF-Rb).
Crystal structure
Rubidium fluoride, RbF, has a cubic structure of NaCl-type. Lattice constant: a = 0.56630 nm [70Swa1].
References
60Bre2
62Dwo1
64Bre1
70Swa1
87Mof1
90Mas1
Bredig, M.A., Johnson, J.W.: J. Phys. Chem. 64 (1960) 1899
Dworkin, A.S., Bronstein, H.R., Bredig, M.A.: J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 572
Bredig, M.A.: "Mixtures of Metals with Molten Salts", in: "Molten Salt Chemistry", M.
Blander (ed.), New York: Interscience (1964)
Swanson, H.E., McMurdie, H.F., Morris, M.C., Evans, E.H.: Standard X-Ray Diffraction
Powder Patterns, Natl. Bur. Stand. Monogr. 25, Sect. 8 (1970)
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1987)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Rb
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
F-Sm
1
F-Sm (Fluorine-Samarium)
Phase diagram
An experimentally determined phase diagram has been published by Dworkin et al. [71Dwo1]. The
temperature of polymorphic transformation of SmF 3 was determined by Zalkin et al. [53Zal1]. From this
information Moffatt [85Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1] have drawn phase diagrams, which have been
taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. F-Sm. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate compounds are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Sm
2
Table 1. F-Sm. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
SmF 2
α-SmF 3
β-SmF 3
cub
orth
hex
CeF 2
0.5867
0.6669
0.6956
0.7059
0.4405
0.716
70Sta1
53Zal1
53Zal1
LaF 3
References
53Zal1
70Sta1
71Dwo1
85Mof1
90Mas1
Zalkin, A., Templeton, D.H.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75 (1953) 2453
Stanko, J.A., Chaipayungpundhu, S.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 (1970) 5580
Dworkin, A.S., Bredig, M.A.: J. Phys. Chem. 75 (1971) 2340
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Sn
1
F-Sn (Fluorine-Tin)
Phase diagram
The phase equilibria have been determined experimentally by Thevet et al. [79The1]. The partial phase
diagram thus established has been redrawn by Moffatt [88Mof1] and Massalski [90Mas1]. It was also
used to construct the diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. F-Sn. Partial phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate compounds are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. F-Sn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
SnF 2
SnF 4
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
mon
0.4226
0.5143
63Hae1
tetr
0.4048
0.4902
β = 85.96°
0.7930
62Hop1
References
62Hop1
63Hae1
Hoppe, R., Dähne, W.: Naturwissenschaften 49 (1962) 254
Haendler, H.M., Cooney, W.A.: Acta Crystallogr. 16 (1963) A38
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Sn
79The1
88Mof1
90Mas1
2
Thevet, F., Dagron, C., Flahout, J.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C 289 (1979) 337
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1988)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Yb
1
F-Yb (Fluorine-Ytterbium)
Phase diagram
Dworkin et al. [71Dwo1] have investigated experimentally the phase equilibria on the Yb side of this
system using thermal analysis. Thomas et al. [66Tho1] have determined the temperature of the
polymorphic phase transition of YbF 3 . The corresponding phase diagram was given by Moffatt [85Mof1]
and Massalski [90Mas1]. From there information was taken to construct the phase diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. F-Yb. Partial phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
F-Yb
2
Table 1. F-Yb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
YbF 2
α-YbF 3
β-YbF 3
cub
tetr
hex
CaF 2
0.5599
0.6216
0.699
0.6786
0.832
69Cat1
53Zal1
66Tho1
YF 3
References
53Zal1
66Tho1
69Cat1
71Dwo1
85Mof1
90Mas1
Zalkin, A., Templeton, D.H.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75 (1953) 2453
Thoma, R.E., Brunton, G.O.: Inorg. Chem. 5 (1966) 1937
Catalano, E., Bedford, R.G., Silveira, V.G., Wickman, H.H.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 30
(1969) 1613
Dworkin, A.S., Bredig, M.A.: J. Phys. Chem. 75 (1971) 2340
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1985)
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ga
1
Fe-Ga (Iron-Gallium)
Phase diagram
The phase equilibria have been investigated rather often and by different methods. Experimental work has
been done by Dasarathy et al. [65Das1], Meissner et al. [65Mei1] (thermal analysis, X-ray
diffractography), Lu et al. [66Lu1] (X-ray diffractography), Wachtel et al. [67Wac1, 67Wac2]
(thermomagnetic analysis), Couderc et al. [77Cou1] (X-ray diffractography), Bras et al. [77Bra1] (X-ray
diffractography, differential thermal analysis), Köster et al. [77Kös1, 77Kös2] (differential thermal
analysis, dilatometry, metallography), Tiemann et al. [78Tie1] (Mössbauer spectroscopy), Köster et al.
[78Kös1] (dilatometry), Gödecke et al. [77Göd1] (differential thermal analysis, dilatometry). In some
cases the results are not in good agreement with each other. Reviews on the constitution of this system
have been given by Kubaschewski [82Kub1], Okamoto [90Oka3] and Bannykh et al. [86Ban1].
Taking all information available from the literature, after thorough discussion Okamoto [90Oka3] has
proposed an assessed phase diagram, which was the basis for Fig. 1. Mainly accepted have been results
published by Köster et al. [77Kös2] (see also Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Bannykh et al. [86Ban1]).
Phase equilibria in the concentration range between about 20 and 30 at% Ga are given on enlarged scale
in Fig. 2 (taken from [82Kub1], see Köster et al. [77Kös1, 77Kös2]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Ga. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ga
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Ga. Partial phase diagram (16…34 at% Ga).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are collected in Table 1.
Dasarathy et al. [65Das1] as well as Lu et al. [66Lu1] have determined lattice parameters of (α-Fe)
solid solutions (bcc structure). The mean of their results is plotted in Fig. 3. The lattice parameter as a
function of concentration of cubic α''' (AuCu 3 -type) is plotted in Fig. 4 (mean of results from [72Kaw1]
and [67Luo1]).
By rapid quenching in the concentration range between 10 and 50 at% Ga metastable phases are
formed. For corresponding transformations and structures (not quite well investigated) see Okamoto
[90Oka3].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ga
3
Table 1. Fe-Ga. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
α'
α"
α"'
α-Fe 3 Ga
cub
cub
cub
cub
CsCl
see Fig. 2
Cu 3 Au
Cu 3 Au
see Fig. 3
0.3701
β-Fe 3 Ga
α-Fe 6 Ga 5
hex
mon
Ni 3 Sn
Fe 6 Ge 5
0.52184
1.0058
β-Fe 6 Ga 5
Fe 3 Ga
hex
mon
Al 8 Cr 5
Fe 3 Ga 4
1.241
1.0091
Fe 3 Ga
FeGa 3
tetr
tetr
CoCa 3
0.1260
0.6260
FeGa 3
tetr
FeGa 3
0.6256
b [nm]
0.7946
β = 109.33°
0.7666
β = 106.67°
c [nm]
Ref.
0.42373
0.7477
67Luo1
77Kös1
67Luo1
60Sch1, 71Cou1,
84Suz1
71Cou1, 77Cou1
74Mal1, 74Phi1
0.776
0.7866
0.551
0.6580
0.6560
65Mei1
74Phi1, 75Phi1,
65Mei1
65Das1
58Sch1, 59Sch1,
65Das1, 65Lu2
86Kra1, 65Lu1
Fig. 3. Fe-Ga. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution at T > 1185 K.
Fig. 4. Fe-Ga. Lattice parameter for cubic (Cu3Au-type) solid solution α'''.
Thermodynamics
Predel et al. [75Pre1] have determined calorimetrically the enthalpies of formation of two intermediate
phases. They found for Fe 3 Ga 4 the value of ∆H S = 9.6 kJ g-atom–1 , and for FeGa 3 the value ∆H S = 11.7
kJ g-atom–1 .
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ga
4
References
58Sch1
59Sch1
60Sch1
65Das1
65Lu1
65Lu2
65Mei1
66Lu1
67Luo1
67Wac1
67Wac2
71Cou1
72Kaw1
74Mal1
74Phi1
75Phi1
75Pre1
77Bra1
77Cou1
77Göd1
77Kös1
77Kös2
78Kös1
78Tie1
82Kub1
84Suz1
86Ban1
86Kra1
90Oka3
Schubert, K., Breimer, H., Gohle, R., Lukas, H.L., Meissner, H.G., Stolz, E.:
Naturwissenschaften 45 (1958) 360
Schubert, K., Lukas, H.L., Meissner, H.G., Bhan, S.: Z. Metallkd. 50 (1959) 534
Schubert, K., Anantharaman, T.R., Ata, H.O.K., Meissner, H.G., Pötzschke, M.,
Rossteutscher, W., Stolz, E.: Naturwissenschaften 47 (1960) 512
Dasarathy, W., Hume-Rothery, W.: Proc. R. Soc. London A 286 (1965) 141
Lu, H.S., Liang, C.K.: Chin. Phys.. 21 (1965) 1079
Lu, H.S., Liang, C.K.: Acta Physiol. Sin. 21 (1965) 849
Meissner, H.G., Schubert, K.: Z. Metallkd. 56 (1965) 523
Lu, H.S., Liang, C.K., Wang, H.T.: Acta Physiol.. Sin. 22 (1966) 429; Chin. J. Phys. 22
(1966) 340
Luo, H.L.: Trans. AIME 239 (1967) 119
Wachtel, E., Maier, J.: Z. Metallkd. 58 (1967) 761
Wachtel, E., Maier, J.: Z. Metallkd. 58 (1967) 885
Coude, J.J., Bras, J., Fagot, M.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. B 272 (1971) 781
Kawamiya, N., Adachi, K., Nakamura, Y.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 33 (1972) 1318
Malaman, B., Philippe, M.J., Roques, B.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 30 (1974) 2081
Philippe, M.J., Malaman, B., Roques, B.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C 278 (1974) 1083
Philippe, M.J., Malaman, B., Roques, B., Courtois, A., Protas, J.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B
31 (1975) 477
Predel, B., Vogelbein, W.: Thermochim. Acta 13 (1975) 133
Bras, J., Couderc, J.J., Fagot, M., Ferre, J.: Acta Metall. 25 (1977) 1077
Couderc, J.J., Bras, J., Fagot, M.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 41 (1977) 595
Gödecke, T., Köster, W.: Z. Metallkd. 68 (1977) 758
Köster, W., Gödecke, T.: Z. Metallkd. 68 (1977) 582
Köster, W., Gödecke, T.: Z. Metallkd. 68 (1977) 661
Köster, W., Gödecke, T.: Z. Metallkd. 69 (1978) 228
Tiemann, K., Schmand, J.: Z. Naturforsch. A 33 (1978) 644
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Suzuki, T., Oya, Y., Ochiaji, S.: Metall. Trans. A 15 (1984) 173
Bannykh, O.A., Drits, M.E.: "Phase Diagrams of Binary, and Multicomponent Systems
Based on Iron", Metallurgiya, Moscow (1986)
van der Kraan, A.M., Buschow, K.H.J.: Physica B + C (Amsterdam) 138 (1986) 55
Okamoto, H.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 11 (1990) 576
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Gd
1
Fe-Gd (Iron-Gadolinium)
Phase diagram
Experimental determinations of the phase equilibria have been done by Copeland et al. [62Cop1,
62Cop2], Savitskii et al. [60Sav1, 61Sav1], Novy et al. [61Nov1], Vickery et al. [60Vic1], Kripyakevich
et al. [61Kri1], Baenziger et al. [61Bae2], Hubbard et al. [62Hub1], and Burov et al. [64Bur1]. A review
of this system and an assessed phase diagram have been given by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and, later on,
by Okamoto [93Oka1]. The phase diagram assessed by Kubaschewski [82Kub1], based mainly on results
published by Copeland et al. [62Cop1, 62Cop2] (thermal analysis, metallography, X-ray diffractography),
was taken by Okamoto [93Oka1] to construct a diagram assessed in more detail. This latter diagram was
taken to draw Fig. 1.
The maximum solubility of Fe in (α-Gd) was stated by Copeland et al. [64Cop1] to be 0.6 at% Fe.
Fig. 1. Fe-Gd. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
More intermediate phases have been found than those given in Fig. 1. These types of phases are not
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Gd
2
occurring in other Fe-rare-earth systems and therefore their existence is questionable.
Amorphous alloys have been prepared by melt quenching (Tokumitsu [91Tok1]) in the concentration
range between 16 and 70 at% Gd. The crystallization process has been investigated by X-ray diffraction
method and by Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Table 1. Fe-Gd. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
α-Fe 17 Gd 2
β-Fe 17 Gd 2
hex
hex
Cu 7 Tb
Ni 17 Th 2
Fe 23 Gd 6
Fe 3 Gd
cub
hex
Fe 2 Gd
cub
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.4907
0.8496
0.4168
0.8345
Mn 23 Th 6
Be 3 Nb
1.212
0.51692
2.4737
MgCu 2
0.7380
70Giv1
70Giv1, 61Nov1,
63Kri1, 66Bus2
86Nag1, 65Kri2
65Smi1, 85Sei1,
66van1
71Sla1, 76Grö1,
87Ich1, 64Man1
CaCu 5
0.492
0.515
0.571
0.825
Questionable phases
Fe 5 Gd
Fe 4 Gd
Fe 7 Gd 2
Fe 3 Gd 2
hex
hex
orth
cub
0.678
0.411
0.664
0.715
61Nov1, 60Nas1
61Nov1
61Nov1
61Nov1
Thermodynamics
By solution calorimetry using liquid Al as the solvent, Collinet et al. [87Col1] have determined the
enthalpies of formation of some intermediate phases. The results are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Fe-Gd. Enthalpy of formation of intermediate
phases at 298 K (Collinet et al. [87Col1]).
Phase
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ]
Fe 17 Gd 2
Fe 3 Gd
Fe 2 Gd
– 2.3
– 9.3
– 11.6
References
60Nas1
60Sav1
60Vic1
61Bae2
Nassau, K., Cherry, L.V., Wallace, W.E.: Phys. Chem. Solids 16 (1960) 123
Savitskii, E.M., Terekhova, V.F., Burov, I.V., Chistiakov, O.D.: Tsvetn. Metal. 33 (1960)
59
Vickery, R.C., Sexton, W.C., Novy, V.F., Kleber, E.V.: J. Appl. Phys. 31 (1960) 366
Baenziger, N.C., Moriarty jr., J.L.: Acta Crystallogr. 14 (1961) 948
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Gd
61Kri1
61Nov1
61Sav1
62Cop1
62Cop2
62Hub1
63Kri1
64Bur1
64Cop1
64Man1
65Kri2
65Smi1
66Bus2
66van1
70Giv1
71Sla1
76Grö1
82Kub1
85Sei1
86Nag1
87Col1
87Ich1
91Tok1
93Oka1
3
Kripyakevich, P.I., Gladyshevski, E.I.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 6 (1961) 118
Novy, V.F., Vickery, R.C., Kleber, V.E.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 221 (1961) 580
Savitskii, E.M., Terekhova, V.F., Burov, I.V., Chistiakov, O.D.: Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 6
(1961) 883
Copeland, M.I., Kato, H.: Proc. 2nd Conf. Rare Earth Res., J.F. Nachman, C.E. Lundin
(eds.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1962) 133
Copeland, M.I., Krug, M., Armantrout, C.E., Kato, H.: U.S. Bur. Mines, Rep. Invest. 5925
(1962)
Hubbard, W.M., Adams, E.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 17 Suppl. B-I (1962) 143
Kripyakevich, P.I., Terekhova, V.F., Zarechnyuk, O.S., Burov, I.V.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr.
(Engl. Transl.) 8 (1963) 203
Burov, I.V., Terekhova, V.F., Savitskii, E.M.: Vop-rosy Teorii i. Primeneniya
Redkozemelnykh Metallov., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow (1964) 116
Copeland, M., Kato, H., in: "Physics, and Material Problems of Reactor Control Rods",
Proc. Symp. Vienna, 1963, IAEA Vienna (1964), p. 295
Mansmann, M., Wallace, W.E.: J. Chem. Phys. 40 (1964) 1167
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P., Voroshilov, Yu.V.: Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram.
(Engl. Transl.) 4 (1965) 915
Smith, J.F., Hansen, D.A.: Acta Crystallogr. 19 (1965) 1019
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966) 204
van Vucht, J.H.N.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1966) 147
Givord, F., Lamaire, R.: J. Less-Common Met. 21 (1970) 463
Slanicka, M.I., Taylor, N.K.R., Primavesi, G.J.: J. Phys. F 1 (1971) 679
Grössinger, R., Steiner, W., Krec, K.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2 (1976) 196
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Seitabla, D.: Stud. Cercet. Fiz. 37 (1985) 27
Nagai, H., Oyama, N., Ikami, Y., Yoshie, H., Tsujimura, A.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 55 (1986)
177
Collinet, C., Pasturel, A., Buschow, K.H.J.: Metall. Trans. A 18 (1987) 903
Ichinose, K.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 56 (1987) 2908
Tokumitsu, J.: J. Less-Common Met. 170 (1991) 45
Okamoto, H. (ed.): "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", Materials Information Soc.,
Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ge
1
Fe-Ge (Iron-Germanium)
Phase diagram
First experimental work to disclose the phase equilibria in this system has been done by Ruttevit et al.
[40Rut1] using thermal analysis and metallographic observations. Later on, investigations were done by
Übelacker et al. [67Übe1] (thermal analysis, magnetic investigations) and some others (Lecoqc [63Lec1],
Chessin [63Che1], Predel et al. [72Pre1] (metallography), Richardson [67Ric1], Kanematu et al.
[65Kan2], Maier et al. [72Mai1] (thermal and magnetic analysis), Shtolts et al. [64Sht1] (thermal
analysis), Nunoue et al. [89Nun1] (mass spectrometry) and others. Reviews of this system were given by
Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Kato et al. [93Kat1]. The phase diagrams of the Fe-Ge system given by
these reviewers do not agree with each other in detail. The assessed diagram published by Kato et al.
[93Kat1] was preferred for it includes more recent information. It was taken as a basis for the phase
diagram in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Ge. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of the (α-Fe) solid solutions are plotted in Fig. 2 (taken from Turbil et al. [73Tur1]).
Lattice parameters of the α 2 -phase are given in Fig. 3 (taken from Buschow et al. [83Bus2]). The
transition (α-Fe) → α 2 , α 2 → α 1 is not a first-order reaction.
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Amorphous alloys have been prepared by vacuum deposition on NaCl in the concentration range
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ge
2
between 50 at% Ge and 95 at% Ge (Bilyak et al. [75Bil1]). By electron diffraction these authors found
that a mixture exists of short-range ordered regions and really amorphous ones.
Table 1. Fe-Ge. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
α1
ε
cub
hex
BiF 3
Ni 3 Sn
0.575
0.5169
0.4222
ε'
Fe 2 Ge
β
(Fe 3 Ge 2 )
β
(Fe 5 Ge 3 )
η
Fe 6 Ge 5
cub
hex
hex
Cu 3 Au
InNi 2
Pd 13 Tl 9
0.3665
0.4056
0.796
0.5030
0.499
hex
InNi 2
0.4020
0.5024
hex
mon
NiAs
Fe 6 Ge 5
0.3998
0.9965
FeGe
mon
CoGe
1.1815
FeGe
(903…1013K)
FeGe
(<903 K)
FeGe 2
hex
CoSn
0.50027
cub
FeSi
0.4698
tetr
Al 2 Cu
0.5908
Fig. 2. Fe-Ge. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solutions.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
b [nm]
c [nm]
0.5010
0.7826
0.7801
β = 109.67°
0.39283
0.49224
β = 103.91°
0.40548
0.4957
Ref.
87Eno1, 75Sob1
61Sht1, 67Kan1,
69Tur1, 65Kan2
65Kan2, 63Kan3
80Mal1, 89Kim1
68Sch1, 69Pan1,
65Kan3
81Bar1, 53Cas1,
63Kan2
80Mal1, 41Lav1
74Mal1
67Ric2, 83Fel1
67Ric1, 65Ade1,
65Kan2
67Ric1, 89Leb1,
83Sat1
72Hav1, 64Kre1
Fe-Ge
3
Fig. 3. Fe-Ge. Lattice parameter for cubic (CsCl-type) phase α2 at 1173 K.
Thermodynamics
By high-temperature calorimetry Shalpak et al. [80Sha1] have determined the enthalpies of mixing of
liquid Fe-Ge alloys. The results are given in Fig. 4.
Excess free enthalpies of mixing of liquid Fe-Ge alloys were calculated by Frohberg et al. [85Fro1]
from hydrogen solubilities in Fe-Ge melts. The ∆G L,ex values as a function of concentration are given in
Fig. 5.
Fig. 4. Fe-Ge. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1873 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ge
4
Fig. 5. Fe-Ge. Excess Gibbs free energy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1873 K.
References
40Rut1
41Lav1
53Cas1
61Sht1
63Che1
63Kan2
63Kan3
63Lec1
64Kre1
64Sht1
65Ade1
65Kan2
65Kan3
67Kan1
67Ric1
67Ric2
67Übe1
68Sch1
69Pan1
69Tur1
72Hav1
72Mai1
72Pre1
73Tur1
74Mal1
75Bil1
75Sob1
80Mal1
80Sha1
81Bar1
82Kub1
83Bus2
Ruttewit, K., Masing, G.: Z. Metallkd. 32 (1940) 52
Laves, F., Wallbaum, H.J.: Z. Angew. Mineral. 4 (1941–1942) 17
Castellis, L.: Monatsh. Chem. 84 (1953) 765
Shtolts, A.K., Geld, P.K.: Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 12 (1961) 462; Phys. Met. Metallogr. 12
(1961) 148
Chessin, A., Arajas, S., Colvin, R.V., Miller, D.S.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 24 (1963) 261
Kanematu, K., Yasukochi, K., Ohoyama, T.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 18 (1963) 1429
Kanematu, K., Yasukochi, K., Ohoyama, T.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 18 (1963) 920
Lecocq, P.: Ann. Chim. (Paris) 8 (1963) 85
Kren, E., Szabo, P.: Phys. Lett. 11 (1964) 215
Shtolts, A.K., Geld, P.V., Zagryazhskii, V.L.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 140; Russ. J.
Inorg. Chem. 9 (1964) 76
Adelson, E., Austin, A.E.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26 (1965) 1795
Kanematu, K., Ohoyama, T.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 20 (1965) 236
Kanematu, K.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 20 (1965) 36
Kanematsu, K.: Coll. Int. CNRS (Paris) 157 (1967) 135
Richardson, M.: Acta Chem. Scand. 21 (1967) 2305
Richardson, M.: Acta Chem. Scand. 21 (1967) 753
Übelacker, E.: Mem. Sci. Rev. Metall. 64 (1967) 183
Schubert, K., Bhan, S., Biswas, T.K., Frank, K., Panday, P.K.: Naturwissenschaften 55
(1968) 542
Panday, P.K., Schubert, K.: J. Less-Common Met. 18 (1969) 175
Turbil, J.P., Billiet, Y., Michel, A.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C 269 (1969) 309
Havinga, E.E., Damsma, H., Hokkeling, P.: J. Less-Common Met. 27 (1972) 169
Maier, J., Wachtel, E.: Z. Metallkd. 63 (1972) 411
Predel, B., Frebel, M.: Z. Metallkd. 63 (1972) 393
Turbil, J.P., Michel, A.: Ann. Chim. (Paris) 8 (1973) 377
Malaman, B., Philippe, M.J., Roques, B.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 30 (1974) 2081
Bilyak, A.I., Zhuk, G.P.: Kristallografiya 20 (1975) 1264
Sobczak, R.: Monatsh. Chem. 106 (1975) 1389
Malaman, B., Steinmetz, J., Roques, B.: J. Less-Common Met. 75 (1980) 155
Shalpak, A.N., Beloborodova, E.A., Batalin, G.I.: Ukr. Khim. Zh. 46 (1980) 209
Bara, J.J., Gajie, B.V., Pedziwiatr, A.T., Szytula, A.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 23 (1981) 149
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Buschow, K.H.J., van Engen, P.G., Jongebreur, R.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 38 (1983) 1
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ge
83Fel1
83Sat1
85Fro1
87Eno1
89Kim1
89Leb1
89Nun1
93Kat1
5
Felcher, G.P., Jorgensen, J.D., Wäppling, R.: J. Phys. C 16 (1983) 6281
Sato, T., Ohta, E., Sakata, M.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 52 (1983) 3163
Frohberg, M.G., Anik, S.: Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 89 (1985) 130
Enoki, H., Ishida, K., Nishizawa, T.: Metall. Trans. A 18 (1987) 949
Kim, S.Y., Kan, S.K.: New Phys., Korean Phys. Soc. 29 (1989) 212
Lebech, B., Bernhard, J., Freltoft, T.: J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1 (1989) 6105
Nunoue, S., Kato, E.: Metall. Trans. A 20 (1989) 975
Kato, E., Nunoue, S., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.),
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-H
1
Fe-H (Iron-Hydrogen)
Solubility of hydrogen in iron at normal pressure
Hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are forming interstitial solid solutions with solid Fe. The solubility of H
in Fe has been determined at fist by Sieverts [11Sie1], Martin [29Mar1] and Luckemeyer-Hasse et al.
[32Luc1]. Later on, solubility measurements have been performed several times (see reviews given by
Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and San-Martin et al. [93San1]). Up to ≈ 10 MPa the solubility Σ obeys Sieverts'
law
Σ = k pH2
Assessed results of solubility of H in solid iron at ≈ 0.1 MPa are plotted in Fig. 1 and those for the
solubility of H in liquid Fe are given in Fig. 2 (see Kubaschewski [82Kub1]).
Sieverts et al. [38Sie1] as well as Heumann et al. [66Heu1] have determined the solubility of
deuterium in α-Fe and γ-Fe. Both series of results are in good agreement, whereas the solubilities of D in
γ-Fe calculated by Demin et al. [72Dem1] are lower than the experimentally determined ones. The
assessed solubilities of D in solid Fe are plotted in Fig. 3 (see Kubaschewski [82Kub1]).
Solubility of tritium in solid Fe has been calculated by theoretical considerations (Demin et al.
[72Dem1]). This method applied also to the iron-deuterium system by the same authors has yielded lower
values for the solubility of D in Fe than experimental methods (see above). The difference between
experimental and calculated values for the Fe-D system has been taken by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] to
adjust the calculated solubilities of T in Fe to real ones, and these corrected data are plotted in Fig. 3, too.
The influence of H on the temperature of phase transition of Fe at p = 0.1 MPa is very small. Geller et
al. [50Gel1] and Bunin et al. [77Bun1] found a depression of the melting point of Fe by solution of H of
the order of magnitude of 1.8 K.
An assessed Fe-H phase diagram for p = 1 atm (≈ 0.1 MPa) has been calculated from available
solubility data by San-Martin et al. [93San1] (see Fig. 4). The dashed lines represent assessed maximum
solubilities at a pressure of 0.1 MPa. The hydrogen solved influences the temperature of the phase
equilibria only little.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-H
Fig. 1. Fe-H. Solubility of hydrogen in solid iron at 1 bar.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
Fe-H
Fig. 2. Fe-H. Solubility of hydrogen in liquid iron at 1 bar.
Fig. 3. Fe-H. Solubility of deuterium and tritium in solid iron.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
3
Fe-H
4
Fig. 4. Fe-H. Phase diagram at 0.1 MPa.
Phase diagram at high pressures
The dependence of the solubility of H in Fe on H 2 -pressure is shown in Fig. 5 (taken from [93San1]. (See
also [78Sha1] who has constructed the curves from data found in the literature.) It should be pointed out
that at higher pressures the solubility of H is smaller at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures.
At high pressures the influence of hydrogen on transition temperatures of Fe is much higher than at
0.1 MPa. Shapovalov et al. [78Sha1] have published a phase diagram at p = 40 MPa, which has been
redrawn by San-Martin et al. [93San1] and which also has been taken to construct Fig. 6. It should be
mentioned that a lot of experimental values for the solubility of H in Fe at high pressures are available in
the literature. They have been analysed and discussed thoroughly by Kiuchi et al. [83Kiu1].
At a pressure of 6.7 GPa and at 523 K, Antonov et al. [80Ant1] were able to prepare a new phase (ε),
which is ferromagnetic with Curie temperature at ≈ 80 K (Antonov et al. [81Ant1]).
The pressure-temperature diagram of Fe-H given by Antonov et al. [82Ant1] and Ponyatovskii et al.
[82Pon1] and also presented by San-Martin [93San1] was taken as a basis to draw Fig. 7. The hatched
field indicates the hysteresis of the α-Fe → ε transition. Two-phase boundaries are drawn as single lines,
as Antonov et al. [82Ant1] did.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-H
Fig. 5. Fe-H. Pressure dependence of the solubility of hydrogen in solid iron at 873 K and 1373 K.
Fig. 6. Fe-H. Phase diagram at 40 MPa.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
5
Fe-H
6
Fig. 7. Fe-H. Pressure-temperature phase diagram.
Crystal structure
As Plusquelle et al. [57Plu1] found first, the protons are not always located at interstitial sites, but
partially are accumulated in other lattice defects (see also [76Sil2, 76Sil1]).
Antonov et al. [80Ant1] determined the structure of the high pressure ε phase. In the concentration
range between 39 and 44.5 at% H they found that the ε phase has a cph structure with lattice parameters a
= 0.2686 nm and c = 0.4380 nm (determined at 83 K). Schneider et al. [91Sch1] have found a deuteride in
analogy to ε. Further on, the latter authors have found three other hydrides (deuterides), one of them is
nonmagnetic at 4.2 K.
Thermodynamics
Enthalpies of solution of H in Fe have been determined several times. The results, taken from a
compilation by San-Martin et al. [93San1], are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-H
7
Table 1. Fe-H. Enthalpy of solution of hydrogen in iron.
Phase
Enthalpy of solution
[kJ / 0.5 mol H 2 ]
Ref.
α-Fe
27.2
24.1
28.6
28.0
26.0
22.6
26.6
27.0
26.7
73.0
26.0
31.4
30.6
34.9
34.4
50Gel1
70Sal1
78Qui1
79Sha1
85Fuj1
50Gel1
61Hil1
79Sha1
85Fuj1
79Sha1
85Fuj1
50Gel1
74Boo1
74Boo1
85Fuj1
γ-Fe
δ-Fe
Liquid Fe
References
11Sie1
29Mar1
32Luc1
38Sie1
50Gel1
57Plu1
61Hil1
66Heu1
70Sal1
72Dem1
74Boo1
76Sil1
76Sil2
77Bun1
78Qui1
78Sha1
79Sha1
80Ant1
81Ant1
82Ant1
Sieverts, A.: Z. Phys. Chem. 77 (1911) 591
Martin, E.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 3 (1929-30) 407
Luckemeyer-Hasse, L., Schenck, H.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 6 (1932–1933) 209
Sieverts, A., Zapf, G., Moritz, H.: Z. Phys. Chem. 183 (1938) 19
Geller, W., Sun, T.-H.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 21 (1950) 423
Plusquelle, J., Azou, P., Bastien, P.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 244 (1957) 1195
Hill, M.L., Johnson, E.W.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 221 (1961) 622
Heumann, Th., Primas, D.: Z. Naturforsch. A 21 (1966) 260
Salii, V.I., Geld, P.V., Ryabov, R.A.: Fiz. Khim. Mekh. Mater. 6 (1970) 96; Sov. Mater.
Sci. (Engl. Transl.) 6 (1970) 620
Demin, V.B., Vykhodets, V.B., Geld, P.V., Men, A.N., Fishman, A.Ya., Chufarov, G.I.:
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1972) 2, 201
Boorstein, W.M., Pehlke, R.D.: Metall. Trans. 5 (1974) 399
da Silva, J.R.G., McLellan, R.B.: J. Less-Common Met. 50 (1976) 1
da Silva, J.R.G., Stafford, S.W., McLellan, R.B.: J. Less-Common Met. 49 (1976) 407
Bunin, K.P., Shapovalov, V.I., Trofimenko, V.V.: Zh. Fiz. Khim. 51 (1977) 1967; J. Phys.
Chem. 51 (1977) 1151
Quick, N.R., Johnson, H.H.: Acta Metall. 26 (1978) 903
Shapovalov, V.I., Poltoratskii, L.M.: Izv. VUZ Chern. Metall. (1978) 124; Steel USSR
(Engl. Transl.) 8 (1978) 578
Shapovalov, V.I., Trofimenko, V.V.: Izv. VUZ Chern. Metall. (1979) 89, Steel USSR
(Engl. Transl.) 9 (1979) 418
Antonov, V.E., Belash, I.T., Degtyareva, V.F., Ponyatovskii, E.G., Shiryaev, V.I.: Dokl.
Akad. Nauk SSSR 252 (1980) 1384
Antonov, V.E., Belash, I.T., Ponyatovskii, E.G., Thiessen, V.G., Shiryaev, V.I.: Phys.
Status Solidi (a) 65 (1981) K43
Antonov, V.E., Belash, T.T., Ponyatovskii, E.G.: Scr. Metall. 16 (1982) 203
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-H
82Kub1
82Pon1
83Kiu1
85Fuj1
91Sch1
93San1
8
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Ponyatovskii, E.G., Antonov, V.E., Belash, I.T., Degtyareva, V.F., Thiessen, V.G.: J. LessCommon Met. 88 (1982) 26
Kiuchi, K., McLellan, R.B.: Acta Metall. 31 (1983) 961
Fujita, F.E., in: "Hydrogen Degradation of Ferrous Alloys", R.A. Oriani, J.P. Hirth, M.
Smialowski, (eds.), Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Publications (1985) 1
Schneider, G., Baier, M., Wordel, R., Wagner, F.E., Antonov, V.E., Ponyatovskii, E.G.,
Kopilovskii, Yu., Makarov, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 172-174 (1991) 333
San-Martin, A., Manchester, F.D., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H.
Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Hf
1
Fe-Hf (Iron-Hafnium)
Phase diagram
Using differential thermal analysis, dilatometry and X-ray diffractography, Svechnikov et al. [61Sve1]
have determined the phase equilibria in this system. The results obtained are not in good agreement with
those found by Hayes et al. [56Hay1]. Later on, Kripyakevich et al. [64Kri4] have examined some alloys
by metallography and X-ray diffraction analysis. These investigations were followed by several others.
The appreciable disagreement of results is obviously due to using of Hf of not sufficient purity. On the
basis of results obtained by Svechnikov et al. [61Sve1] and Kocherzinskiy et al. [73Koc1], Okamoto
[93Oka2] has constructed an assessed phase diagram, which has been taken to draw Fig. 1.
All three types of the Laves phases exist in the neighbourhood of Fe 2 Hf (λ, α-Fe 2 Hf, β-Fe 2 Hf). As
Okamoto [93Oka2] pointed out, the phase equilibria between them are not clear. On the other hand λ
possibly exists only as a high-temperature phase, and the existence of β-Fe 2 Hf is doubtful. Also in doubt
are phases Fe 3 Hf and FeHf mentioned by Hayes et al. [56Hay1]. See the thorough discussion by
Okamoto [93Oka2].
Fig. 1. Fe-Hf. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are summarized in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Hf
2
Buschow et al. [80Bus1] have prepared amorphous Fe-Hf alloys by melt-spinning in the concentration
range between 82 and 60 at% Hf. The crystallization temperatures increase from 1013 K (at 82 at% Hf) to
1138 K (at 60 at% Hf).
Table 1. Fe-Hf. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
λ
(33.3 at% Hf)
α-Fe 2 Hf
β-Fe 2 Hf
FeHf 2
hex
MgZn 2
0.4980
0.8129
58Ell1, 77Ike1
cub
hex
cub
MgCu 2
MgNi 2
NiTi 2
0.7025
0.4968
1.20246
1.6167
54Ell1, 77Ike1
61Ell1, 64Kri4
60Nev1, 79Ess1, 91Cek1
References
54Ell1
56Hay1
58Ell1
60Nev1
61Ell1
61Sve1
64Kri4
73Koc1
77Ike1
79Ess1
80Bus1
91Cek1
93Oka2
Elliott, R.P.: Tech. Rep. 1, OSR Techn. Note OSR-TN-54-247, Armour Research
Foundation, Chicago, IL (1954)
Hayes, E.T., Deardorff, D.K.: At. Energy Comm., U.S. (Zirconium Progress Report)
USBM-U-158 (1956), 22; as quoted by D.E. Thomas and E.T. Hayes (eds.): "The
Metallurgy of Hafnium" (1960)
Elliott, R.P.: Trans. ASM 50 (1958) 617
Nevitt, M.V., Downey, J.W., Morris, R.A.: Trans. AIME 218 (1960) 1019
Elliott, R.P.: Trans. ASM 53 (1961) 321
Svechnikov, V.N., Shurin, A.K.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 139 (1961) 895; Proc. Acad. Sci.
USSR, Chem. Sect. 139 (1961) 774
Kripyakevich, P.I., Tylkina, M.A., Tsyganova, I.A.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 2599;
Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 9 (1964) 1404
Kocherzinskiy, Ya.A., Markiv, V.Ya., Petkov, V.V.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1973)
189; Russ. Metall. (1973) 134
Ikeda, K.: Z. Metallkd. 68 (1977) 195
van Essen, R.M., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 64 (1979) 277
Buschow, K.H.J., Beekmans, N.M.: J. Less-Common Met. 72 (1980) 141
Cekic, B., Prelesnik, B., Koicki, S., Rodic, D., Manasijevic, M., Ivanovic, N.: J. LessCommon Met. 171 (1991) 9
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Hg
1
Fe-Hg (Iron-Mercury)
Phase diagram
The solubility of Fe in Hg has been determined by many authors, the results obtained are in wide
discrepancy. According to discussions by Jangg et al. [63Jan1] this disagreement is caused by the
experimental methods used. Jangg et al. [65Jan1] stated that no intermediate phase is existing in this
system.
Mostly on the basis of results published by Marshall et al. [50Mar1], Kubaschewski [82Kub1] has
constructed an assessed solubility curve, which has been used to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Hg. Solubility of iron in liquid mercury.
Metastable phases
By different methods (electrical resistivity [78Hoo1], X-ray diffractography [58Jan1], viscosity
[78Hoo1], electron microscopy [75Win1], magnetic measurements [88Lin1]) suspensions of Fe particles
in liquid Hg could be proven. From such amalgams no α-Fe crystals could be precipitated. Additions of a
third component like Sn, Ga or Sb, stabilize such suspensions (Falk et al. [65Fal1]).
A thorough discussion of the Fe-Hg system is given by Guminski [93Gum1].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Hg
2
References
50Mar1
58Jan1
63Jan1
65Fal1
65Jan1
75Win1
78Hoo1
82Kub1
88Lin1
93Gum1
Marshall, A.L., Epstein, L.F., Norten, F.J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72 (1950) 3514
Jangg, G., Fitzer, E., Adlhart, O., Hohn, H.: Z. Metallkd. 49 (1958) 557
Jangg, G., Palman, H.: Z. Metallkd. 54 (1963) 364
Falk, R.B., Luborsky, F.E.: Trans. AIME 233 (1965) 2079
Jangg, G., Steppan, F.: Z. Metallkd. 56 (1965) 172
Windle, P.L., Popplewell, J., Charles, S.W.: IEEE Trans. Magn. 11 (1975) 1367
Hoon, S.R., Popplewell, J., Charles, S.W.: IEEE Trans. Magn. 14 (1978) 981
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Linderoth, S., Morup, S., Meagher, A., Wells, S., van Wonterghem, J., Rasmussen, H.K.,
Charles, S.W.: J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. 8, Suppl. No 12, 49, C8 (1988) 1827
Guminski, C., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ho
1
Fe-Ho (Iron-Holmium)
Phase diagram
Roe et al. [70Roe1] have established the phase diagram using thermal analysis, metallography and X-ray
diffraction analysis. The results were taken by Okamoto [93Oka2] to construct an assessed phase
diagram, which was the basis of Fig. 1.
Applying thermodynamic considerations, Okamoto [93Oka2] stated that the liquidus is not in all parts
of the system correctly determined. A redetermination seems to be necessary.
An intermediate phase Fe 5 Ho has been found by Nassau et al. [60Nas1] which, however, has not been
confirmed by other authors.
By quenching (10 2 …10 3 K/s) a liquid alloy of ≈ 50 at% Ho at a pressure of 7.7 GPa, Tsvyshchenko et
al. [85Tsv1] obtained a crystalline solid containing a hexagonal phase of MgNi 2 -type.
Fig. 1. Fe-Ho. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ho
2
Table 1. Fe-Ho. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 17 Ho 2
Fe 23 Ho 6
Fe 3 Ho
Fe 2 Ho
hex
cub
hex
cub
Ni 17 Th 2
Mn 23 Th 6
Ni 3 Pu
Cu 2 Mg
0.8434
1.2032
0.51097
0.73014
0.8284
65Kri3, 66Bus2
65Kri3, 70Roe1
68Dwi1, 70Roe1
60Nas1, 68Man2
2.4526
References
60Nas1
65Kri3
66Bus2
68Dwi1
68Man2
70Roe1
85Tsv1
93Oka2
Nassau, K., Cherry, L.V., Wallace, W.E.: Phys. Chem. Solids 16 (1960) 123
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 468
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966) 204
Dwight, A.E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 24 (1968) 1395
Mansey, R.C., Raynor, G.V., Harris, I.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 14 (1968) 329
Roe, G.J., O'Keefe, T.J.: Metall. Trans. 1 (1970) 2565
Tsvyashchenko, A.V., Popova, S.V.: J. Less-Common Met. 108 (1985) 115
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-In
1
Fe-In (Iron-Indium)
Phase diagram
Using thermal analysis as well as magnetic and microscopic investigations, Stadelmaier et al. [67Sta1],
Dasarathy [67Das1, 69Das1, 72Das1, 74Das1] and Malingih et al. [70Mal1] have experimentally
investigated phase equilibria from which Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Okamoto [93Oka2] have drawn an
assessed phase diagram. From the latter author information has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
On the basis of the regular solution model the critical temperature of the miscibility gap has been
estimated to be ≈ 3130 K (Predel et al. [79Pre1]).
Fig. 1. Fe-In. Phase diagram.
References
67Das1
67Sta1
69Das1
70Mal1
72Das1
74Das1
79Pre1
Dasarathy, C.: Z. Metallkd. 58 (1967) 279
Stadelmaier, H.H., Fiedler, M.L.: Z. Metallkd. 58 (1967) 633
Dasarathy, C.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 245 (1969) 1813
Malingih, A.C., Logorelyi, A.D.: Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Tsvetn. Metall. 2 (1970) 107
Dasarathy, C.: Z. Metallkd. 63 (1972) 209
Dasarathy, C.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 403 (1974) 173
Predel, B., Vogelbein, W.: Thermochim. Acta 30 (1979) 187
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-In
82Kub1
93Oka2
2
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ir
1
Fe-Ir (Iron-Iridium)
Phase diagram
Experimental investigations of phase equilibria have been performed by Buckley et al. [63Buc1], Raub et
al. [64Rau2], and Fallot [37Fal2]. On the basis of the results obtained by these authors Kubaschewski
[82Kub1] and Swartzendruber [93Swa2] have drawn an assessed phase diagram, from which information
was taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Ir. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Raub et al. [64Rau2] have determined the lattice parameters at concentrations up to 80 at% Ir. Results for
fcc (γ-Fe) are plotted in Fig. 2. For the ε phase (close packed hexagonal structure) these authors found,
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ir
2
more or less independent of concentration, the lattice paramter a = 0.260 nm and an almost constant value
of c/a ≈ 1.61. All lattice constants have been determined at room temperature.
Fig. 2. Fe-Ir. Lattice parameter for fcc (γ-Fe, Ir) solid solution.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic activities of iron have been determined in the fcc (γ-Fe) solid solution at 1473 K by
equilibrating the alloys with iron oxide (wustite or magnetite) with a CO 2 –CO gas mixture
(Schwerdtfeger et al. [68Sch2]). Results obtained are plotted in Fig. 3.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ir
3
Fig. 3. Fe-Ir. Thermodynamic activity for fcc (γ-Fe, Ir) solid solution at 1473 K.
References
37Fal2
63Buc1
64Rau2
68Sch2
82Kub1
93Swa2
Fallot, M.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 205 (1937) 517
Buckley, R.A., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 201 (1963) 121
Raub, E., Loebich, O., Beeskov, H.: Z. Metallkd. 55 (1964) 367
Schwerdtfeger, K., Zwell, L.: Trans. AIME 242 (1968) 631
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Swartzendruber, L.J., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.),
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-K
1
Fe-K (Iron-Potassium)
Phase diagram
"No" solubility of K in (Fe) has been assumed by Wever [29Wev1, 28Wev1] on the basis of systematic
considerations of the influence of elements on the polymorphism of iron. This has been "confirmed" by
diffusion experiments (Jones [34Jon2]). Reliable solubility measurements of (γ-Fe) in liquid K have been
done by Swisher et al. [65Swi1] in the temperature range between 943 K and 1328 K. Due to the
influence of oxygen on the solubility of Fe in liquid K the results are approximations only. Similar
experiments equilibrating iron with liquid K have been performed by Ginell et al. [65Gin1, 66Gin1],
Teitel [65Tei1] and McKisson et al. [66McK1]. Results obtained by Swisher [65Swi1] and Ginell et al.
[66Gin1] are given in Table 1 (see the review by Sangster et al. [93San2]).
On the basis of information taken from the literature (see above), Sangster et al. [93San2] have
proposed a phase diagram, which has been taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-K. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-K
2
Table 1. Fe-K. Solubility of Fe in liquid K (see Sangster et al. [93San2]).
T [K]
Solubility
[at% Fe]
Ref.
T [K]
Solubility
[at% Fe]
Ref.
943
1003
1143
1203
1273
1333
0.0030
0.0175
0.0455
0.0910
0.0700
0.0700
65 Swi1
65 Swi1
65 Swi1
65 Swi1
65 Swi1
65 Swi1
1198
1198
1273
1273
0.0320
0.0313
0.0389
0.0311
66Gin1
66Gin1
66Gin1
66Gin1
Thermodynamics
On the basis of a thermodynamic model Niessen et al. [83Nie1] have estimated enthalpies of formation of
Fe-K alloys. The values are positive and thus consistent with the demixing tendency of the phase
diagram.
References
28Wev1
29Wev1
34Jon2
65Gin1
65Swi1
65Tei1
66Gin1
66McK1
83Nie1
93San2
Wever, F.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 2 (1928-1929) 739
Wever, F.: Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929) 304
Jones, W.D.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 130 (1934) 436
Ginell, W.S., Teitel, R.J.: Douglas Aircraft Corp. Rep. SM-48883, Santa Monica, CA
(1965)
Swisher, J.H.: NASA Tech. Note., NASA-TN-D-2734 (1965) 18
Teitel, R.J.: Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 8 (1965) 15
Ginell, W.S., Teitel, R.J.: U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. CONF 650411, (1966) 44; Trans.
Am. Nucl. Soc. 8 (1965) 393
McKinson, R.L., Eichelberger, R.L., Dahleen, R.C., Scarborough, J.M., Argue, G.R.:
Atomics Int. Rep. AI-65-210, Canaga Park, CA (1966)
Niessen, A.K., de Boer, F.R., Boom, R., de Châtel, P.F., Mattens, W.C.M., Miedema, A.R.:
CALPHAD 7 (1983) 51
Sangster, J., Bale, C.W., Burton, B.P., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H.
Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Kr
1
Fe-Kr (Iron-Krypton)
Sieverts et al. [12Sie1] have found that Kr is not absorbed by iron in the temperature range from 1473 K
to 1773 K.
References
12Sie1
Sieverts, A., Bergner, E.: Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 45 (1912) 2576
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-La
1
Fe-La (Iron-Lanthanum)
Phase diagram
Richard [62Ric1] has investigated the phase equilibria by thermal analysis, X-ray diffractography and
metallographic observations using materials with a purity better than 99 %. Nassau et al. [60Nas1] and
Kepka et al. [72Kep1] confirmed the results obtained by Richard [62Ric1], whereas the results obtained
by Savitskii [59Sav1] are deviating from these findings. The latter author found two intermediate phases:
Fe 5 La and Fe 2 La, which obviously are metastable ones or are stabilized due to impurities. Nassau et al.
[60Nas1] stated that no stable intermediate phases are existing in this system.
Gschneidner et al. [61Gsc1], after thorough discussion of the experimental results mentioned above,
has proposed an assessed phase diagram, which was redrawn by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and also by
Okamoto [93Oka2]. From there information has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
As a reason for the anomaly in the liquidus (between ≈ 8 and ≈ 19 at% La) the existence of two
miscibility gaps has been discussed (see Kubaschewski [82Kub1]). But Okamoto [93Oka2] stated that
this is improbable. More experimental investigations are needed.
Fig. 1. Fe-La. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-La
2
References
59Sav1
60Nas1
61Gsc1
62Ric1
72Kep1
82Kub1
93Oka2
Savitskii, E.M.: Redkozem. Met. Splavy, Dom Tekhniki, Moscow (1959)
Nassau, K., Cherry, L.V., Wallace, W.E.: Phys. Chem. Solids 16 (1960) 123
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: "Rare Earth Alloys", New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. (1961)
Richard, J.: Mem. Sci. Rev. Metall. 59 (1962) 539
Kepka, M., Skala, J.: Hutnik 1 (1972) 12
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Li
1
Fe-Li (Iron-Lithium)
Phase diagram
Lithium, obviously, is not soluble in solid Fe (Wever [29Wev1, 28Wev1], Ageev et al. [28Age1]). The
solubility of Fe in liquid Li has been investigated using different analytical methods by Jesseman et al.
[50Jes1], Sand [58San1], Bychkov et al. [59Byc1], Beskorovainyi et al. [60Bes1], Bychkov et al.
[60Byc1], Kelly [61Kel1], Leavenworth et al. [61Lea2, 61Lea1], Minushkin [61Min1], Weeks [63Wee1],
and Beskorovainyi et al. [80Bes1]. Reviews of the solubility data published in the literature have been
given by McKinson et al. [66McK2], Anthrop [67Ant1], Kubaschewski [82Kub1], and Sangster et al.
[93San2].
After thorough discussion of the individual experimental values, Sangster et al. [93San2] have
proposed mean solubilities, which have been used to draw Fig. 1. An assessed phase diagram published
by the same authors [93San2] was taken to construct Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Fe-Li. Solubility of lithium in solid iron.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Li
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Li. Phase diagram.
Thermodynamics
Niessen et al. [83Nie1] have estimated enthalpies of formation of Fe-Li alloys on the basis of an atomistic
thermodynamic model. Though the ∆H L -values obtained may be not accurate, the sign of them, which is
positive, obviously is correct and therefore is in agreement with the demixing character of the phase
diagram.
References
28Age1
28Wev1
29Wev1
50Jes1
58San1
59Byc1
60Bes1
Ageew, N.W., Zamarotin, M.I.: Izv. Leningr. Politekh. Inst. Otd. Tekh. Estest. Mat. 31
(1928) 183
Wever, F.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 2 (1928-1929) 739
Wever, F.: Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929) 304
Jesseman, D.S., Roben, G.D., Grunwald, A.L., Fleshman, W.S., Anderson, K., Calkins,
V.P.: U.S. Dep. Commer. Off. Tech. Serv. Rep. NEPA-1465, Fairchild Engine, and
Airplain Corp. (1950)
Sand, J.J.: U.S. Dep. Commer. Off. Tech. Serv. Rep. PB-14280, Olim Mathieson Chemical
Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y. (1958)
Bychkov, Yu.F., Rozanov, A.N., Yakovlewa, V.B.: At. Energy 7 (1959) 531
Beskorovainyi, N.M., Yakovlev, E.L.: Met. Metalloved Chist. Metal, Sb. Nauchn. Rabot
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Li
60Byc1
61Kel1
61Lea1
61Lea2
61Min1
63Wee1
66McK2
67Ant1
80Bes1
82Kub1
83Nie1
93San2
3
(1960) 189
Bychkov, Yu.F., Rozanov, A.N., Rozanowa, V.B.: Met. Metalloved Chist. Metal, Sb.
Nauchn. Rabot (1960) 178
Kelly, K.J.: NASA Rep. NASA-TN-D-769, United Aircraft Corp. (1961) 27
Leavenworth, H.W., Cleary, R.E., Bratton, W.D.: Rep. PWAC-356, Middletown, CT: Pratt
and Whitney Aircraft Corp. (1961)
Leavenworth, H.W., Cleary, R.E.: Acta Metall. 9 (1961) 519
Minushkin, B.: U.S. Dep.Commer. Off. Tech. Serv. Rep. NDA-2141-1, United Nuclear
Corp., White Plains, N.Y. (1961)
Weeks, J.R.: NASA Spec. Publ. NASA-SP-41 (1963) 21
McKinson, R.L., Eichelberger, R.L., Dahleen, R.C., Scarborough, J.M., Argue, G.R.:
NASA Contract Rep. NASA CR-610 (1966) 154
Anthrop, D.F.: USAEC Rep. UCRL 50315 (1967) 91
Beskorovainyi, N.M., Vasilev, V.K., Lyublinskii, I.E.: Metall. Metalloved. Chist. Met.
(Moscow) (1980) 135
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Niessen, A.K., de Boer, F.R., Boom, R., de Châtel, P.F., Mattens, W.C.M., Miedema, A.R.:
CALPHAD 7 (1983) 51
Sangster, J., Bale, C.W., Burton, B.P., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H.
Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Lu
1
Fe-Lu (Iron-Lutetium)
Phase diagram
Using thermal analysis and X-ray diffractography, Kolesnichenko et al. [72Kol1] have investigated the
phase equilibria. The phase diagram thus obtained has been redrawn by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and
Okamoto [93Oka2]. From the latter author information has been taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Lu. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Lu
2
Table 1. Fe-Lu. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 17 Lu 2
(9.5 at% Lu)
Fe 23 Lu 6
Fe 3 Lu
Fe 2 Lu
hex
Ni 17 Th 2
0.8401
0.8272
72Kol1, 68Ray1, 72Giv1
cub
hex
cub
Mn 23 Th 6
Ni 3 Pu
Cu 2 Mg
1.195
0.5052
0.7222
2.433
65Kri3, 68Ray1
72Kol1, 68Ray1
61Dwi2, 65Ell1, 65Kri6,
68Ray1, 72Can1, 74Atz1,
87Bro1
References
61Dwi2
65Ell1
65Kri3
65Kri6
68Ray1
72Can1
72Giv1
72Kol1
74Atz1
82Kub1
87Bro1
93Oka2
Dwight, A.E.: USAEC, ANL-6516 (1961) 259
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 468
Kripyakevich, P.I., Teslyuk, M.Yu., Frankevich, D.P.: Kristallografiya 10 (1965) 422; Sov.
Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 344
Ray, A.E.: Proc. 7th Conf. Rare Earth Res., J.F. Nachmann (ed.) (1968) 473
Cannon, J.F., Robertson, D.L., Hall, H.T.: Mater. Res. Bull. 7 (1972) 5
Givord, D., Lemaire, R., Moreau, J.M., Roudant, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 29 (1972) 361
Kolesnichenko, V.F., Terekhova, V.F., Savitskii, E.M.: Metalloved. Tsvetn. Met., Splavov
Nauka (1972) 31
Atzmony, U., Darial, M.P.: Phys. Rev. B 10 (1974) 2060
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Broda, H.: Acta Phys. Pol. A 72 (1987) 29
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mg
1
Fe-Mg (Iron-Magnesium)
Phase diagram
Using several different methods the solubility of Mg in Fe and of Fe in Mg has been determined rather
often, however, the results obtained are not in agreement with each other. The solubility data have been
compiled and discussed by Hansen et al. [58Han1], Elliott [65Ell1], Shunk [69Shu1], Kubaschewski
[82Kub1] and Nayeb-Hashemi et al. [93Nay1]. There is, however, not enough information to construct
the whole phase diagram. An assessed partial phase diagram for high Mg concentrations, as published by
Nayeb-Hashemi et al. [93Nay1], is given in Fig. 1. A phase diagram calculated by [93Nay1] up to
concentrations of 2 at% Fe (under constrained gas pressure) is given in Fig. 2 (see [93Nay1] and Burylev
[66Bur1]).
The miscibility gap in the liquid state in the middle part of the phase diagram is confirmed by
experimental investigations (Burylev [65Bur1], Tavadze et al. [61Tav1], Trojan et al. [61Tro1]). Tavadze
et al. [61Tav1] and Levchenko et al. [63Lev1] expect a mutual solubility of Mg and Fe at high pressures
and high temperatures in the liquid state.
The liquidus on the Fe-rich side of the system has been investigated by Yensen et al. [31Yen1],
Fahrenhorst et al. [41Fah1], Bulian et al. [42Bul1], Beerwald [41Bee1], Mitchell [48Mit1] and Siebel
[48Sie1]. An assessed partial diagram for high Fe concentrations has been published by Nayeb-Hashemi
et al. [93Nay1] which is included in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Fe-Mg. Partial phase diagram (0…0.1 at% Fe).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mg
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Mg. Phase diagram showing the Mg-rich (0…2 at% Fe) and Fe-rich (98…100 at% Fe) parts.
References
31Yen1
41Bee1
41Fah1
42Bul1
48Mit1
48Sie1
58Han1
61Tav1
61Tro1
63Lev1
65Bur1
65Ell1
66Bur1
69Shu1
82Kub1
93Nay1
Yensen, T.D., Ziegler, N.A.: Trans. AIME 95 (1931) 313
Beerwald, A.: Z. Metallkd. 33 (1941) 28
Fahrenhorst, E., Bulian, W.: Z. Metallkd. 33 (1941) 31
Bulian, W., Fahrenhorst, E.: Z. Metallkd. 34 (1942) 166
Mitchell, D.W.: Trans. AIME 175 (1948) 570
Siebel, G.: Z. Metallkd. 39 (1948) 22
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
Tavadze, F.N., Kortoziya, E.S., Shinyaev, A.: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met. (1961) 33
Trojan, P.K., Flinn, R.A.: Trans. ASM 54 (1961) 549
Levchenko, Y.M., Khokholkov, V.M., Gorshkov, A.A.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR
(1963) 1602
Burylev, B.P.: Chern. Metall. (1965) 5
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Burylev, B.P.: Liteinoe Proizvod (1966) 27
Shunk, F.A.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement", New York: McGrawHill (1969)
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Nayeb-Hashemi, A.A., Clark, J.B., Swartzendruber, L.J., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary
Magnesium Alloys", A.A. Nayeb-Hashemi, J.B. Clark (eds.), ASM International, Metals
Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mn
1
Fe-Mn (Iron-Manganese)
Phase diagram
Experimental work to determine the phase equilibria has been done, besides others, by Hellawell et al.
[57Hel1], and Hume-Rothery et al. [64Hum1]. The phase diagram has been calculated by Steiler
[81Ste1], Rao et al. [74Rao2], Kirchner et al. [73Kir2], and Kaufman [78Kau3]. Reviews of this system
have been published by Kurnakow et al. [53Kur1], Hellawell [56Hel1], Hansen et al. [58Han1], Elliott
[65Ell1], Shunk [69Shu1], Kubaschewski [82Kub1], Bannykh et al. [86Ban1], Brandes et al. [80Bra1],
Rivlin [84Riv1], Huang et al. [87Hua1] and Okamoto [93Oka2]. The assessed phase diagram published
by Okamoto [93Oka2], which was taken to construct Fig. 1, has been based on thermodynamic modelling
done by Huang [87Hua1].
Fig. 1. Fe-Mn. Phase diagram.
Martensitic transformations
By cooling (γ-Fe, γ-Mn) solid solutions, two different martensitic transformations occur depending on
concentration. Product of the transition in the concentration range between 3 and 18 at% Mn is a
tetragonal phase α' (Bogachev et al. [76Bog1]), and between 12 and 30 at% Mn a hexagonal phase ε (Parr
[52Par1]). Fig. 2 gives the temperatures for the start (M s ) and finish (M f ) of the martensitic transitions, as
well as the temperatures for the reverse transition (A s and A f ) as a function of concentration. The
transition temperatures have been measured rather often (see [93Oka2]). Information to draw this figure
was taken from Gulyaev et al. [78Gul1] (see also Okamoto [93Oka2]). Both martensitic phases, α' and ε,
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mn
2
are metastable, of course.
Fig. 2. Fe-Mn. Martensitic transformation temperatures for metastable phases α' and ε: starting (Ms) and finishing
(Mf) temperatures on cooling, and starting (As) and finishing (Af) temperatures on heating.
Phase equilibria at high pressures
At 12.6 GPa and 300 K pure bcc α-Fe transforms to cph ε-Fe (see Okamoto [93Oka2]). Adding Mn, this
transition pressure decreases to 5.5 GPa at 11 at% Mn (Loree et al. [66Lor1], Giles [71Gil1]). As Clausen
[63Cla1] has found, the (α-Fe)↔(γ-Fe, γ-Mn) equilibria are shifted to lower temperatures with increasing
pressure. Up to 5 GPa the boundaries of these equilibria have been estimated by Ershowa et al. [67Ers1].
The ε-Fe high-pressure phase corresponds to the ε phase obtained by martensitic transformation from (γFe, γ-Mn) solid solutions (Genshaft [64Gen1]).
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of fcc (γ-Fe, γ-Mn) solid solutions have been measured first by Schmidt [29Sch1] and
were redetermined rather often (see Okamoto [93Oka2]). In Fig. 3 the mean of the lattice constants
obtained are plotted as a function of concentration (after [93Oka2]).
Lattice parameters of cubic (β-Mn) solid solutions (β-Mn-type) are plotted in Fig. 4 (taken from
[93Oka2] based on several experimental works).
(α-Mn) of cubic α-Mn-type structure has a lattice parameter which is drawn in Fig. 5 as a function of
concentration. Information to construct this figure has been taken from [93Oka2] based on experimental
results obtained by several authors.
First measurements of the lattice parameters of the metastable (tetragonal) phase α' have been
performed by Nishiyama [29Nis1]. Later on, more investigations were done. The results obtained scatter
appreciably (see [93Oka2]). c/a-values determined by Charnushnikova et al. [79Cha2] are: c/a = 1.008 at
8 at% Mn and c/a = 0.990 at 14 at% Mn. c/a increases linearly with Mn concentration. The a-value, as a
rough mean of the results present in the literature is plotted in Fig. 6.
Lattice parameters of ε, as published by Gensamer et al. [32Gen1], are plotted in Fig. 7.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mn
Fig. 3. Fe-Mn. Lattice parameter for fcc (γ-Fe, γ-Mn) solid solution.
Fig. 4. Fe-Mn. Lattice parameter for cubic (β-Mn-type) solid solution (β-Mn).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
3
Fe-Mn
Fig. 5. Fe-Mn. Lattice parameter for cubic (α-Mn-type) solid solution (α-Mn).
Fig. 6. Fe-Mn. Lattice parameter a for the metastable tetragonal phase α'.
Fig. 7. Fe-Mn. Lattice parameters for the metastable cph phase ε.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
4
Fe-Mn
5
Thermodynamics
Batalin et al. [74Bat1] have determined experimentally enthalpies of mixing of liquid Fe-Mn alloys. By
modelling Huang [89Hua1] has obtained assessed ∆H L values, which are taken to draw Fig. 8.
Rather often thermodynamic activities of Mn in liquid Fe-Mn alloys have been measured. Steiler et al.
[73Ste1] and Mukai et al. [82Muk1] found a positive deviation from Raoult's law. No deviation has been
stated by Sanboungi et al. [55San1] and Schultz et al. [66Sch1], whereas Jacob et al. [84Jac1] found a
weak negative deviation from ideality. The activity isotherms for liquid Fe-Mn alloys at 1823 K, as
obtained by [84Jac1] (EMF method) are given in Fig. 9. Activities presented in this figure are in good
agreement with calculations done by [89Hua1] (see also the compilation by Hultgren et al. [73Hul1]).
The integral enthalpies of formation of (γ-Fe, γ-Mn) solid solutions have been determined by Kendall
et al. [61Ken1] and, later on, by Kubitz et al. [87Kub1]. Optimizing the thermodynamic data of the FeMn system, Huang [89Hua1] has obtained assessed ∆H S values for (γ-Fe, γ-Mn) solid solutions at 1443
K, which have been taken to construct Fig. 10.
Within the limits of experimental error the assessed ∆H S data are in agreement with those obtained
experimentally by Kubitz et al. [87Kub1].
Similar to the situation in liquid Fe-Mn alloys, there is only little deviation of the experimentally
determined thermodynamic activities from Raoult's law in the (γ-Fe, γ-Mn) region.
Roy et al. [65Roy1] found for (γ-Fe, γ-Mn) solid solutions positive deviations, whereas negative
deviations from Raoult's law have been determined by Jacob et al. [84Jac1], Benz [74Ben1] and Buttler et
al. [61But1]. Results published by Jacob et al. [84Jac1] seem to be the most reliable ones (agreeing with
results of calculations by Huan [89Hua1]), and therefore have been taken to construct the activity
isotherms in Fig. 11.
Fig. 8. Fe-Mn. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1873 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mn
Fig. 9. Fe-Mn. Thermodynamic activities for liquid alloys at 1823 K.
Fig. 10. Fe-Mn. Enthalpy of formation for (γ-Fe, γ-Mn) solid solution at 1443 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
6
Fe-Mn
7
Fig. 11. Fe-Mn. Thermodynamic activities for solid solutions at 1174 K. Standard state for Mn: β-Mn.
References
29Nis1
29Sch1
32Gen1
52Par1
53Kur1
55San1
56Hel1
57Hel1
58Han1
61But1
61Ken1
63Cla1
64Gen1
64Hum1
65Ell1
65Roy1
Nishiyama, Z.: Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. 18 (1929) 359
Schmidt, W.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 3 (1929) 293
Gensamer, M., Eckel, J.F., Walters jr., F.M.: Trans. ASST 19 (1931–1932) 599
Parr, J.G.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 171 (1952) 137
Kurnakov, N.N., Troenova, M.Y.: Izv. Inst. Fiz.-Khim. Anal. Akad. Nauk SSSR 24 (1953)
132
Sanbongi, K., Ohtani, M.: Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ., Ser. A 7 (1955) 204
Hellawell, A.: "The Equilibrium Diagrams", No. 26, London: Institute of Metals (1956)
Hellawell, A., Hume-Rothery, W.: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 249 (1957) 417
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
Butler, J.F., McCobe, C.L., Paxton, H.W.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 221 (1961) 479
Kendall, W.B., Hultgren, R.: Trans. Am. Soc. Met. 53 (1961) 199
Clausen, W.F.: Tech. Rep. ASD-TDR-62-479, part II (AD 4 1673) (1963)
Genshaft, Yu.S.: Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 18 (1964) 116; Phys. Met. Metallogr. 18 (1964) 107
Hume-Rothery, W., Buckley, R.A.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 202 (1964) 534
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Roy, P., Hultgren, R.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 233 (1965) 1811
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mn
66Lor1
66Sch1
67Ers1
69Shu1
71Gil1
73Hul1
73Kir2
73Ste1
74Bat1
74Ben1
74Rao2
76Bog1
78Gul1
78Kau3
79Cha2
80Bra1
81Ste1
82Kub1
82Muk1
84Jac1
84Riv1
86Ban1
87Hua1
87Kub1
89Hua1
93Oka2
8
Loree, T.R., Warnes, R.H., Zukas, E.G., Fowler, C.M.: Science (Washington) 153 (1966)
1277
Schultz, C.W., Riazance, N., Payne, S.L.: U.S. Dep. Inter., Rep. Invest. 6807 (1966)
Ershova, T.P., Ponyatovskiy, E.G.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1967) 156; Russ. Metall.
(Engl. Transl.) (1967) 81
Shunk, F.A.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement", New York: McGrawHill (1969)
Giles, P.M., Marder, R.: Metall. Trans. 2 (1971) 1371
Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K.: "Selected Values of
Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys", Am. Soc. Met., Metals Park, Ohio (1973)
Kirchner, G., Nishizawa, T., Uhrenius, B.: Metall. Trans. 4 (1973) 167
Steiler, J.M., Riboud, P., Onillon, M., Olette, M.: C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C 277
(1973) 1207
Batalin, G.I., Minenko, N.N., Sudavtsova, V.S.: Russ. Metall (Engl. Trans.) (1974) 82
Benz, R.: Metall. Trans. 5 (1974) 2217
Rao, M.V., Tiller, W.A.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 15 (1974) 87
Bogachev, I.N., Charnshnikova, G.A., Chumakova, L.D.: Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 41 (1976)
1238; Phys. Met. Metallogr. (Engl Transl.) 41 (1976) 97
Gulyaev, A.P., Volynova, T.F., Georgieva, I.Ya.: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met. (1978) 2;
Met. Sci. Heat Treat. Met. (Engl. Transl.) 20 (1978) 179
Kaufman, L.: CALPHAD 2 (1978) 117
Charnushnikova, G.A., Chumakova, L.D.: Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 48 (1979) 951
Brandes, E.A., Flint, R.F.: "Manganese Phase Diagrams", Manganese Centre, Paris (1980)
Steiler, J.M.: Comm. Communautes Eur. CECA No. Research Project 7210-CA/3/303 Nov.
(1981)
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Mukai, K., Aibe, H., Kitujima, T.: J. Jpn. Inst. Met. Sendai 46 (1982) 487
Jacob, K.T., Hajra, J.P., Iwase, M.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 55 (1984) 421
Rivlin, V.G.: Int. Met. Rev. 29 (1984) 299
Bannykh, O.A., Drits, M.E.: "Phase Diagrams of Binary, and Multicomponent Systems
Based on Iron", Metallurgiya, Moscow (1986)
Huang, W.M.: CALPHAD 11 (1987) 183
Kubitz, R., Hayes, F.H.: Monatsh. Chem. 118 (1987) 31
Huang, W.: CALPHAD 13 (1989) 243
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mo
1
Fe-Mo (Iron-Molybdenum)
Phase diagram
Since the first work of Sykes [26Syk1] phase equilibria in the Fe-Mo system have been investigated very
often. Several reviews have been published where the original papers are listed. Such compilations are
given by Hansen et al. [58Han1], Elliott [65Ell1], Shunk [69Shu1], Brewer et al. [80Bre3], Kubaschewski
[82Kub1] and Guillermet [93Gui1]. The latter author has discussed comprehensively the reliability of
individual results, and also has calculated an assessed phase diagram by thermodynamic modelling, which
is in excellent agreement with the best experimental results. This phase diagram has been taken to
construct Fig. 1. The γ-Fe loop is given in Fig. 2 on enlarged scale.
Assessed phase diagrams obtained on the basis of thermodynamic calculation have been published by
Kaufman [78Kau1] and Nüssler et al. [80Nüs1], too.
Fig. 1. Fe-Mo. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mo
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Mo. Phase equilibria (γ-Fe) - (α-Fe).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
By vapor quenching, Sumiyama et al. [87Sum1] have prepared amorphous alloys in the concentration
range between 30 at% Mo and 60 at% Mo. There it has been shown by Mössbauer spectroscopy that the
local atomic configuration of the amorphous alloys correspond to that in the stable intermediate phase at
the same concentration.
Using a sputtering method, Hsu et al. [88Hsu1] succeeded in preparing amorphous alloys in the
concentration range between 40 and 80 at% Mo. At other concentrations a single phase with bcc structure
was obtained. The authors found extremely high crystallization temperatures of the amorphous alloys of ≈
1100 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mo
3
Table 1. Fe-Mo. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
at% Mo
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
λ
33.3
hex
MgZn 2
0.4744
0.7725
µ
σ
39.0…44.0
42.9…56.7
hex
tetr
Fe 7 W 6
CrFe
0.4751
0.9190
2.568
0.4814
74Ito1, 67Sin1,
80Sem1
67Sin1
85Sam1
Thermodynamics
By Knudsen method using a mass spectrometer to analyze the vapor Ichise et al. [80Ich1] have
determined thermodynamic activities of Fe across the system. The a Fe -values obtained have been
assessed by Guillermet [93Gui1] and from there were taken to draw the activity isotherm in Fig. 3. This
isotherm agrees well with the experimentally obtained data [80Ich1].
Spencer et al. [75Spe1] and Nüssler et al. [80Nüs1] have determined the enthalpy of formation of the
µ phase. The value reported by Spencer [75Spe1] amounts to ∆ H µS = – 2.53 kJ g-atom–1 . Within the
limits of experimental error this value agrees with that obtained by the assessment performed by
Guillermet [93Gui1] ( ∆ H µS = – 2.92 kJ g-atom–1 ). This value seems to be independent on concentration
and temperature considering the experimental scatter. The value reported by Nüssler et al. [80Nüs1] is
somewhat lower ( ∆ H µS = – 2.20 kJ g-atom –1 ) (see also Kleykamp et al. [81Kle1].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mo
4
Fig. 3. Fe-Mo. Thermodynamic activity of Fe in liquid and solid alloys at 1823 K.
References
26Syk1
58Han1
65Ell1
67Sin1
69Shu1
74Ito1
75Spe1
78Kau1
80Bre3
80Ich1
80Nüs1
80Sem1
81Kle1
82Kub1
Sykes, W.: Trans. ASST 10 (1926) 839
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Sinha, A.K., Buckley, R.A., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 205 (1967) 191
Shunk, F.A.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement", New York: McGrawHill (1969)
Itoh, K., Fujita, Y., Kanamatsu, K.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 36 (1974) 1024
Spencer, P.J., Putland, F.H.: J. Chem. Thermodyn. 7 (1975) 531
Kaufman, L., Nesor, H.: CALPHAD 2 (1978) 55
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its
Compounds, and Alloys", L. Brewer (ed.), Atomic Energy Review Special Issue No. 7,
IAEA, Vienna, Part II (1980) 244
Ichise, E., Maruo, T., Sasho, H., Ueshima, Y., Mori, T.: Tetsu to Hagane 66 (1980) 1075
Nüssler, H.D., Hoster, T., Kubaschewski, O.: Z. Metallkd. 71 (1980) 396
Semenenko, K.N., Verbetskii, V.N., Mitrokhin, S.V., Burnasheva, V.V.: Russ. J. Inorg.
Chem. 25 (1980) 961
Kleykamp, H., Schauer, V.: J. Less-Common Met. 81 (1981) 225
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Mo
85Sam1
87Sum1
88Hsu1
93Gui1
5
Sampathkumar, T.S., Mallya, R.M., Hegde, M.S.: Bull. Mater. Sci. 7 (1985) 465
Sumiyama, K., Ezawa, H., Nakamura, Y.: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 48 (1987) 255
Hsu, J.H., Chou, S.T., Yao, Y.D., Chien, C.L., Liou, S.H.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 97 (1988) 265
Guillermet, A., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-N
1
Fe-N (Iron-Nitrogen)
Phase diagram
Fry [23Fry1] and Sawyer [23Saw1], obviously, have been the first who investigated phase equilibria of
this system. Later on, many authors have been engaged in establishing the Fe-N phase diagram. Reviews
were given by Hansen et al. [58Han1], Elliott [65Ell1], Shunk [69Shu1], Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and
Wriedt et al. [93Wri1]. For original works the reader is referred to the listings of literature in these
reviews.
As Kubaschewski [82Kub1] pointed out, the phase diagram usually presented for a pressure of
0.1 MPa includes metastable phases like Fe 4 N and Fe 2 N. The assessed phase diagram in Fig. 1, which
has been based on information from Wriedt et al. [93Wri1], thus shows metastable solid-solid phase
equilibria.
The amount of solubility of N in liquid iron has been determined by Gomersall et al. [68Gom1] and
Ishii et al. [82Ish1]. The results have been confirmed by thermodynamic modelling by Frisk [89Fri1].
From the latter author information was taken to draw Fig. 2.
The solubility of N in solid iron has been measured rather often (see for instance McLellan [64McL1],
McLellan et al. [80McL1]). The results are in good agreement with calculated ones on the basis of
thermodynamic considerations by Guillermet et al. [94Gui1] and Du [93Du1]. The solubility data
presented by Du [93Du1] (for N 2 gas pressure of 1 atm) are plotted in Fig. 3.
Fig. 1. Fe-N. Phase diagram including metastable solid-solid equilibria.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-N
2
Fig. 2. Fe-N. Solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron.
Fig. 3. Fe-N. Solubility of nitrogen in solid iron.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of some intermediate phases are listed in Table 1. For other phases lattice
parameters are plotted in Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
Lattice constants of the fcc (γ-Fe) solid solutions have been determind rather often (see discussion by
Wriedt et al. [93Wri1]). Measurements were performed using samples quenched to room temperature.
Means of the results as published by Wriedt et al. [93Wri1] are plotted in Fig. 4.
For cubic (Fe 4 N) lattice parameters have been determined by Jack [48Jac1], Paranjpe et al. [50Par1],
Burdese [55Bur1], Bridelle [55Bri1] and Somers et al. [89Som1]. After discussion of all available data,
Somers et al. [89Som1] have proposed lattice parameters which are given in Fig. 5.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-N
3
Lattice parameters of the ε phase have been determined several times, too (see discussion by Wriedt et
al. [93Wri1]). Comprehensive data published by Paranjpe et al. [50Par1] are given in Fig. 6.
Fig. 4. Fe-N. Lattice parameter for fcc (γ-Fe) solid solution.
Fig. 5. Fe-N. Lattice parameter for cubic (Fe4N) solid solution.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-N
4
Fig. 6. Fe-N. Lattice parameter for cph phase ε.
Table 1. Fe-N. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 8 N
Fe4N
Fe 3 N
Fe 5 N 2
Fe 2 N
tetr
cub
hex
hex
hex
Fe 8 N
CaO3Ti
NiAs
NiAs
V2N
0.5720
0.3795
0.2705
0.27442
0.4787
0.6292
51Jac1
55Wie1, 87Jac1
75Ino1
74Bou1
57Bur1
0.4376
0.44025
0.4418
Thermodynamics
By thermodynamic modelling Guillermet et al. [94Gui1] have calculated enthalpies of formation of
(metastable) nitrides of Fe. Results are listed in Table 2. In the order of magnitude, these data are in
agreement with some ∆H S values from other sources.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-N
5
Table 2. Fe-N. Enthalpy of formation of nitrides
of iron calculated by Guillermet et al. [94Gui1].
Phase
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ]
Fe 4 N
Fe 2 N
FeN
FeN 3
– 0.43
– 1.88
3.21
75.31
References
23Fry1
23Saw1
48Jac1
50Par1
51Jac1
55Bri1
55Bur1
55Wie1
57Bur1
58Han1
64McL1
65Ell1
68Gom1
69Shu1
74Bou1
75Ino1
80McL1
82Ish1
82Kub1
87Jac1
89Fri1
89Som1
93Du1
93Wri1
94Gui1
Fry, A.: Stahl Eisen 43 (1923) 1271
Sawyer, C.B.: Trans. AIME 69 (1923) 798
Jack, K.H.: Proc. R. Soc. London A 195 (1948) 34
Paranjpe, V.G., Cohen, M., Bever, M.B., Floe, C.F.: Trans. AIME 188 (1950) 261
Jack, K.H.: Proc. R. Soc. London A 208 (1951) 216
Bridelle, R.: Ann. Chim. (Paris) 10 (1955) 824
Burdese, A.: Metall. Ital. 47 (1955) 357
Wiener, G.W., Berger, J.A.: Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng. 203 (1955) 360
Burdese, A.: Metall. Ital. 49 (1957) 195
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
McLellan, R.B.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 230 (1964) 1468
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Gomersall, D.W., McLean, A., Ward, R.G.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 242 (1968) 1309
Shunk, F.A.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement", New York: McGrawHill (1969)
Bouchard, R.J., Frederick, C.G., Johnson, V.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 45 (1974) 4067
Inokuti, Y., Nishida, N., Ohashi, N.: Metall. Trans. A 6 (1975) 733
McLellan, R.B., Farraro, J.: Acta Metall. 28 (1980) 417
Ishii, F., Ban-Ya, S., Fuwa, T.: Tetsu to Hagane 68 (1982) 52
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Jacobs, H., Bock, J.: J. Less-Common Met. 134 (1987) 215
Frisk, K.: "A Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Cr-N, Fe-N, Mo-N, and Cr-Mo-N
Systems", Mater. Res. Center, R. Inst. Technol., Stockholm (1989)
Somers, M.A.J., van der Pers, N.M., Schalkoord, D., Mittemeijer, E.J.: Metall. Trans. A 20
(1989) 1533
Du, H.: J. Phase Equilibria 14 (1993) 682
Wriedt, H.A., Gokcen, N.A., Nafziger, R.H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys",
H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Guillermet, A.F., Du, H.: Z. Metallkd. 85 (1994) 3
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Na
1
Fe-Na (Iron-Sodium)
Phase diagram
No solubility of Na in Fe could be found (Wever [29Wev1, 28Wev1]).
The solubility of Fe in liquid Na has been investigated several times. The most comprehensive
research work was done by Awasthi et al. [83Awa1]. Data from the literature were discussed thoroughly
by Sangster et al. [93San2], who published a comprehensive review of this system. A decisive influence
on the solubility of Fe in Na has the content of oxygen in liquid sodium. Obviously therefore solubility
results are scattering widely. At ≈ 800 K the solubility of Fe in liquid Na amounts to ≈ 1 wt ppm with an
experimental scatter between 0.1 and 0.001 wt ppm [93San2].
On the basis of the above mentioned information, Sangster et al. [93San2] have proposed an assessed
phase diagram, which was taken to construct Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Fe-Na. Phase diagram.
References
28Wev1
29Wev1
83Awa1
93San2
Wever, F.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 2 (1928-1929) 739
Wever, F.: Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929) 304
Awasthi, S.P., Borgstedt, H.U.: J. Nucl. Mater. 116 (1983) 103
Sangster, J., Bale, C.W., Burton, B.P., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H.
Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Nb
1
Fe-Nb (Iron-Niobium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have been determined first by Eggers et al. [38Egg1] (liquidus; thermal analysis), as well
as Vogel et al. [38Vog1] and Voronov [37Vor1]. Later on, several more authors have investigated
experimentally the phase diagram, especially Gibson et al. [61Gib1] (solid-liquid equilibria; thermal
analysis), Fischer et al. [70Fis1], Ferrier et al. [64Fer1] and Goldschmidt [57Gol1, 60Gol1]. By
thermodynamic modelling Kaufman et al. [78Kau2] have optimized the phase equilibria. Kubaschewski
[82Kub1] published a review of the phase diagram. Paul et al. [93Pau1] have discussed phase equilibria
and properties of this system and reported an assessed phase diagram, which has been taken as a basis for
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Nb. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Nb
2
Crystal structure
Intermediate phases of the Fe-Nb system have been investigated very often (see Paul et al. [93Pau1]).
Lattice parameters of bcc (α-Fe) solid solutions are plotted in Fig. 2 (taken from Abrahamson et al.
[66Abr1]).
The lattice parameters of the hexagonal ε phase (MgZn 2 Laves-type) have been reported by Denham
[67Den1] to be a = 0.48414 nm and c = 0.78933 nm (at 32.7 at% Nb; T = 298 K).
Kripyakevich et al. [68Kri1] found for the lattice parameters of the hexagonal µ phase (Fe 7 W 6 -type):
a = 0.4928 nm; c = 2.683 nm (at 50 at% Nb; T = 298 K).
Fig. 2. Fe-Nb. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution at 298 K.
Fig. 3. Fe-Nb. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1873 K.
Thermodynamics
The enthalpies of mixing of liquid Fe-Nb alloys have been measured calorimetrically by Iguchi et al.
[82Igu1]. The results are plotted in Fig. 3.
Using the EMF method the enthalpies and entropies of formation of Fe 2 Nb (ε phase) have been
determined. The results are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Nb
3
Table 1. Fe-Nb. Enthalpy of formation and entropy of
formation of Fe 2 Nb.
∆H S
[kJ g-atom –1 ]
∆S S
[J g-atom –1 K –1 ]
Ref.
– 20.5
– 23.7
– 4.6
– 4.6
66Dro1
69Bar1
References
37Vor1
38Egg1
38Vog1
57Gol1
60Gol1
61Gib1
64Fer1
66Abr1
66Dro1
67Den1
68Kri1
69Bar1
70Fis1
78Kau2
82Igu1
82Kub1
93Pau1
Voronov, N.M.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. 1 (1937) 1369
Eggers, H., Peter, W.: Mitt. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Inst. Eisenforsch. Düsseldorf 20 (1938) 199
Vogel, R., Ergang, R.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 12 (1938) 155
Goldschmidt, H.J.: Research (London) 10 (1957) 289
Goldschmidt, H.J.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 194 (1960) 169
Gibson, W.S., Lee, J.R., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron-Steel Inst. (London) 198 (1961) 64
Ferrier, A., Übelacker, E., Wachtel, E.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 258 (1964) 5424
Abrahamson, E.P., Lopata, S.L.: Trans. AIME 236 (1966) 76
Drobyshev, V.N., Razukhina, T.N.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1966) 156
Denham, A.W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 205 (1967) 435
Kripyakevich, P.I., Gladyshevskii, E.I., Skolozdra, R.V.: Kristallografiya 12 (1968) 600;
Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 12 (1968) 525
Barbi, G.B.: Z. Naturforsch. A 24 (1969) 1580
Fischer, W.A., Lorenz, K., Fabritius, H., Schlegel, D.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 41 (1970)
489
Kaufman, L., Nesor, H.: CALPHAD 2 (1978) 64
Iguchi, Y., Nosomi, S., Saito, K., Fuwa, T.: Tetsu to Hagane 68 (1982) 633
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Paul, E., Swartzendruber, L.J., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto
(ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Nd
1
Fe-Nd (Iron-Neodymium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria at concentrations up to 80 at% Nd have been investigated by Terekhova et al. [65Ter1]
(thermal analysis, X-ray diffractography, metallographic observations, microhardness measurements,
measurements of electrical resistivity). A review of this system has been published by Kubaschewski
[82Kub1].
Later on, Schneider et al. [87Sch1] have cleared up the phase equilibria applying differential thermal
analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. Other work was done, too (see the review of the system by Zhang
et al. [93Zha1]). Especially should by mentioned the optimization of the phase diagram by
thermodynamic calculation (Schneider et al. [87Sch1]). Discussing all available works, Zhang et al.
[93Zha1] has proposed an assessed phase diagram, which was the basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Nd. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
The only stable intermediate phase found in this system is Fe 17 Nd 2 (Schneider et al. [87Sch1]). Its
crystallographic data are: hexagonal, isotypic with Th 2 Zn 17 ; a = 0.8571 nm, c = 1.245 nm (Stadelmaier et
al. [86Sta1], Terekhova et al. [65Ter1], Ray [66Ray1]).
Gschneidner jr. [61Gsc1] and Terekhova et al. [65Ter1] have found the phase Fe 2 Nd, but this could
not be confirmed by later investigations.
By splat cooling, Fe 5+x Nd could be prepared by Stadelmaier et al. [86Sta1], where x < 3.5. Its
structure is hexagonal (CaCu 5 -type); a = 0.4946 nm, c = 0.4170 nm (see [86Sta1]).
Fe 7 Nd could be obtained also as a metastable phase by rapid cooling of the melt (Schneider et al.
[86Sch1]). This phase has a hexagonal structure (Co 4 Fe 4 Th-type) with a = 0.8578 nm and c = 1.2462 nm
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Nd
2
(Ray [66Ray1], Ray et al. [64Ray1]).
References
61Gsc1
64Ray1
65Ter1
66Ray1
82Kub1
86Sch1
86Sta1
87Sch1
93Zha1
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: "Rare Earth Alloys", New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. (1961)
Ray, A.E., Strnat, K., Feldmann, D.: Proc. 3rd Conf. Rare Earth Res., Clearwater, 1963
(1964) 443
Terekhova, V.F., Maslova, E.V., Savitsky, Ye.M.: Russ. Metall. (Engl. Transl.) 6 (1965) 50
Ray, A.E.: Acta Crystallogr. 21 (1966) 428
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Schneider, G., Henig, E.T., Petzow, G., Stadelmaier, H.H.: Z. Metallkd. 77 (1986) 755
Stadelmaier, H.H., Schneider, G., Ellner, M.: J. Less-Common Met. 115 (1986) L11
Schneider, G., Henig, E.T., Petzow, G., Stadelmaier, H.H.: Z. Metallkd. 78 (1987) 694
Zhang, W., Liu, G., Han, K., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto
(ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
1
Fe-Ni (Iron-Nickel)
Phase diagram
The first attempts to establish the phase diagram in this system were done by Osmond [1899Osm1],
Guertler et al. [05Gue1] and Ruer et al. [10Rue1], followed by a lot of other authors. Of the reviews
should be mentioned those by March [38Mar1], Hansen et al. [58Han1], Elliott [65Ell1], Shunk [69Shu1],
Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1].
The solid-liquid gap is rather small and the scatter of the experimental results relatively high. Most
confidence is given by Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1] to thermodynamic calculations by Tomiska et al.
[85Tom1] on the basis of vapor pressure measurements using the Knudsen method combined with mass
spectrometry. These results were taken to construct Fig. 1.
The kinetics of transformation in the solid state below 1000 K is rather sluggish. Phase equilibria have
been determined several times with great effort. On the basis of results present in the literature,
Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1] have proposed an assessed phase diagram for temperatures < 1200 K,
which has been taken to construct Fig. 2.
The order-disorder transformation concerning FeNi 3 has been investigated using different methods,
for instance X-ray diffractography (difficult due to almost equal X-ray scattering factors of the
components) (Leech et al. [39Lee1]), magnetic measurements, electrical resistivity and hardness
measurements (Dahl [36Dah1]), electron microscope observations (Heumann et al. [63Heu1]), neutron
scattering (Lefebvre et al. [81Lev1]) (see Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Ni. Phase diagram (solid - liquid equilibria).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Ni. Phase diagram (solid - solid equilibria).
High pressure
Kaufman et al. [61Kau1] have calculated phase equilibria in the Fe-Ni system at high pressures. The
results obtained for 50, 100 and 150 kbar are given in Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. The miscibility gap
occurring at pressures > 60 kbar may be the reason for the origin of the microstructure of iron-nickel
meteorites (plessite), which consist of a mixture of lamellae with low nickel (kamacite, bcc) and high Ni
content (taenite, fcc).
The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the martensitic start temperature, M s , was investigated by
Kakeshita et al. [87Kak1]. M s is reduced with raising pressure, as can be seen from Fig. 6, where the
difference, ∆M s = M s (p) – M s (0), is plotted as a function of pressure, with M s (p) and M s (0) respectively
denoting the martensite start temperature with and without application of hydrostatic pressure.
Pope et al. [73Pop1] have investigated the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the austenite start
temperature, A s , of an Fe-Ni alloy containing 29.3 at% Ni. The results are plotted in Fig. 7. The minimum
of A s at 2.3 kbar and the maximum at 6 kbar can be explained on the basis of the difference in
compressibility of martensite and austenite. Cold working before application of hydrostatic pressure shifts
A s (found without cold working) to higher pressures and higher temperatures.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
Fig. 3. Fe-Ni. Solid - solid phase equilibria at 5 GPa.
Fig. 4. Fe-Ni. Solid - solid phase equilibria at 10 GPa.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
3
Fe-Ni
4
Fig. 5. Fe-Ni. Solid - solid phase equilibria at 15 GPa.
Fig. 6. Fe-Ni. Hydrostatic pressure dependence of the martensitic transformation starting temperature on cooling for
an alloy containing 29.9 at% Ni.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
5
Fig. 7. Fe-Ni. Hydrostatic pressure dependence of the martensitic transformation starting temperature on heating for
an alloy containing 29.3 at% Ni.
Metastable phases
Martensitic transformation takes place at concentrations of about ≤ 40 at% Ni if there is not time enough
for diffusion to reach equilibrium. Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1], on the basis of results present in the
literature, have plotted the starting temperature (M s ), the finish temperature (M f ) occurring on cooling, as
well as the temperature for the starting of the reverse transformation of the martensite formation on
heating (A s ) and the corresponding temperature of the finish of this austenitizing reaction (A f ). This
diagram has been taken as a basis to draw Fig. 8.
Just Dehlinger [34Deh1] stated that the product of the martensitic transformation in the Fe-Ni system
has bcc structure.
Metastable superstructures with stoichiometry Fe 3 Ni and FeNi have been investigated by Pauleve et
al. [62Pau1] using samples heavily irradiated by neutrons. In meteorites such structures have been found,
too (Petersen et al. [77Pet1]). A metastable phase diagram containing these superstructures has been
proposed by Goldstein et al. [82Gol1]. Phase equilibria calculated by Yamauchi et al. [84Yam1]
("coherent phase diagram") are taken to draw Fig. 9.
Reuter et al. [89Reu1] found indications for the presence of FeNi and Fe 3 Ni under equilibrium
conditions, too. This is not regarded in Fig. 2. More evidence is necessary.
By sputtering technique, Sumiyama et al. [83Sum1] have prepared metastable bcc solid solutions with
Ni content up to 4 at% Ni. From 40 to 50 at% Ni they found a two-phase region, and at more than 50 at%
Ni fcc solid solutions. Lattice parameters of (α-Fe) and (γ-Fe) are somewhat higher for samples obtained
by sputtering than for bulk alloys.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
6
Fig. 8. Fe-Ni. Martensitic transformation temperatures: starting (Ms) and finishing (Mf) temperatures on cooling, and
starting (As) and finishing (Af) temperatures on heating.
Fig. 9. Fe-Ni. Phase diagram showing metastable phases (Fe3Ni) and (FeNi).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
7
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of superstructures in the Fe-Ni system are listed in Table 1.
Lattice parameters of (α-Fe) and of (γ-Fe, Ni) solid solutions are plotted in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11,
respectively. The curves given in these figures represent the weighted mean of data found in the literature
(Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1]).
Fig. 10. Fe-Ni. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution.
Fig. 11. Fe-Ni. Lattice parameter for fcc (γ-Fe, Ni) solid solution.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
8
Table 1. Fe-Ni. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
FeNi 3
cub
Cu 3 Au
0.35525
Cu 3 Au
AuCu
0.3575
0.35823
c [nm]
Ref.
67Bro1
Metastable phases
Fe 3 Ni
FeNi
cub
tetr
0.35822
79Mio1
80Cla1
Thermodynamics
Reviews of thermodynamic data and of thermodynamic calculations of phase equilibria have been
published very often (Hultgren et al. [73Hul1], Rao et al. [74Rao1], Kubaschewski et al. [77Kub1],
Chuang et al. [86Chu2] and others; see [93Swa1]).
As a result of discussions of available experimentally determined enthalpies of mixing of liquid
alloys, Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1] have proposed ∆H L values, which are plotted in Fig. 12.
From the many experimental data for thermodynamic activities in liquid Fe-Ni alloys, Swartzendruber
et al. [93Swa1] using a thermodynamic model constructed figures for the activity coefficient as a function
of concentration for 1873 K. These results of careful discussions have been taken to draw Fig. 13 (γ Fe )
and Fig. 14 (γ Ni ).
Experimentally determined enthalpies of formation of (γ-Fe, Ni) solid solutions have been discussed
by Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1]. From there information was taken to draw Fig. 15 (∆H S as a function
of concentration).
As Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1] stated in their thorough discussion, the experimental data for ∆H L
and ∆H S ((γ-Fe, Ni) solid solutions) are more or less equal within the experimental errors.
The thermodynamic activities of the components for solid alloys have been measured several times,
too. On the basis of these results, Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa1] have optimized activity coefficient data
by modelling. The results for 1473 K were taken to draw Fig. 16 and Fig. 17. For 1273 K activity
coefficients of Fe and Ni are given in Fig. 18 and Fig. 19, respectively [93Swa1].
Fig. 12. Fe-Ni. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
Fig. 13. Fe-Ni. Thermodynamic activity coefficient of Fe in liquid alloys at 1873 K.
Fig. 14. Fe-Ni. Thermodynamic activity coefficient of Ni in liquid alloys at 1873 K.
Fig. 15. Fe-Ni. Enthalpy of formation for (γ-Fe, Ni) solid solutions.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
9
Fe-Ni
Fig. 16. Fe-Ni. Thermodynamic activity coefficient of Fe in (γ-Fe, Ni) solid solutions at 1473 K.
Fig. 17. Fe-Ni. Thermodynamic activity coefficient of Ni in (γ-Fe, Ni) solid solutions at 1473 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
10
Fe-Ni
11
Fig. 18. Fe-Ni. Thermodynamic activity coefficient of Fe in (γ-Fe, Ni) solid solutions at 1273 K.
Fig. 19. Fe-Ni. Thermodynamic activity coefficient of Ni in (γ-Fe, Ni) solid solutions at 1273 K.
References
1899Osm1
05Gue1
10Rue1
34Deh1
36Dah1
38Mar1
39Lee1
58Han1
Osmond, F.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 128 (1899) 304
Guertler, W., Tammann, G.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 45 (1905) 205
Ruer, R., Schutz, E.: Metallurgie 7 (1910) 415
Dehlinger, V.: Z. Metallkd. 5 (1934) 112
Dahl, O.: Z. Metallkd. 28 (1936) 133
March, J.S.: "The Alloys of Iron, and Nickel", New York: McGraw-Hill (1938)
Leech, P., Sykes, C.: Philos. Mag. 27 (1939) 742
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ni
61Kau1
62Pau1
63Heu1
65Ell1
67Bro1
69Shu1
73Hul1
73Pop1
74Rao1
77Kub1
77Pet1
79Mio1
80Cla1
81Lev1
82Gol1
82Kub1
83Sum1
84Yam1
85Tom1
86Chu2
87Kak1
89Reu1
93Swa1
12
(1958)
Kaufman, L., Ringwood, A.E.: Acta Metall. 9 (1961) 941
Pauleve, J., Doutreppe, D., Laugier, J., Neel, I.: J. Phys. Radium 23 (1962) 841
Heumann, T., Karsten, G.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 34 (1963) 781
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Brockhouse, W.N., Hallman, E.D.: Mater. Res. Bull. 2 (1967) 69
Shunk, F.A.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement", New York: McGrawHill (1969)
Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K.: "Selected Values of
Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys", Am. Soc. Met., Metals Park, Ohio (1973)
Pope, L.E., Edwards, L.R.: Acta Metall. 21 (1973) 281
Rao, M.V., Tiller, W.A.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 14 (1974) 47
Kubaschewski, O., Geiger, K.H., Hack, K.: Z. Metallkd. 68 (1977) 337
Petersen, J.F., Aydin, A., Knudsen, J.M.: Phys. Lett. A 62 (1977) 192
Miodownik, A.P.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 10 (1979) 126
Clarke jr., B.S., Scott, E.R.D.: Am. Mineral. 65 (1980) 624
Levebvre, S., Bleu, F., Fayard, M., Roth, M.: Acta Metall. 29 (1981) 749
Goldstein, J.I., Williams, D.B.: Proc. Int. Conf. Solid-Solid Phase Transform., TMS-AIME,
Warrendale, PA (1982) 715
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Sumiyama, K., Kadono., M., Nakamura, Y.: Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met. 24 (1983) 190
Yamauchi, H., Radelaar, S.: "Cu-Ni-Fe Coherent Phase Diagram", TMS-AIME,
Warrendale, PA (1984)
Tomiska, J., Neckel, A.: Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 89 (1985) 1104
Chuang, Y.Y., Hsieh, K.C., Chang, Y.A.: Metall. Trans. A 17 (1986) 1373
Kakeshita, T., Shimizu, K., Akahama, Y., Endo, S., Fujita, F.E.: Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met. 29
(1987) 109
Reuter, K.B., Williams, D.B., Goldstein, J.I.: Metall. Trans. A 17 (1989) 719
Swartzendruber, L.J., Itkin, V.P., Alcock, C.B., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron
Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Np
1
Fe-Np (Iron-Neptunium)
The phase diagram is not known.
Two intermediate phases have been found and investigated. Their crystallographic data are given in in
Table 1.
Table 1. Fe-Np. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 2 Np
FeNp 6
cub
tetr
Cu 2 Mg
MnU 6
0.71444
1.0224
0.5238
72Lam1, 75Ald1
77Gie1
References
72Lam1
75Ald1
77Gie1
Lam, D.J., Mitchel, A.W.: J. Nucl. Mater. 44 (1972) 279
Aldred, A.T., Dunlap, D.B., Lam, D.J., Lander, G.H., Mueller, M.H., Nowik, I.: Phys. Rev.
B 11 (1975) 530
Giessen, B.C., Roof, R.B., Russel, A.M., Elliott, R.O.: J. Less-Common Met. 53 (1977)
147
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-O
1
Fe-O (Iron-Oxygen)
Phase diagram
Many works have been done to investigate the phase diagram. For reviews see, for instance, Hansen et al.
[58Han1], Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Wriedt [93Wri2]. On the basis of phase equilibria published by
Darken et al. [46Dar1], Wriedt [93Wri2] has constructed an assessed diagram of phases stable at 0.1
MPa, which has been taken to draw Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows the phase equilibria in the concentration range
between 50 and 61 at% O on enlarged scale.
Fig. 1. Fe-O. Phase diagram at 0.1 MPa. Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-O
2
Fig. 2. Fe-O. Partial phase diagram (50…61 at% O). Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Metastable phases
If quenched to temperatures < 500 K, wustite does not decompose into (α-Fe) and Fe 3 O 4 , but can be
retained as a metastable phase. Three types of the metastable wustite were found. For their atomic
arrangement see Manenc [68Man1] and Wriedt [93Wri2].
At ≈ 183 K metastable wustite transforms from the paramagnetic state to an antiferromagnetic state.
Further on, the modifications β-Fe 2 O 3 , γ-Fe 2 O 3 and ε-Fe 2 O 3 should be mentioned as metastable ones
(see below).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of iron oxides are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-O
3
Table 1. Fe-O. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
at% O
T [K]
Structure Type
a [nm]
wustite
Fe 3 O 4 (l)
52.1
57.1
1273
10
cub
mon
NaCl
Fe 3 O 4 (l)
0.43536
1.1868
Fe 3 O 4
α-Fe 2 O 3
57.23
60.0
298
293
cub
hex
Al 2 MgO 4
α-Al 2 O 3
0.8396
0.50065
Mn 2 O 3
0.9393
Phase
b [nm]
c [nm]
1.1851
1.6752
β = 90.20°
1.36411
Ref.
74Tou1
77Yos1,
82Iiz1
69Bha1
68Kas1,
80Fin1
Metastable phases
β-Fe 2 O 3
≈ 60.0
298
cub
γ-Fe 2 O 3
ε-Fe 2 O 3
≈ 60.0
≈ 60.0
4
298
tetr
mon
0.83396
1.297
2.4966
1.021
0.844
β = 95.33°
58Sve1,
76Ben1
83Gre1
63Sch1
Thermodynamics
The thermodynamic properties of phases in the Fe-O system have been investigated very often. For
individual work the reader is referred to the listing in the comprehensive review published by Spencer et
al. [78Spe2]. From this review assessed data mentioned below have been taken.
For the concentration range between 51 and 53.8 at% O the integral enthalpy of mixing of liquid Fe-O
alloys is plotted in Fig. 3. The integral entropy of mixing of liquid alloys in this range is shown in Fig. 4
(see Spencer et al. [78Spe2]).
Selected values for the integral enthalpy of formation and the integral entropy of formation of wustite,
as proposed on the basis of the assessment done by Spencer et al. [78Spe2], are plotted in Fig. 5 and
Fig. 6, respectively.
As the most probable value for the enthalpy of formation of Fe 3 O 4 [78Spe2] have recommended ∆H S
= – 159(4) kJ / g-atom, and for Fe 2 O 3 the same authors have selected ∆H S = – 165 kJ / g-atom.
Fig. 3. Fe-O. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys containing 51.5…53.7 at% O.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-O
Fig. 4. Fe-O. Entropy of mixing for liquid alloys containing 51.5…53.7 at% O.
Fig. 5. Fe-O. Enthalpy of formation for wustite.
Fig. 6. Fe-O. Entropy of formation for wustite.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
4
Fe-O
5
References
46Dar1
58Han1
58Sve1
63Sch1
68Kas1
68Man1
69Bha1
74Tou1
76Ben1
77Yos1
78Spe2
80Fin1
82Iiz1
82Kub1
83Gre1
93Wri2
Darken, L.S., Gurry, R.W.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68 (1946) 798
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
Svendsen, M.B.: Naturwissenschaften 45 (1958) 542
Schrader, R., Büttner, G.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 320 (1963) 220
Kastalsky, V., Westkott, M.F.: Aust. J. Chem. 21 (1968) 1061
Manenc, J.: Bull. Soc. Fr. Mineral. Cristallogr. 91 (1968) 594
Bhatt, S.J., Merchant, H.D.: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 52 (1969) 452
Touzelin, B.: Rev. Int. Hautes Temp. Refract. 11 (1974) 219
Ben-Dor, L., Fischbein, E., Kalman, Z.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 32 (1976) 667
Yoshida, J., Iida, S.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 42 (1977) 230
Spencer, P.J., Kubaschewski, O.: CALPHAD 2 (1978) 147
Finger, I.W., Hazen, R.M.: J. Appl. Phys. (New York) 51 (1980) 5362
Iizumi, M., Koetzle, T.F., Shirane, G., Chikazumi, S., Matsui, M., Todo, S.: Acta
Crystallogr., Sect. B 38 (1982) 2121
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Greaves, C.: J. Solid State Chem. 49 (1983) 325
Wriedt, H.A., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Os
1
Fe-Os (Iron-Osmium)
Phase diagram
Experimental work to establish the phase equilibria has been done by Buckley et al. [63Buc1] (liquidsolid equilibria up to 7 at% Os) and Fallot [38Fal1] (thermal analysis concerning the (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe)
transformation). Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa4], using a regular solution model and applying the above
mentioned information, have calculated the phase diagram, which was the basis for Fig. 1.
The Fe-rich part of the phase diagram is given in Fig. 2 on enlarged scale (see Swartzendruber et al.
[93Swa4]).
At concentrations < 15 at% Os a martensitic transformation can take place. The concentration
dependence of M s , M f , A s and A f are plotted in Fig. 3 (see Fallot [38Fal1] and Swartzendruber et al.
[93Swa4]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Os. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Os
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Os. Partial phase diagram (Fe-rich part).
Fig. 3. Fe-Os. Martensitic transformation temperatures for Fe-rich alloys: starting (Ms) and finishing (Mf)
temperatures on cooling, and starting (As) and finishing (Af) temperatures on heating. The solid lines indicate the
equilibrium phase boundaries.
References
38Fal1
63Buc1
Fallot, M.: Ann. Phys. 10 (1938) 291
Buckley, R.A., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 201 (1963) 121
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Os
93Swa4
3
Swartzendruber, L.J., Sundman, B., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H.
Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-P
1
Fe-P (Iron-Phosphorus)
Phase diagram
Since 1894, where Arnold [1894Arn1] looked for the (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) phase transition in the Fe-P system
much work was done to clear up the phase equilibria. Reviews were given by Hansen et al. [58Han1],
Elliott [65Ell1], Shunk [69Shu1], Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Okamoto [93Oka2]. The last experimental
investigation obtainable is that by Schürmann et al. [81Sch1]. The results of this work (quantitative
thermal analysis) was the basis for the phase diagram assessed by Kubaschewski [82Kub1]. This latter
diagram has been accepted by Okamoto [93Oka2], and also has been taken to draw Fig. 1.
The (α-Fe) - (γ-Fe) loop is given in Fig. 2 on enlarged scale. Data to draw this figure were taken from
Lorenz et al. [62Lor1] (magnetic measurements) and Okamoto [93Oka2] (discussion of results from the
literature).
Fig. 1. Fe-P. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-P
2
Fig. 2. Fe-P. Partial phase diagram (α-Fe - γ-Fe equilibria).
Metastable phases
(γ-Fe) solid solutions are able to be supersaturated up to 1.9 at% P at 373 K (Kaneko et al. [65Kan1]).
By precipitation, metastable Fe 4+ P is obtained in (α-Fe) matrix before Fe 3 P occurs, as Hornbogen
[61Hor1] found.
By quenching liquid alloys crystallization of Fe 3 P can be omitted. Thus a metastable eutectic L ↔ (αFe) + Fe 2 P occurs at 1203 K (Wachtel et al. [64Wac1]). The composition of the eutectic point is at 18.7
at% P.
At ≈ 20 at% P amorphous alloys can be prepared by splat-cooling, as Takayama [76Tak1] reported.
The crystallization behavior has been investigated by Hiltunen et al. [83Hil1, 88Hil1], and the structural
relaxation phenomena were observed calorimetrically by Takayama et al. [81Tak1].
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of (α-Fe) solid solutions have been determined by Hattendorf et al. [88Hat1]. The
results obtained on quenched samples are given in Fig. 3.
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-P
3
Fig. 3. Fe-P. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution.
Table 1. Fe-P. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Fe 3 P
Fe 2 P
FeP
FeP 2
tetr
hex
orth
orth
Ni 3 P
Fe 2 P
0.9108
0.5864
0.51910
0.49732
FeP 4
mon
FeS 2
(markasite)
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.57909
0.56570
0.4455
0.3460
0.30983
0.27235
28Hag1
28Hag1
72Sel1, 68Bon1
34Mei1, 68Hol1
0.4619
1.3670
β = 101.48°
0.7002
78Jei1
0.359
0.401
0.432
61Hor1
0.5775
0.5005
0.3571
1.0213
0.6641
0.5530
76Sen1
78Sug1
Metastable phase
Fe 4+ P
orth
High-pressure phases
Fe 2 P
FeP 4
orth
orth
Co 2 Si
Thermodynamics
By quantitative thermal analysis, Schürmann et al. [81Sch1] have determined the enthalpies of mixing in
the concentration range up to 33.3 at% P. The results are plotted in Fig. 4.
Spencer et al. [78Spe1] have assessed the thermodynamic data present in the literature. From there
values have been taken for the integral entropies of mixing of liquid alloys at the melting point of iron
(1809 K) and the partial Gibbs free enthalpies of mixing of liquid alloys at the same temperature. The
data are plotted in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively. It should be mentioned that in all cases the reference
states are liquid iron and liquid "superheated" phosphorus.
By high-temperture calorimetry the enthalpies of formation of Fe 2 P and Fe 3 P have been determined
(Weibke et al. [41Wei1]). For the formation of Fe 2 P (2Fe+P(white)→Fe 2 P) and of Fe 3 P
(3Fe+P(white)→Fe 3 P) the enthalpy changes amount to:
Fe 2 P:
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
∆H S = – 160.2(84) kJ g-atom –1 ,
Fe-P
Fe 3 P:
4
∆H S = – 164.0(84) kJ g-atom –1 .
These data are valid for 298 K.
On the basis of experimental work Spencer et al. [78Spe1] have selected as reliable enthalpies of
formation for other iron phosphides the following data:
FeP:
FeP 2 :
∆H S = – 138.1(125) kJ g-atom –1 ,
∆H S = – 220.9(170) kJ g-atom –1 ,
each at 298 K.
Fig. 4. Fe-P. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1823 K. Reference states: liquid iron and liquid "superheated"
phosphorus.
Fig. 5. Fe-P. Entropy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1809 K. Reference states: liquid iron and liquid "superheated"
phosphorus.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-P
5
Fig. 6. Fe-P. Partial Gibbs free energies of mixing for Fe and P in liquid alloys at 1809 K. Reference states: liquid
iron and liquid "superheated" phosphorus.
References
1894Arn1
28Hag1
34Mei1
41Wei1
58Han1
61Hor1
62Lor1
64Wac1
65Ell1
65Kan1
68Bon1
68Hol1
69Shu1
72Sel1
76Sen1
76Tak1
Arnold, J.O.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 45 (1894) 144
Hagg, G.: Z. Kristallogr. 68 (1928) 470
Meisel, K.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 218 (1934) 360
Weibke, F., Schrag, G.: Z. Elektrochem. 47 (1941) 222
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
Hornbogen, E.: Trans. ASM 53 (1961) 569
Lorenz, K., Fabritius, H.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 33 (1962) 269
Wachtel, E., Übelacker, E., Urbain, G.: Mem. Sci. Rev. Metall. 61 (1964) 515
Elliott, R.P., in: "Rare Earth Research III" (Proc. 4th Conf. Rare Earth Res., Phoenix
(Arizona) 1964), L. Eyring (ed.), New York: Gordon and Breach (1965), p. 215
Kaneko, H., Nishizawa, T., Tamaki, K., Tanifuji, A.: Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 29 (1965)
166
Bonnert, J., Fruchart, R., Roger, A.: Phys. Lett. A 26 (1968) 536
Holseth, H., Kjekshus, A.: Acta Chem. Scand. 22 (1968) 3284
Shunk, F.A.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement", New York: McGrawHill (1969)
Selte, K., Kjekshus, A.: Acta Chem. Scand. 26 (1972) 1276
Senateur, J.P., Rouault, A., Fruchart, R., Capponi, J.J., Perroux, M.: Mater. Res. Bull. 11
(1976) 631
Takayama, S.: J. Mater. Sci. 11 (1976) 164
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-P
78Jei1
78Spe1
78Sug1
81Sch1
81Tak1
82Kub1
83Hil1
88Hat1
88Hil1
93Oka2
6
Jeitschko, W., Braun, D.J.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 34 (1978) 3196
Spencer, P., Kubaschewski, O.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 49 (1978) 225
Sugitani, M., Kinomura, N., Koizumi, M.: J. Solid State Chem. 26 (1978) 195
Schürmann, E., Kaiser, H.P., Hensgen, U.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 52 (1981) 51
Takayama, S., Kudo, M.: J. Jpn. Inst. Met. Sendai 45 (1981) 34
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Hiltunen, E., Takacs, L.: J. Mater. Sci. 18 (1983) 1515
Hattendorf, H., Büchner, A.R., Inden, G.: Mater. Technol., Steel Research 59 (1988) 279
Hiltunen, E.J., Kesti, M., Ulvinen, A., Takacs, L.: J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7 (1988) 441
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pb
1
Fe-Pb (Iron-Lead)
Phase diagram
The Fe-Pb system is characterized by very low mutual solubility in the solid state as well as in the liquid
state. Lord et al. [60Lor1], Araki [63Ara1] and Morozov et al. [71Mor1] have investigated the solubility
of Pb in liquid Fe. Later on, more work was done. The most probable solubility data are those reported by
[71Mor1]. They are plotted in Fig. 1 (see Burton [93Bur1]).
The solubility of Fe in liquid Pb has been determined experimentally by Miller et al. [60Mil1],
Stevenson et al. [61Ste1] and Ali-Khan [82Ali1]. The discussion by Burton [93Bur1] showed that the
results obtained by Stevenson et al. [61Ste1] should be preferred. They were taken to draw Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Fe-Pb. Solubility of Pb in liquid iron.
Fig. 2. Fe-Pb. Partial phase diagram (Pb-rich part).
References
60Lor1
Lord, A.E., Parlee, N.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 218 (1960) 644
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pb
60Mil1
61Ste1
63Ara1
71Mor1
82Ali1
93Bur1
2
Miller, K.O., Elliott, J.F.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 218 (1960) 900
Stevenson, O.A., Wolff, J.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 221 (1961) 271
Araki, T.: Trans. Nat. Res. Inst. Met. Jpn. 5 (1963) 91
Morozov, A.N., Ageev, I.A.: Russ. Metall. (Engl. Transl.) 4 (1971) 78
Ali-Khan, I.: "Solubility of Iron in Liquid Lead", in: "Materials Behavior, and Physical
Chemistry in Liquid Metal Systems", H.U. Borgstedt (ed.), New York: Plenum Press
(1982) 237
Burton, B., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pd
1
Fe-Pd (Iron-Palladium)
Phase diagram
First experimental work to clear up the phase equilibria has been done by Grigorev [31Gri1, 32Gri1],
Kuprina et al. [59Kup1], Raub et al. [63Rau1] and Kussmann et al. [63Kus1]. Results of these
investigations have been taken by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] to propose an assessed phase diagram. Further
on, an experimental investigation by Gibson et al. [58Gib1] should be mentioned as well as the
thermodynamic calculation of solid-liquid equilibria by Tomiska [89Tom2]. The results of the latter two
authors have been taken by Okamoto [93Oka2] as a basis to construct an assessed phase diagram, which
was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Pd. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Metastable phases
Buschow et al. [83Bus2] prepared and investigated the metastable intermediate phase Fe 3 Pd.
In the concentration range between 34.4 and 39.5 at% Pd a martensitic transformation occurs
(Sohmura et al. [80Soh1], Matsui et al. [81Mat1], Oshima et al. [81Osh2, 81Osh1]). The range of the
martensitic transformation as estimated by Okamoto [93Oka2] is shown in Fig. 2. The transformation
produces first a face-centered tetragonal structure and on further cooling a body-centered cubic phase ((αFe)).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pd
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Pd. Martensitic transformation producing on cooling a fct, and further on a bcc, structure.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of (α-Fe), (γ-Fe, Pd), (FePd) and (FePd 3 ) are plotted in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6,
respectively. The data for these figures have been taken from Okamoto [93Oka2], who has discussed the
experimentally obtained lattice parameters thoroughly. Fig. 3 to Fig. 6 represent mean values of data
present in the literature (see [93Oka2]).
The metastable phase Fe 3 Pd is cubic (W-type) with a lattice parameter: a = 0.2962 nm [83Bus2].
Fig. 3. Fe-Pd. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pd
Fig. 4. Fe-Pd. Lattice parameter for fcc (γ-Fe, Pd) solid solution.
Fig. 5. Fe-Pd. Lattice parameter for tetragonal (AuCu-type) solid solution (FePd) at 298 K.
Fig. 6. Fe-Pd. Lattice parameter for cubic (Cu3Au-type) solid solution (FePd3).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
3
Fe-Pd
4
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic activities of the components in liquid Fe-Pd alloys have been determined several times.
However, as Tomiska et al. [89Tom1] have shown in a thorough discussion, the results of different
authors scarcely agree with each other. Using the Knudsen method with a mass spectrometer as the
analytical tool, reliable activity data have been obtained recently [89Tom1]. The results for T = 1850 K
are plotted in Fig. 7.
Data for enthalpies of mixing of liquid alloys present in the literature are in disagreement, too. From
the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic activities Tomiska et al. [89Tom1] have calculated
∆H L values, which have been chosen to draw Fig. 8.
The integral excess entropy of mixing of liquid alloys as published by the same authors [89Tom1] is
plotted in Fig. 9.
Using the same experimental method, Tomiska [89Tom2] has investigated thermodynamic properties
of (γ-Fe, Pd) solid solutions. Again, the thermodynamic data obtained by this author are not in good
agreement with older ones, but seem to be reliable. Therefore they were used to draw Fig. 10
(thermodynamic activity isotherms at 1565 K), Fig. 11 (integral enthalpy of formation) and Fig. 12
(integral excess entropy of formation).
Fig. 7. Fe-Pd. Thermodynamic activities for liquid alloys at 1850 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pd
Fig. 8. Fe-Pd. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1850 K.
Fig. 9. Fe-Pd. Excess entropy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1850 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
5
Fe-Pd
Fig. 10. Fe-Pd. Thermodynamic activities for (γ-Fe, Pd) solid solutions at 1565 K.
Fig. 11. Fe-Pd. Enthalpy of formation for (γ-Fe, Pd) solid solutions at 1565 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
6
Fe-Pd
7
Fig. 12. Fe-Pd. Excess entropy of formation for (γ-Fe, Pd) solid solutions at 1565 K.
References
31Gri1
32Gri1
58Gib1
59Kup1
63Kus1
63Rau1
80Soh1
81Mat1
81Osh1
81Osh2
82Kub1
83Bus2
89Tom1
89Tom2
93Oka2
Grigorev, A.T.: Izv. Inst. Platiny 8 (1931) 25
Grigorev, A.T.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 209 (1932) 295
Gibson, W.S., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 189 (1958) 243
Kuprina, V.V., Grigorev, A.T.: Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 4 (1959) 297
Kussmann, A., Jessen, K.: Z. Metallkd. 54 (1963) 504
Raub, E., Beeskov, H., Loebich, O.: Z. Metallkd. 54 (1963) 549
Sohmura, T., Oshima, R., Fujita, F.E.: Scr. Metall. 14 (1980) 855
Matsui, M., Adachi, K., Asano, H.: Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. Ser. A 29 Suppl. (1),
(1981) 61
Oshima, R., Kosuga, K., Sugiyama, M., Fujita, F.E.: Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. Ser.
A 29 Suppl. (1), (1981) 67
Oshima, R.: Scr. Metall. 15 (1981) 829
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Buschow, K.H.J., van Engen, P.G., Jongebreur, R.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 38 (1983) 1
Tomiska, J., Krajnik, P., Neckel, A.: Z. Metallkd. 80 (1989) 258
Tomiska, J.: Z. Metallkd. 80 (1989) 888
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pm
1
Fe-Pm (Iron-Promethium)
Phase diagram
Experimental investigations concerning phase equilibria of this system are not known.
A tentative phase diagram has been reported by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Saccone et al. [90Sac1].
Landgraf et al. [90Lan1] found that Fe 17 Pm2 is the only stable intermediate phase in this system.
Discussing the results present in the literature Okamoto [93Oka2] has accepted the phase diagram
proposed by Saccone et al. [90Sac1]. To draw Fig. 1, the proposal from the latter authors was taken as a
basis.
Fig. 1. Fe-Pm. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Estimated crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Included is also Fe 2 Pm, the stability of which is doubtful (see Saccone et al. [90Sac1], Schneider et al.
[87Sch1] and Okamoto [93Oka2]).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pm
2
Table 1. Fe-Pm. Crystal structure and structure type of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Fe 17 Pm 2
Fe 2 Pm
hex
cub
Th 2 Zn 17
Cu 2 Mg
0.856
0.743
1.244
References
82Kub1
87Sch1
90Lan1
90Sac1
93Oka2
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Schneider, G., Henig, E.T., Petzow, G., Stadelmaier, H.H.: Z. Metallkd. 78 (1987) 694
Landgraf, F.J.G., Schneider, G.S., Villas-Bous, V., Missell, F.P.: J. Less-Common Met.
163 (1990) 209
Saccone, A., Delfino, S., Ferro, R.: CALPHAD 14 (1990) 151
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pr
1
Fe-Pr (Iron-Praseodymium)
Phase diagram
Experimental work to disclose phase equilibria of this system has been done by Ray [69Ray1], Tian et al.
[87Tia1] and Zhuang et al. [87Zhu1]. Mostly accepting results obtained by Tian et al. [87Tia1], Okamoto
[93Oka2] has constructed an assessed phase diagram, which was used as a basis for Fig. 1.
The intermediate phase Fe 2 Pr can be prepared at 1273 K only at high pressure > 3.2 10 6 Pa (Cannon
et al. [72Can1]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Pr. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pr
2
Table 1. Fe-Pr. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 17 Pr 2
Fe 2 Pr
hex
cub
Th 2 Zn 17
Cu 2 Mg
0.8585
0.7464
1.2464
65Kri3, 66Bus2, 68Joh2
72Can1
References
65Kri3
66Bus2
68Joh2
69Ray1
72Can1
87Tia1
87Zhu1
93Oka2
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 468
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966) 204
Johnson, Q., Wood, D.H., Smith, G.S., Ray, A.E.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 24 (1968) 274
Ray, A.E.: Tech. Rep. AFML-TR-69-239, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH (1969) 13
Cannon, J.F., Robertson, D.L., Hall, H.T.: Mater. Res. Bull. 7 (1972) 5
Tian, J., Huang, Y., Liang, J.: Sci. Sin., Ser. A (Engl. Ed.) 30 (1987) 607
Zhuang, Y.H., Zhou, H.Y., Zhen, J.X.: Acta Metall. Sin. (Chin. Ed.) 23 (1987) B42
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pt
1
Fe-Pt (Iron-Platinum)
Phase diagram
Since the determination of the liquidus-solidus equilibria in 1907 by Isaac et al. [07Isa3] especially phase
equilibria in the solid state have been investigated. A survey is given by Okamoto [93Oka2], who has
constructed an assessed phase diagram, which was used as information to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Pt. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted lines: Curie temperature TC.
Martensitic transformations
Martensitic transitions can occur at different concentrations. The M s temperature of (Fe 3 Pt) depends on
the degree of order. It takes place at ≈ 23 at% Pt and ≈ 83 K (Matsui et al. [81Mat1]) and decreases with
increasing order (Chang et al. [80Cha1]). The product of this reaction is body-centered tetragonal α'.
If the transition starts from the (γ-Fe, Pt) solid solution, (α-Fe) results as an end product (see Matsui et
al. [81Mat1]).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pt
2
(Fe 3 Pt) transforms at 24 to 26 at% Pt martensitically to form face-centered tetragonal γ' at ≈ 120 K.
The M s temperatures are ≈ 123 K at 26at% Pt and ≈ 0 K at 28 at% Pt [81Mat1].
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of bcc (α-Fe), fcc (γ-Fe, Pt), fcc Cu 3 Au-type (Fe 3 Pt), tetragonal AuCu-type (FePt) and
fcc Cu 3 Au-type (FePt 3 ) are plotted in Fig. 2 to Fig. 6, respectively. The data for these figures were taken
from Okamoto [93Oka2], who has discussed the experimentally obtained values existing in the literature
and has, partially, recommended most probable mean data.
Crystallographic data for martensitic phases α' and γ' are listed in Table 1.
Fig. 2. Fe-Pt. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pt
Fig. 3. Fe-Pt. Lattice parameter for fcc (γ-Fe, Pt) solid solution at 293 K.
Fig. 4. Fe-Pt. Lattice parameter for cubic (Cu3Au-type) solid solution (Fe3Pt).
Fig. 5. Fe-Pt. Lattice parameters for tetragonal (AuCu-type) solid solution (FePt).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
3
Fe-Pt
4
Fig. 6. Fe-Pt. Lattice parameter for cubic (Cu3Au-type) solid solution (FePt3).
Table 1. Fe-Pt. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases
[81Mat1].
Phase
at% Pt
T[K]
Structure
a [nm]
c [nm]
α'
γ'
25
25
77
79
tetr
tetr
0.2857
0.3778
0.3176
0.3695
Thermodynamics
Hultgren et al. [73Hul1] have evaluated thermodynamic investigations present in the literature
recommending data which are in rather good agreement with data determined by Sundaresen et al.
[63Sun1], especially at concentrations < 34 at% Pt. At higher Pt concentrations they are markedly more
exothermic than those obtained by [63Sun1]. Nevertheless, the results reported by the latter authors are
acceptable and are giving a consistent set of data. Therefore they have been chosen to draw Fig. 7 to
Fig. 9, where thermodynamic activity isotherms, integral enthalpies of formation and integral entropies of
formation of solid alloys at 1123 K are plotted, respectively.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pt
Fig. 7. Fe-Pt. Thermodynamic activities for solid solutions at 1123 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
5
Fe-Pt
6
Fig. 8. Fe-Pt. Enthalpy of formation for solid solutions at 1123 K.
Fig. 9. Fe-Pt. Entropy of formation for solid solutions at 1123 K.
References
07Isa3
63Sun1
73Hul1
80Cha1
Isaac, E., Tammann, G.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 55 (1907) 63
Sundaresen, M., Gerasimov, Ya.I., Geiderikh, V.A., Vasileva, A.I.: Russ. J. Phys. Chem.
(Engl. Transl.) 37 (1963) 1330
Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K.: "Selected Values of
Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys", Am. Soc. Met., Metals Park, Ohio (1973)
Chang, H., Sastri, S.: Metall. Trans. A 11 (1980) 905
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pt
81Mat1
93Oka2
7
Matsui, M., Adachi, K., Asano, H.: Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. Ser. A 29 Suppl. (1),
(1981) 61
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pu
1
Fe-Pu (Iron-Plutonium)
Phase diagram
The results as basis for the assessment by Okamoto [93Oka2] have been mainly obtained by
Konobeevsky [55Kon1], Mardon et al. [57Mar1], Ofte et al. [64Oft1] and Avivi [64Avi1] (thermal
analysis, metallography, X-ray diffractography and microhardness measurements, all done at samples
weighting not more than some hundreds of milligrams). The result of the assessment has been taken to
draw Fig. 1.
The areas of transformation of Fe 2 Pu (see Kubaschewski [82Kub1]) and of δ-Pu and δ'-Pu (see
Okamoto [93Oka2]) are shown on enlarged scale in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively.
Fig. 1. Fe-Pu. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pu
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Pu. Phase transformations of Fe2Pu.
Fig. 3. Fe-Pu. Partial phase diagram (Pu-rich part).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
By triode-sputtering, Rizzo et al. [88Riz1] have prepared amorphous Fe-Pu alloys in the concentration
range from 13 to 75 at% Pu.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Pu
3
Table 1. Fe-Pu. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
α-Fe 2 Pu
β-Fe 2 Pu
γ-Fe 2 Pu
FePu 6
cub
hex
cub
tetr
Cu 2 Mg
MgNi 2
0.2189
0.564
0.715
1.0403
MnU 6
c [nm]
1.837
0.5359
Ref.
57Mar1
64Avi1
64Avi1
56Cof1
Thermodynamics
The enthalpy of formation of Fe 2 Pu amounts to ∆H S = 9.1(10) kJ/g-atom at 298 K (hydrochloric acid
solution calorimetry; Akachinskii et al. [62Aka1].
References
55Kon1
56Cof1
57Mar1
62Aka1
64Avi1
64Oft1
82Kub1
88Riz1
93Oka2
Konobeevsky, S.T.: Proc. Int. Acad. Sci. of USSR on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy,
Chem. Sci. Volume, Geneva (1955) 362; Translation: USAEC, AEC-Tr-2435, Pt 2 (1956)
207
Coffinberry, A.S., Waldron, M.B.: "A Review of the Physical Metallurgy of Plutonium",
Metallurgy, and Fuels, Progress in Nuclear Energy, Ser. V, Vol 1, London: Pergamon Press
Ltd. (1956) 354
Mardon, P.G., Haines, H.R., Pearce, J.H., Waldron, M.B.: J. Inst. Met. 86 (1957) 166
Akachinskii, V.V., Kopytin, L.M., Ivanov, M.I., Podolskaya, N.S.: Proc. Symp.
Thermodyn. Nucl. Mater., Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1962) 309
Avivi, E.: Rep. Comm. Energie At. (France) Rappt. CEA-R-2444 (1964) 72
Ofte, D., Wittenberg, L.J.: Trans. ASM 57 (1964) 916
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Rizzo, H.F., Echaverria, A.W., Wien, W.L., Massalski, T.B.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 98 (1988) 57
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Rb
1
Fe-Rb (Iron-Rubidium)
The components of this system are almost insoluble in each other in the liquid state as well as in the solid
state. Indications of immiscibility of Rb in liquid Fe are reported by Wever [29Wev1, 28Wev1].
According to Young et al. [62You1] 18 wt ppm of Fe are soluble in liquid Rb at 813 K, at 1033 K the
solubility amounts to 33…115 wt ppm Fe, and at 1203 K about 33…70 wt ppm Fe.
Enthalpies of formation of Fe-Rb alloys possess a positive sign corresponding to the demixing
tendency of this system as Niessen et al. [83Nie1] have calculated on the basis of their atomistic model.
A short recent review of the Fe-Rb system is given by Sangster et al. [93San2].
References
28Wev1
29Wev1
62You1
83Nie1
93San2
Wever, F.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 2 (1928-1929) 739
Wever, F.: Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929) 304
Young, P.F., Arabian, R.A.: USAEC, AGN-8063, Aerojet-General Nucleonics, San
Ramon, CA (1962) 71
Niessen, A.K., de Boer, F.R., Boom, R., de Châtel, P.F., Mattens, W.C.M., Miedema, A.R.:
CALPHAD 7 (1983) 51
Sangster, J., Bale, C.W., Burton, B.P., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H.
Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Re
1
Fe-Re (Iron-Rhenium)
Phase diagram
The iron rich part of the phase diagram has been reported by Eggers [38Egg2] (thermal analysis,
metallographic observations, X-ray diffractography). Further results on phase equilibria obtained in the
meantime have been discussed by Okamoto [93Oka2], who at last has proposed an assessed phase
diagram based on phase equilibria discussed by Kubaschewski [82Kub1], the latter author having
checked the results given in the literature in respect to thermodynamic consistency at concentrations up to
30 at% Re. The assessed diagram reported by Okamoto [93Oka2] has been taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Re. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Re
2
Table 1. Fe-Re. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
ε
Fe 20 Re 9
Fe 3 Re 2
Fe 2 Re 3
hex
cub
tetr
cub
Mg
α-Mn
α-CrFe
β-Mn
0.8978
0.908
0.643
c [nm]
0.472
Ref.
93Oka2
62Age1
56Nie1
64Gla3
References
38Egg2
56Nie1
62Age1
64Gla3
82Kub1
93Oka2
Eggers, H.: Mitt. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Inst. Eisenforsch. Düsseldorf 20 (1938) 147
Niemiec, J., Trzebiatowski, W.: Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. 4 (1956) 601
Ageev, N.V., Shekhman, V.S.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 143 (1962) 1091; Proc. Acad. Sci.
USSR, Chem. Sect. 143 (1962) 300
Gladyshevskii, E.I., Kuzma, Yu.B., Kovalik, D.A.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 9 (1964) 665; Russ.
J. Inorg. Chem. 9 (1964) 368
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Rh
1
Fe-Rh (Iron-Rhodium)
Phase diagram
From the results of investigation of the (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) transition by Fallot [38Fal1, 37Fal1] and the
determination of solid-liquid equilibria of the Fe-rich side of the system by Gibson et al. [58Gib1], as well
as using data reported by Shirane et al. [63Shi1], Swartzendruber [93Swa2] has constructed an assessed
phase diagram by thermodynamic modelling, which was taken as a basis to draw Fig. 1.
The α' phase, which is characterized by a superstructure, is ferromagnetic. It transforms in a firstorder transition to the antiferromagnetic phase α".
The pressure-temperature diagram of an alloy with 50 at% Rh is given in Fig. 2 (from Swartzendruber
[93Swa2]).
In Fig. 3 phase equilibria concerning the (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) transformation and martensitic transition
temperatures in this region are given (taken from Swartzendruber [93Swa2]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Rh. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Rh
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Rh. Pressure-temperature phase equilibria for the solid solution containing 50 at% Rh. P: paramagnetic; F:
ferromagnetic; AF: antiferromagnetic.
Fig. 3. Fe-Rh. Solid lines: equilibrium phase boundaries for the (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) transformation. Dashed lines:
martensitic transformation starting (Ms) and finishing (Mf) temperatures on cooling, and martensitic transformation
starting (As) and finishing (Af) temperatures on heating. Dashed-dotted line: order-disorder transition.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of the α phase are plotted in Fig. 4 (Zakharova et al. [64Zak1]) and lattice constants of
fcc (γ-Fe, Rh) solid solutions are given in Fig. 5 (Schwerdtfeger et al. [68Sch2] and Chao et al.
[71Cha1]). The value of the lattice constant of bcc (α-Fe) at 296 K for 10 at% Rh is a = 0.2899 nm
[64Zak1] and that for the antiferromagnetic, CsCl-type, α" phase at 50 at% Rh and 350 K amounts to
a = 0.2987 nm, whereas, at the same concentration and temperature (50 at% Rh, 350 K) the value of the
lattice constant of the ferromagnetic α' phase is a = 0.2997 nm [64Zak1].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Rh
3
Fig. 4. Fe-Rh. Lattice parameter for cubic (bcc, CsCl-type) α-phase at 296 K.
Fig. 5. Fe-Rh. Lattice parameter for fcc (γ-Fe, Rh) solid solution at 296 K.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic activities of Fe in solid Fe-Rh alloys at 1473 K have been determined by Schwerdtfeger
et al. [68Sch2] applying a method of equilibrating Fe-Rh alloys with iron oxide and a CO 2 –CO gas
mixture. The activity coefficient γ Fe obtained for the Fe component is plotted in Fig. 6 as a function of
concentration.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Rh
4
Fig. 6. Fe-Rh. Thermodynamic activity coefficient for Fe in Rh-rich (γ-Fe, Rh) solid solutions at 1473 K.
References
37Fal1
38Fal1
58Gib1
63Shi1
64Zak1
68Sch2
71Cha1
93Swa2
Fallot, M.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 205 (1937) 227
Fallot, M.: Ann. Phys. 10 (1938) 291
Gibson, W.S., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 189 (1958) 243
Shirane, G., Chen, C.W., Flinn, P.A., Nathans, R.: Phys. Rev. 131 (1963) 183
Zakharova, A.I., Kadometseva, A.M., Levitin, R.Z., Ponyatovskii, E.G.: Zh. Eksp. Teor.
Fiz. (USSR) 46 (1964) 2003; Sov. Phys. JETP (Engl. Transl.) 19 (1964) 1348
Schwerdtfeger, K., Zwell, L.: Trans. AIME 242 (1968) 631
Chao, C.C., Duwez, P., Tsuei, C.C.: J. Appl. Phys. 42 (1971) 4282
Swartzendruber, L.J., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.),
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ru
1
Fe-Ru (Iron-Ruthenium)
Phase diagram
At first the (α-Fe)-(γ-Fe) transition (Wever [28Wev1, 29Wev1]) and the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic
transition at high Fe concentrations (Martelly [38Mar2], Fallot [38Fal1, 37Fal1]) have been investigated.
Further experimental work has been done by Gibson et al. [58Gib1], Obrowski [59Obr1] and Raub et al.
[60Rau1].
Adapting to the results obtained by Gibson et al. [58Gib1] and using a thermodynamic model,
Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa4] have calculated phase equilibria of this system. The diagram thus
obtained has been taken as a basis to draw Fig. 1.
In Fig. 2, a Fe-rich part of the phase diagram is shown on enlarged scale (see [93Swa4]). Equilibria
concerning the (α-Fe)-(γ-Fe) equilibria and the martensitic transition in the Fe-rich region are given in
Fig. 3 [93Swa4, 38Fal1, 37Fal1].
Fig. 1. Fe-Ru. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ru
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Ru. Partial phase diagram (Fe-rich part): (δ-Fe) and (γ-Fe) equilibria.
Fig. 3. Fe-Ru. Solid lines: equilibrium phase boundaries for the (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) transformation. Dashed lines:
martensitic transformation starting (Ms) and finishing (Mf) temperatures on cooling, and martensitic transformation
starting (As) and finishing (Af) temperatures on heating. Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Crystal structure
Some crystallographic data are given in Table 1. The data have been taken from the compilation by
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ru
3
Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa4].
Lattice parameters of bcc (α-Fe) solid solutions are plotted in Fig. 4 (Cotta et al. [60Cot1]).
Fig. 4. Fe-Ru. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution at 396 K.
Table 1. Fe-Ru. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases at
293 K [60Rau1].
Phase
at% Ru
(γ-Fe)
9.2
11.0
23.4
30.0
(ε-Fe)
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
fcc
fcc
hex
hex
Cu
Cu
Mg
Mg
0.3608
0.3605
0.2574
0.2583
0.1609
0.1611
Thermodynamics
Measurements of the partial vapor pressure of Fe in solid Fe-Ru alloys at 1600 K have been done by
Stepakoff et al. [68Ste1] using a Knudsen effusion method. The thermodynamic activities thus obtained
have been taken to draw Fig. 5.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ru
4
Fig. 5. Fe-Ru. Thermodynamic activity for solid solutions at 1600 K.
References
28Wev1
29Wev1
37Fal1
38Fal1
38Mar2
58Gib1
59Obr1
60Cot1
60Rau1
68Ste1
93Swa4
Wever, F.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 2 (1928-1929) 739
Wever, F.: Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929) 304
Fallot, M.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 205 (1937) 227
Fallot, M.: Ann. Phys. 10 (1938) 291
Martelly, J.: Ann. Phys. 9 (1938) 318
Gibson, W.S., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 189 (1958) 243
Obrowski, W.: Naturwissenschaften 46 (1959) 624
Cotta, L.J., Gazzara, C.P.: Adv. X-Ray Anal. 5 (1960) 57
Raub, E., Plate, W.: Z. Metallkd. 51 (1960) 477
Stepkoff, G.L., Kaufman, L.: Acta Metall. 16 (1968) 13
Swartzendruber, L.J., Sundman, B., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H.
Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-S
1
Fe-S (Iron-Sulfur)
Phase diagram
Many experimental investigations have been done to establish the phase diagram. Individual results were
discussed in reviews like those reported by Hansen et al. [58Han1] and Kubaschewski [82Kub1,
93Kub1]. Especially for the liquidus in the FeS-S part see Schürmann [72Sch2] and Charma et al.
[79Cha1]. The assessed phase diagram reported by [93Kub1] has been taken as a basis to construct Fig. 1.
The Fe-rich region is given in Fig. 2 on enlarged scale (taken from Kubaschewski [82Kub1, 93Kub1]).
Fig. 1. Fe-S. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-S
2
Fig. 2. Fe-S. Partial phase diagram (Fe-rich part).
Crystal structure
The crystal structure of (FeS) depends on concentration and temperature (and pressure). Between 50 and
51 at% S a hexagonal (NiAs-type) α' phase exists. Phase α" can be found between 51 and 52.4 at% S and
phase β between 52.6 and 53.5 at% S. The structures of α" and β are similar to that of α' (see Pearson
[58Pea1]). These differentiations are not included in Fig. 1. For special information the reader is referred
to reviews like those by [58Pea1, 67Pea1].
Another intermediate phase occurring in Fig. 1 is pyrite, FeS 2 . Its structure is cubic (FeS 2 -type).
Lattice parameter: 0.5418 nm (Will et al. [84Wil1]). The mineral markasite with the same stoichiometry
(FeS 2 ) has an orthorhombic (FeSb 2 -type) structure with lattice parameters: a = 0.4443 nm,
b = 0.54245 nm and c = 0.3387 nm (Brostigen et al. [70Bro1]).
Several other compounds between Fe and S have been found which do not fit the equilibrium diagram
as given in Fig. 1. They are obviously metastable phases (Fe 2 S 3 , Fe 3 S, Fe 3 S 4 , Fe 7 S 8 , Fe 9 S 10 , Fe 10 S 11 ,
Fe 11 S 12 ; see Villars et al. [91Vil1]).
Thermodynamics
Sharma et al. [79Sha2] have discussed thoroughly thermodynamic activities of S in liquid Fe-S alloys in
the concentration range up to 52 at% S. In this region they have calculated activity values, too, which are
in good agreement with experimentally obtained ones. From there information was taken to draw ln aSL
isotherms in Fig. 3.
Using an EMF method Schaefer [80Sch1] has investigated the thermodynamic properties of solid
Fe 0.9 S. The resulting standard enthalpy of formation is: ∆H S = – 100.5(6) kJ / mol.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-S
3
Fig. 3. Fe-S. Thermodynamic activity of S in liquid alloys at different temperatures.
References
58Han1
58Pea1
67Pea1
70Bro1
72Sch2
79Cha1
79Sha2
80Sch1
82Kub1
84Wil1
91Vil1
93Kub1
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
Pearson, W.B.: "A Handbook of Lattice Spacings, and Structures of Metals and Alloys",
Oxford: Pergamon Press (1958)
Pearson, W.B.: "A Handbook of Lattice Spacings, and Structures of Metals and Alloys",
Vol. 2, Oxford: Pergamon Press (1967)
Brostigen, G., Kjekshus, A.: Acta Chem. Scand. 24 (1970) 1925
Schürmann, E., Henke, H.J.: Gießereiforschung 24 (1972) 1
Charma, R.C., Chang, Y.A.: Metall. Trans. B 10 (1979) 103
Sharma, R.C., Chang, Y.A.: Metall. Trans. B 10 (1979) 103
Schaefer, S.C.: Bur. Mines Rep. Invest. U.S. Dep. Interior, Washington, D.C., 20240
(1980)
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Will, G., Lauterjung, J., Schmitz, H., Hinze, E.: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 22 (1984) 49
Villars, P., Calvert, L.D.: "Pearson's Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic
Phases", Second Edition, Vol. 3, Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1991)
Kubaschewski, O., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.),
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sb
1
Fe-Sb (Iron-Antimony)
The liquidus has been determined by Kurnakov et al. [08Kur1], Vogel et al. [34Vog1] and Geller
[39Gel1] using thermal analysis. α - γ equilibria have been investigated by Wever [28Wev1, 29Wev1]
and Jones [34Jon1]. Later on, Maier et al. [72Mai1] by magnetic measurements, and Feschotte et al.
[89Fes1] by thermal analysis and X-ray diffractography, have very carefully reinvestigated the
constitution. Of the reviews of this system those by Kubaschewski [82Kub1], Bannykh et al. [86Ban3]
and Okamoto [93Oka2] should be mentioned. From the latter author the assessed phase diagram was
taken to construct Fig. 1.
The (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) equilibria are shown in Fig. 2 on enlarged scale (see Kubaschewski [82Kub1]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Sb. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted lines: Curie temperature TC.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sb
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Sb. (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) phase equilibria.
Metastable phases
FeSb 3 has been found by Alekseevskii [48Ale1]. Obviously, this phase is metastable and, therefore, could
not be included in the equilibrium diagram.
FeSb 4 has been observed as a transient phase, which is found by crystallization of amorphous alloys
and, obviously, is metastable (Chyczewski et al. [72Chy1]).
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of bcc (α-Fe) solid solutions have been obtained by Nageswararao et al. [74Nag1].
The results are plotted in Fig. 3.
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sb
3
Fig. 3. Fe-Sb. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solutions.
Table 1. Fe-Sb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
ε
(40 at% Sb)
ε
(50 at% Sb)
FeSb 2
FeSb 4
hex
NiAs
hex
orth
cub
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
0.4131
0.5178
27Oft1
NiAs
0.4072
0.5140
27Oft1
0.3197
α-Po
0.5830
0.3039
72Ros1, 69Hol1
72Chy1
0.6535
Thermodynamics
By Knudsen cell technique, Dynan et al. [75Dyn1] have determined thermodynamic activities of Sb over
the entire concentration range at 893 K. From primary results obtained, they calculated activities of Fe as
well as enthalpies of formation and entropies of formation. The data published are plotted in Fig. 4, Fig. 5
and Fig. 6, respectively.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sb
Fig. 4. Fe-Sb. Thermodynamic activities for solid solutions at 893 K.
Fig. 5. Fe-Sb. Enthalpy of formation for solid solutions at 893 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
4
Fe-Sb
5
Fig. 6. Fe-Sb. Entropy of formation for solid solutions at 893 K.
References
08Kur1
27Oft1
28Wev1
29Wev1
34Jon1
34Vog1
39Gel1
48Ale1
69Hol1
72Chy1
72Mai1
72Ros1
74Nag1
75Dyn1
82Kub1
86Ban3
89Fes1
93Oka2
Kurnakov, N.S., Konstantinov, N.S.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 58 (1908) 1
Oftedal, I.: Z. Phys. Chem. 128 (1927) 135
Wever, F.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 2 (1928-1929) 739
Wever, F.: Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929) 304
Jones, W.D.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 130 (1934) 429
Vogel, R., Dannöhl, W.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 8 (1934–1935) 39
Geller, W.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 13 (1939) 263
Alekseevskii, N.: Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 18 (1948) 101
Holseth, H., Kjekshus, A.: Acta Chem. Scand. 23 (1969) 3043
Chyczewski, M., Calka, A.: Inst. Nucl. Res. Rep., Warsaw (1972), 27 p.
Maier, J., Wachtel, E.: Z. Metallkd. 63 (1972) 411
Rosenthal, G., Kershaw, R., Wold, A.: Mater. Res. Bull. 7 (1972) 479
Nageswararao, M., McMahon jr., C.J., Herman, H.: Metall. Trans. 5 (1974) 1061
Dynan, J., Miller, E.: J. Chem. Thermodyn. 7 (1975) 1173
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Bannykh, O.A., Drits, M.E.: "Phase Diagrams of Binary, and Multicomponent Systems
Based on Iron", Metallurgiya, Moscow (1986) 83
Feschotte, P., Lorin, D.: J. Less-Common Met. 155 (1989) 255
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sc
1
Fe-Sc (Iron-Scandium)
Phase diagram
The phase diagram has been first investigated experimentally by Naumkin et al. [69Nau1]. Bodak et al.
[78Bod1] have again determined phase equilibria, the results obtained are only in some parts similar to
those reported by [69Nau1]. An assessed diagram has been published by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and
Okamoto [93Oka2]. The assessed diagram from Okamoto, which is based mainly on the publication by
Bodak et al. [78Bod1], has been taken to construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Sc. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sc
2
Table 1. Fe-Sc. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
α-Fe 2 Sc
β-Fe 2 Sc
λ-Fe 2 Sc
hex
hex
cub
MgZn 2
MgNi 2
Cu 2 Mg
0.49370
0.4972
0.7039
0.80382
1.6278
67Pro1, 74Ike1
61Dwi1
64Gla1, 78Bod1
Thermodynamics
Integral enthalpies of mixing of liquid Fe-Sc alloys have been determined by Sudavtsova et al. [84Sud1]
at 1870 K up to 11 at% Sc and by Esin et al. [84Esi1] up to 18 at% Sc. The results of the latter authors are
given in Fig. 2.
Enthalpies of formation of Fe 2 Sc have been determined calorimetrically at 1473 K by Selhaoui et al.
[93Sel1]. The value obtained amounts to ∆H S = – 11.2(12) kJ/g-atom.
Fig. 2. Fe-Sc. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1873 K.
References
61Dwi1
64Gla1
67Pro1
69Nau1
74Ike1
78Bod1
82Kub1
84Esi1
84Sud1
Dwight, A.E.: Trans. Am. Soc. Met. 53 (1961) 479
Gladyshevskii, E.I., Kripyakevich, P.I., Kuzma, Yu.B., Protasov, V.S., in: "Aspects of the
Theory, and Application of Rare Earth Metals", E.M. Savitskii, V.F. Terkhova (eds.),
Moscow: Akad. Nauk SSSR (1964)
Protasov, V.S., Kripyakevich, P.I., Cherkashin, E.E.: Russ. J. Kristallogr. 11 (1967) 591
Naumkin, O.P., Terekhova, V.F., Savitski, E.M.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1969) 161;
Russ. Metall. (Engl. Transl.) (1969) 125
Ikeda, K., Nakamichi, T., Yamada, T., Yamamoto, M.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 36 (1974) 611
Bodak, O.I., Kotur, B.Ya., Gavrilenko, I.S., Markiv, V.Ya., Ivanchenko, V.G.: Dopov.
Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR, Ser. A (1978) 365
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Esin, Yu.O., Valishev, M.G., Eremakov, A.F., Demin, S.E., Geld, P.V.: Teplofiz. Vys.
Temp. 22 (1984) 1214
Sudavtsova, V.S., Batalin, G.I., Kuvach, V.P.: Inorg. Mater. (Engl. Transl.) 20 (1984) 1672
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sc
93Oka2
93Sel1
3
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Selhaoui, N., Kleppa, O.J.: J. Alloys Compounds 191 (1993) 145
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Se
1
Fe-Se (Iron-Selenium)
On the basis of experimental results reported by Dutrizak et al. [68Dut1], Schuster et al. [79Sch2], and
Katayama et al. [90Kat1], Okamoto [93Oka2] has assessed the phase diagram, which has been taken to
construct Fig. 1.
By codeposition of Fe and Se, a thin film consisting of a phase with cubic structure can be prepared
(Srivastava et al. [75Sri1]). On heating, this phase transforms to a hexagonal phase and at last, at about
520…570 K, to a tetragonal (AuCu-type) phase.
At high pressure and high temperature a pyrite-type FeS 2 is formed (6.5 10 9 Pa, 1070 K…1470 K;
Bither et al. [66Bit1]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Se. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
It should be mentioned that the phase correlations between Fe 7 Se 8 , γ' and δ, obviously are not quite
clear (see discussion by Okamoto [93Oka2]).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Se
2
Table 1. Fe-Se. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
β
δ
γ'
at% Se
≈ 50
54.3
54.3
Structure
Type
a [nm]
tetr
hex
PbO
NiAs
0.3773
0.3644
0.3619
0.6269
mon
60
γ
56.4
0.626
mon
0.6198
57.1
(372 K)
58.5
0.6208
0.6140
Fe 7 Se 8 (h)
Fe 7 Se 8 (l)
hex
tricl.
Fe 7 Se 8
FeSe 2
orth
FeS 2
marcasite
0.7236
1.253
α = 89.8°
0.47890
b [nm]
0.3619
β = 91°
0.359
β = 90.98°
0.3540
β = 92.0°
0.3541
β = 91.807°
0.3531
β = 91.0°
0.7236
β = 89.4°
0.57689
c [nm]
Ref.
0.5529
0.5821
0.5864
0.5964
33Häg1
33Häg1
79Sch3
33Häg1,
79Sch3
75Red1
0.582
1.1285
1.1281
56Oka1,
79Sch3
70And1
1.1118
79Sch3
1.766
2.354
γ = 90°
0.35755
59Oka1
59Oka1
38Ten1,
58Fis1
Metastable phases
FeSe
cub
hex
tetr
NiAs
AuCu
0.537
0.400
0.418
0.588
0.473
75Sri1
75Sri1
75Sri1
High-pressure phase
FeSe 2
cub
FeS 2
pyrite
0.57859
66Bit1,
68Bit1
Thermodynamics
Using an isopiestic method, Schuster et al. [79Sch2] have determined selenium vapor pressure of Fe-Se
alloys at temperatures between 700 and 1200 K in the concentration range between 50 and 60 at% Se.
From the results obtained thermodynamic activities have been calculated. The results for 873 K are
plotted as ln a Fe and ln a Se as a function of concentration in Fig. 2.
From the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic activities, enthalpies of formation of the
intermediate phases at 53.33 and 57.44 at% Se have been calculated and compared with results obtained
by Svendsen [72Sve1], who has determined the vapor pressure of selenium in the system, too. The ∆H S
values from both sources are given in Table 2. In this table calorimetrically determined ∆H S values are
also included, which have been determined by Gronvold [72Gro1].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Se
3
Fig. 2. Fe-Se. Thermodynamic activities for solid solutions at 873 K.
Table 2. Fe-Se. Enthalpy of formation of intermediate phases.
at% Se
∆H S
[kJ g-atom –1 ]
Ref.
53.33
– 40.8
– 35.0
– 30.9
– 41.6
– 35.6
– 30.3
79Sch2
72Sve1
72Gro1
79Sch2
72Sve1
72Gro1
57.14
References
33Häg1
38Ten1
56Oka1
58Fis1
59Oka1
66Bit1
68Bit1
68Dut1
70And1
72Gro1
Hägg, G., Kindstrom, A.L.: Z. Phys. Chem. B 22 (1933) 453
Tengner, S.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 239 (1938) 126
Okazaki, A., Hirakawa, K.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1 (1956) 930
Fischer, G.: Can. J. Phys. 36 (1958) 1435
Okazaki, A.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 14 (1959) 112
Bither, T.A., Prewitt, C.T., Gillson, J.L., Bierstedt, P.E., Flippen, R.P., Young, H.S.: Solid
State Commun. 4 (1966) 533
Bither, T.A., Prewitt, C.T., Gillson, J.L., Bierstedt, P.E., Flippen, R.B., Young, H.S.: Inorg.
Chem. 7 (1968) 2208
Dutrizak, J.E., Janjua, M.B.I., Toguri, J.M.: Can. J. Chem. 46 (1968) 1171
Andresen, A.F., van Laar, V.: Acta Chem. Scand. 24 (1970) 2435
Gronvold, F.: Acta Chem. Scand. 26 (1972) 2085
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Se
72Sve1
75Red1
75Sri1
79Sch2
79Sch3
90Kat1
93Oka2
4
Svendsen, S.R.: Acta Chem. Scand. 26 (1972) 3757
Reddy, K.V., Chetty, S.C.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 32 (1975) 585
Srivastava, M.M., Srivastava, N.O.: Thin Solid Films 29 (1975) 275
Schuster, W., Ipser, H., Komarek, K.L.: Monatsh. Chem. 110 (1979) 1171
Schuster, W., Mikler, H., Komarek, K.L.: Monatsh. Chem. 110 (1979) 1153
Katayama, S., Ueda, Y., Kosuge, K.: Mater. Res. Bull. 25 (1990) 913
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Si
1
Fe-Si (Iron-Silicon)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria of this system have been investigated very often. Reviews were given by Baraduc-Muller
[10Bar1], Guertler [17Gue1], Hansen et al. [58Han1], and Kubaschewski [82Kub1, 93Kub1]. Schürmann
et al. [80Sch3] and Chart [81Cha1] again investigated the phase equilibria experimentally. On the basis of
results reported in the literature, mainly using information from Schürmann et al. [80Sch3] and Chart
[81Cha1], Kubaschewski [82Kub1, 93Kub1] has published an assessed phase diagram, which has been
taken to draw Fig. 1.
In Fig. 2 the γ-loop is given as found by Übelacker [65Übe1] and Fischer et al. [66Fis1] (taken from
Kubaschewski [82Kub1, 93Kub1].
Fig. 1. Fe-Si. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Si
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Si. (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) phase equilibria.
Crystal structure
At concentrations > 10at% Si order-disorder reactions occur in the (α-Fe) region (see Richter et al.
[74Ric1]). On cooling, at the critical temperature T x the bcc (α-Fe) solid solution with random
distribution of Fe and Si atoms became ordered in respect to nearest neighbours. The resulting phase α 2
corresponds to a CsCl-type superstructure. Continuing cooling, at T y there occurs the phase α 1 , with
ordering in respect to a BiF 3 -type superstructure. Remarkable is the region (α 1 + α 2 ), in which two
phases, α 1 and α 2 , are coherently coexisting (Schlatte [71Sch1, 72Sch1]). Lattice parameters determined
by Richter et al. [74Ric1] are plotted in Fig. 3. The X-ray analysis has been performed using samples
slowly cooled to 293 K. It was shown that the degree of order is strongly dependent on cooling rate.
For (α-Fe) solid solutions a linear dependence of lattice parameter on Si-concentration has been
found. The lattice parameters in Fig. 3 for alloys with more than 6 at% Si correspond to mean values of
ordered Fe-Si solid solutions containing the CsCl-type superstructure as well as the BiF 3 -type
superstructure.
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Sandler et al. [85San1] have prepared by flash-evaporation of a powder with 33 at% Si an amorphous
alloy film, the crystallization mode of which has been studied.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Si
3
Fig. 3. Fe-Si. Lattice parameters for phases (α-Fe) and (α1 + α2) at 293 K.
Table 1. Fe-Si. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Fe 2 Si
Fe 5 Si 3
FeSi
FeSi 2
cub
hex
cub
orth
CsCl
Mn 5 Si 3
FeSi
FeSi 2
0.281
0.67416
0.4517
0.9863
b [nm]
c [nm]
0.47079
0.7791
0.7833
Ref.
74Kha1
43Wei1
63Wat1
71Dus1
Thermodynamics
The knowledge of thermodynamic properties of Fe-Si alloys is of interest for steelmaking. Therefore, a
lot of experimental and theoretical work has been done in this field. One of the most informative analysis
of melting equilibria and of thermodynamic properties has been reported by Schmid [80Sch2], who has
optimized all data available and has calculated a consistent set of values. The following figures have been
taken from there.
Fig. 4 shows the enthalpies of mixing of liquid Fe-Si alloys. Integral excess entropies of mixing of
liquid Fe-Si alloys are plotted in Fig. 5. The logarithm of the activity coefficients of Si in liquid alloys is
given in Fig. 6. At last, the integral enthalpies of formation of solid Fe-Si alloys are shown in Fig. 7.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Si
Fig. 4. Fe-Si. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys.
Fig. 5. Fe-Si. Excess entropy of mixing for liquid alloys.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
4
Fe-Si
Fig. 6. Fe-Si. Thermodynamic activity coefficient for Si in liquid alloys at 1673 K and 1873 K.
Fig. 7. Fe-Si. Enthalpy of formation for solid alloys.
References
10Bar1
17Gue1
43Wei1
Baraduc-Muller, L.: Rev. Metall. (Paris) 7 (1910) 718
Guertler, W.: Metallographie 1 (1917) 658
Weill, A.R.: Nature (London) 152 (1943) 413
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
5
Fe-Si
58Han1
63Wat1
65Übe1
66Fis1
71Dus1
71Sch1
72Sch1
74Kha1
74Ric1
80Sch2
80Sch3
81Cha1
82Kub1
85San1
93Kub1
6
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
Watanabe, H., Yamamoto, H., Ho, K.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 18 (1963) 995
Übelacker, E.: C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 261 (1965) 976
Fischer, W.A., Lorenz, K., Fabritius, H., Hoffmann, A., Kalwa, G.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes.
37 (1966) 79
Dusausoy, Y., Protas, J., Wandji, R., Roques, B.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 27 (1971) 1209
Schlatte, G.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 8 (1971) K5
Schlatte, G., Kudielka, U.H.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 14 (1972) K5
Khalaff, K., Schubert, K.: J. Less-Common Met. 35 (1974) 341
Richter, F., Pepperhoff, W.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 45 (1974) 107
Schmid, R.: CALPHAD 4 (1980) 101
Schürmann, E., Hensgen, U.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 51 (1980) 1
Chart, T.G.: Comm. Communautes CECA No. Research Project 7210-CA/3/303 Nov.
(1981)
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Sandler, L.M., Pushkar, V.N., Filonchuk, I.V., Korsunskaya, T.S.: Phys. Status Solidi (a)
91 (1985) 371
Kubaschewski, O., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.),
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sm
1
Fe-Sm (Iron-Samarium)
Phase diagram
By thermal analysis, X-ray diffractography and metallographic methods, Buschow [71Bus2] has
investigated the phase diagram. The results were taken by Okamoto [93Oka2] to construct an assessed
diagram, which was used as a basis for Fig. 1.
Nassau et al. [60Nas1] have found an intermediate phase Fe 5 Sm, which is not included in Fig. 1 as it
has not been confirmed by other authors (see Okamoto [93Oka2]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Sm. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sm
2
Table 1. Fe-Sm. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
α-Fe 17 Sm 2
β-Fe 17 Sm 2
Fe 3 Sm
Fe 2 Sm
hex
hex
hex
cub
Th 2 Zn 17
Ni 17 Th 2
Ni 3 Pu
Cu 2 Mg
0.8553
0.849
0.5187
0.74164
1.2425
0.830
2.4910
66Bus2
89Gle1
71Bus2
60Nas1, 68Man2
CaCu 5
0.496
0.415
60Nas1
Questionable phase
Fe 5 Sm
hex
References
60Nas1
66Bus2
68Man2
71Bus2
89Gle1
93Oka2
Nassau, K., Cherry, L.V., Wallace, W.E.: Phys. Chem. Solids 16 (1960) 123
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966) 204
Mansey, R.C., Raynor, G.V., Harris, I.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 14 (1968) 329
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 25 (1971) 131
Glebova, O.D., Domyshev, V.A., Basargin, O.V., Zakharov, A.I.: Phys. Met. Metallogr.
(Engl Transl.) 68 (1989) 185
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sn
1
Fe-Sn (Iron-Tin)
Phase diagram
First work to establish the phase equilibria by thermal analysis and metallographic observations has been
done by Isaac et al. [07Isa1]. Later on, frequently and by several authors, investigations have been
performed. Also, reviews have been published several times, at first by Romig [42Rom1], and, besides
others, at last by Kubaschewski [82Kub1], Bannykh et al. [86Ban2] and Okamoto [93Oka2]. The phase
diagram assessed by Okamoto [93Oka2] was the basis to draw Fig. 1.
The γ-loop and the Sn-rich part of the phase diagram are given on enlarged scale in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3,
respectively.
The phase "Fe 3 Sn" mentioned in some publications (for instance by Nial [43Nia1]) is in reality an
oxygen-stabilized phase (Singh et al. [86Sin1]).
Fig. 1. Fe-Sn. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sn
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Sn. (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) phase equilibria.
Fig. 3. Fe-Sn. Partial phase diagram (Sn-rich part).
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of (α-Fe) solid solutions published by different authors are in good agreement. As
shown by Okamoto [93Oka2] they are depending linearly on concentration. From there information was
taken to draw Fig. 4.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sn
3
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Fig. 4. Fe-Sn. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution.
Table 1. Fe-Sn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
"Fe 3 Sn"
Fe 5 Sn 3
( 37.5 at% Sn)
Fe 3 Sn 2
FeSn
FeSn 2
hex
hex
Ni 3 Sn
Ni 2 Sn
0.5460
0.4203
0.4362
0.5217
33Ehr1
70Dje1, 66Yam1
hex
hex
tetr
CoSn
Al 2 Cu
0.5344
0.5303
0.6533
1.9845
0.4449
0.5323
76Mal1
33Ehr1
43Nia1
Thermodynamics
At T = 1820 K, Lück et al. [85Lüc1] have determined by high-temperature calorimetry the enthalpy of
mixing of liquid Fe-Sn alloys for concentrations < 23 at% Sn. By modelling, ∆H L -values have been
calculated for the whole concentration range. The results are given in Fig. 5.
Using a vapor pressure method, Onillon [67Oni1] has determined thermodynamic activities of the
components. The results obtained have been taken by Hultgren et al. [73Hul1] to propose assessed values
for 1820 K. These values are plotted as activity isotherms in Fig. 6.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sn
Fig. 5. Fe-Sn. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1820 K.
Fig. 6. Fe-Sn. Thermodynamic activities for liquid alloys at 1820 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
4
Fe-Sn
5
References
07Isa1
33Ehr1
42Rom1
43Nia1
66Yam1
67Oni1
70Dje1
73Hul1
76Mal1
82Kub1
85Lüc1
86Ban2
86Sin1
93Oka2
Isaac, E., Tammann, G.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 53 (1907) 281
Ehret, W.F., Westgren, A.F.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 55 (1933) 1339
Romig, O.E.: Met. Prog. 42 (1942) 899
Nial, O.: Ark. Kemi Mineral. Geol. B 17 (1943) 5
Yamamoto, H.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 21 (1966) 1058
Onillon, M.: Thesis, Univ. Bordeaux, France (1967)
Djega-Mariadasson, C., Both, E., Trumpy, G.: Ann. Chim. (Paris) 5 (1970) 505
Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K.: "Selected Values of
Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys", Am. Soc. Met., Metals Park, Ohio (1973)
Malaman, B., Roques, B., Courtouis, A., Protas, J.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 32 (1976)
1348
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Lück, R., Predel, B.: Z. Metallkd. 76 (1985) 684
Bannykh, O.A., Drits, M.E.: "Phase Diagrams of Binary, and Multicomponent Systems
Based on Iron", Metallurgiya, Moscow (1986) 63
Singh, M., Bhan, S.: J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 5 (1986) 733
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sr
1
Fe-Sr (Iron-Strontium)
Phase diagram
According to theoretical considerations, Wever [29Wev1, 28Wev1] does not expect any solubility
between Fe and Sr.
By a semiempiric model, Niessen et al. [83Nie1] have estimated the Gibbs free enthalpy of mixing.
Using these thermodynamic values Okamoto [93Oka2] has calculated the phase diagram, which was
taken to draw Fig. 1.
The experimentally determined solubility of Sr in liquid Fe found by Ageev et al. [85Age1] (analytical
method: atomic absorption spectroscopy) is in rather good agreement with calculated solubilities by
Okamoto [93Oka2]. The former authors obtained 1.78 10 –3 at% Sr at 1873 K (calculated: 1 10 –3 at% Sr).
Fig. 1. Fe-Sr. Phase diagram.
References
28Wev1
29Wev1
Wever, F.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 2 (1928-1929) 739
Wever, F.: Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929) 304
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Sr
83Nie1
85Age1
93Oka2
2
Niessen, A.K., de Boer, F.R., Boom, R., de Châtel, P.F., Mattens, W.C.M., Miedema, A.R.:
CALPHAD 7 (1983) 51
Ageev, Yu.A., Archugov, S.A.: Zh. Fiz. Khim. 59 (1985) 838; Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl.
Transl.) 59 (1985) 488
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ta
1
Fe-Ta (Iron-Tantalum)
Phase diagram
Genders et al. [36Gen1], Nemilov et al. [38Nem1], Abrahamson et al. [66Abr1], Sinha et al. [67Sin3] and
Fischer et al. [70Fis1] have investigated the iron-rich part of the system (thermal analysis, magnetic and
X-ray diffraction analysis). From the experimental results obtained, Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa3] have
constructed an assessed phase diagram, which has been taken as a basis for Fig. 1. The region of the
interrupted γ-loop is given in Fig. 2 on enlarged scale.
Fig. 1. Fe-Ta. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ta
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Ta. Partial phase diagram (Fe-rich part).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
By sputtering, Naoe et al. [81Nao1] have prepared thin films (1 µm) in the range between 5 and
25 at% Ta. At concentrations > 14 at% Ta these films were amorphous with crystallization temperatures
between 900 and 1100 K.
Table 1. Fe-Ta. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
ε
(Fe 2 Ta)
µ
(FeTa)
49 at% Ta
hex
MgZn 2
0.4806
0.7846
72Jon1
hex
W 6 Fe 7
0.4911
2.698
66Ram1, 83Ahm1
Thermodynamics
Enthalpies of mixing of liquid Fe-rich alloys have been determined calorimetrically by Iguchi et al.
[82Igu1]. The results are plotted in Fig. 3.
Using the EMF method Hawkins [73Haw1] has determined thermodynamic activities of Ta along the
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ta
3
γ / (γ + ε) boundary finding small positive deviations from Raoult's law. These results are not in
agreement with results obtained by modelling described by Swartzendruber et al. [93Swa3].
Fig. 3. Fe-Ta. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1866 K.
References
36Gen1
38Nem1
66Abr1
66Ram1
67Sin3
70Fis1
72Jon1
73Haw1
81Nao1
82Igu1
83Ahm1
93Swa3
Genders, R., Harrison, R.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 134 (1936) 173
Nemilov, V.A., Voronov, N.M.: Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR (1938) 905
Abrahamson, E.P., Lopata, S.L.: Trans. AIME 236 (1966) 76
Raman, A.: Z. Metallkd. 57 (1966) 301
Sinha, A.K., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 205 (1967) 671
Fischer, W.A., Lorenz, K., Fabritius, H., Schlegel, D.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 41 (1970)
489
Jones, R.H., Zarkay, V.F., Parkev, E.R.: Metall. Trans. 3 (1972) 2836
Hawkins, R.J.: Proc. Int. Symp. Chem. Metall., Iron and Steel Institute London (1973) 310
Naoe, M., Kodaira, M., Joshi, Y., Yamanaka, S.: IEEE Trans. Magn. 17 (1981) 3062
Iguchi, Y., Nosomi, S., Saito, K., Fuwa, T.: Tetsu to Hagane 68 (1982) 633
Ahmed, M.S., Hallam, G.C., Read, D.A.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 37 (1983) 101
Swartzendruber, L.J., Paul, E., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto
(ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Tb
1
Fe-Tb (Iron-Terbium)
Phase diagram
This phase diagram has been investigated experimentally by Dariel et al. [76Dar1] and Orlova et al.
[77Orl1]. Using the experimental results Okamoto [93Oka2] has constructed an assessed phase diagram,
which is similar to that published by [76Dar1], who applied X-ray diffractography, thermal analysis and
metallographic observations. This diagram is thermodynamically consistent, whereas that published by
[77Orl1] is not (see Okamoto [93Oka2]). The consistent diagram was taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Tb. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
By quenching of a liquid alloy with ≈ 50 at% Tb, a phase of MgZn 2 -type has been prepared (cooling
rate ≈ 10 3 K/s; p = 7.7 GPa), which is metastable under normal conditions.
By sputtering, thin amorphous films with stoichiometry Fe 81 Tb 19 have been prepared and investigated
by Tanaka et al. [92Tan1]. Especially, the magnetic anisotropy has been investigated by Harris et al.
[92Har1].
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Tb
2
Table 1. Fe-Tb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
α-Fe 17 Tb 2
β-Fe 17 Tb 2
(Tb-rich)
Fe 3 Tb 6
Fe 3 Tb
Fe 2 Tb
hex
hex
Th 2 Zn 17
Ni 17 Th 2
0.8467
0.8504
0.8309
1.2413
66Bus2
65Kri3, 76Dar1
cub
hex
cub
Mn 23 Th 6
Ni 3 Pu
Cu 2 Mg
1.2007
0.5122
0.7369
2.4745
65Kri3, 77Orl1
66Bus2
62Skr1, 65Kri2
MgZn 2
0.527
0.864
85Tsv1
Metastable phase
hex
≈ 50 at% Tb
Thermodynamics
Recently, Landin et al. [94Lan1] have assessed the phase diagram by thermodynamic modelling. The
result is similar to that given in Fig. 1.
References
62Skr1
65Kri2
65Kri3
66Bus2
76Dar1
77Orl1
85Tsv1
92Har1
92Tan1
93Oka2
94Lan1
Skrabek, E.A.: Thesis, Univ. Pittsburgh (1962)
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P., Voroshilov, Yu.V.: Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram.
(Engl. Transl.) 4 (1965) 915
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 468
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 11 (1966) 204
Dariel, M.P., Holthuis, J.T., Pickus, M.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 45 (1976) 91
Orlova, I.G., Eliseev, A.A., Chuprikov, G.E., Rukk, F.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 22 (1977) 2557;
J. Inorg. Chem. 22 (1977) 1387
Tsvyashchenko, A.V., Popova, S.V.: J. Less-Common Met. 108 (1985) 115
Harris, V.G., Aylesworth, K.D., Elam, W.T., Koon, N.C.: J. Alloys Compounds 181 (1992)
431
Tanaka, H., Kato, Y., Takayama, S.: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 150 (1992) 21
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landin, S., Agren, J.: J. Alloys Compounds 207/208 (1994) 449
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Tc
1
Fe-Tc (Iron-Technetium)
Phase diagram
Thermal analysis of Fe-rich alloys has been performed by Buckley et al. [63Buc1]. Only one intermediate
phase is existing in this system, as Darby et al. [62Dar2, 62Dar1] found (σ-phase). Moffatt [76Mof1] has
constructed a provisional phase diagram, which seems feasible to Kubaschewski [82Kub1]. This diagram,
also accepted by Okamoto [93Oka2], has been taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Tc. Tentative phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of the tetragonal σ-phase are given in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Tc
2
Table 1. Fe-Tc. Lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
at% Tc
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
40
50
60
0.9010
0.9077
0.9130
0.4713
0.4756
0.4788
62Dar2
62Dar1
62Dar1
References
62Dar1
62Dar2
63Buc1
76Mof1
82Kub1
93Oka2
Darby, J.B., Lam, D.J., Norton, L.J., Downey, J.W.: J. Less-Common Met. 4 (1962) 558
Darby, J.B., Lam, D.J.: USAEC, ANL-6677 (1962) 225
Buckley, R.A., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 201 (1963) 121
Moffatt, W.G.: "Binary Phase Diagrams Handbook", Gen. Electr. C., Schenectady, N.Y.
(1976)
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Te
1
Fe-Te (Iron-Tellurium)
Phase diagram
More or less complete investigations of the phase equilibria have been done by Chiba [55Chi1],
Llewellyn et al. [59Lle1], Geiderikh et al. [61Gei1] and Abrikosov et al. [70Abr1]. At last,
comprehensive work using thermal analysis, X-ray diffractography and isopiestic measurements have
been performed by Ipser et al. [74Ips2, 74Ips1]. This information, especially that published by [74Ips2]
and [74Ips1], has been used by Okamoto et al. [93Oka3] to construct an assessed phase diagram, which
has been taken as a basis to draw Fig. 1. For the concentration range between 40 and 56 at% Te the phase
equilibria are demonstrated on enlarged scale in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Fe-Te. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Te
Fig. 2. Fe-Te. Partial phase diagram (40…56 at% Te).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
Fe-Te
3
Table 1. Fe-Te. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
β'
β
β1
δ
at% Te
T [K]
44.4
47.4
1108
1108
Structure
Type
ε
b [nm]
c [nm]
hex
tetr
0.4031
0.4013
2.113
2.096
0.38230
0.38198
0.62767
0.62805
Cu 2 Sb
47.2
47.5
54Gro1
mon
47.1
75Fru1
4.2
0.3843
mon
54.5
hex
59.7
60.4
62.6
orth
66.1
66.7
67.7
Ref.
74Ros1
58.3
δ'
a [nm]
NiAs
0.3791
0.6264
β = 89.254°
64Che1
0.386
0.563
76Red1
(only small monoclinic distortion)
0.3846
0.6661
0.5641
54Gro1
β = 90.20°
54Gro1
0.3827
0.5642
74Ips1
0.3813
0.5653
74Ips1
0.3775
0.5673
74Ips1
70Bro1
0.62650
0.52639
0.38759
57Lle1
0.62655
0.52619
0.38743
57Lle1
0.6276
0.5280
0.3864
57Lle1
Thermodynamics
At concentrations up to 67 at% Te the vapor pressure of Te of Fe-Te alloys at temperatures between 823
and 1173 K has been determined by Ipser et al. [74Ips2] using an isopiestic method. From the results
obtained, thermodynamic activities of the components were calculated. In Fig. 3 log a Fe and log a Te are
plotted as a function of concentration. Standard states hereby are solid Fe and liquid Te.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Te
4
Fig. 3. Fe-Te. Thermodynamic activities for solid alloys at 973 K. Standard states: solid Fe and liquid Te.
References
54Gro1
55Chi1
57Lle1
59Lle1
61Gei1
64Che1
70Abr1
70Bro1
74Ips1
74Ips2
74Ros1
75Fru1
76Red1
93Oka3
Gronvold, F., Haraldsen, H., Vihorde, J.: Acta Chem. Scand. 8 (1954) 1927
Chiba, S.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 10 (1955) 837
Llewellyn, J.P., Smith, T.: Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) Sect. B 70 (1957) 1113
Llewellyn, J.P., Smith, T.: Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) Sect. B 70 (1959) 1113
Geiderikh, V.A., Gerasimov, Ya.I., Nikolskaya, A.V.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 137 (1961)
1399; Proc. Acad. Sci. SSSR (Phys. Chem.) 137 (1961) 349
Chevreton, M.: Thesis, Lyon (France), (1964); Bull. Signalétique 25, No. 25 6-25779
(1964)
Abrikosov, N.Kh., Dyuldina, K.A., Zhdanova, V.V.: Khalkogenidy (1970) 98
Brostigen, G., Kjekshus, A.: Acta Chem. Scand. 24 (1970) 1925
Ipser, H., Komarek, K.L., Mikler, H.: Monatsh. Chem. 105 (1974) 1322
Ipser, H., Komarek, K.L.: Monatsh. Chem. 105 (1974) 1344
Rost, E., Webjornsen, S.: Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 28 (1974) 361
Fruchart, D., Convert, P., Wolfes, P., Madar, R., Senateur, J.P., Fruchart, R.: Mater. Res.
Bull. 10 (1975) 169
Reddy, K.V., Chetty, S.C.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 37 (1976) 687
Okamoto, H., Tanner, L.E., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.),
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Th
1
Fe-Th (Iron-Thorium)
Phase diagram
At first, Thomson [65Tho1, 66Tho2], investigating the entire concentration range, has proposed a phase
diagram, which, later on, has been modified regarding newer results obtained by Johnson et al. [69Joh2],
Smith et al. [65Smi1], Matthias et al. [61Mat1], Chiotti et al. [81Chi1], Buschow et al. [71Bus1], Cirafici
et al. [90Cir1], Palenzona et al. [89Pal1], and at last by Laabs et al. [91Laa1]. Using the knowledge of all
the results obtained by the above mentioned authors, Okamoto [93Oka2] has constructed an assessed
phase diagram (similar to that published by [89Pal1]), which was used as a basis to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Th. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted lines: Curie temperature TC.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are summarized in Table 1.
Van der Kraanen et al. [76Kra1] have determined the temperature dependence of the lattice
parameters of Fe 3 Th. The results are plotted in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Th
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Th. Lattice parameters vs. temperature for hexagonal Fe3Th.
Table 1. Fe-Th. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 17 Th 2
Fe 5 Th
α-Fe 7 Th 2
β-Fe 7 Th 2
Fe 3 Th
Fe 3 Th 7
hex
hex
hex
hex
hex
hex
Th 2 Zn 17
CaCu 5
Ce 2 Ni 7
Gd 2 Co 7
PuNi 3
Fe 3 Th
0.8565
0.5121
0.5188
0.5195
0.5207
0.9830
1.2469
0.4052
2.4774
3.7133
2.518
0.6214
69Joh2
66Tho2
89Pal1
89Pal1
66Tho2
66Tho2
Thermodynamics
Skelton et al. [73Ske1] have determined thermodynamic functions using the EMF method. The evaluation
of the results by Chiotti et al. [81Chi1] yields thermodynamic values of intermediate phases at 1000 K,
which are given in Table 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Th
3
Table 2. Fe-Th. Integral values of formation of intermediate phases
(from Chiotti et al. [81Chi1). Reference states are γ-Fe and α-Th.
Phase
at% Th
∆H S
–1
[ kJ g-atom ]
∆S S
[J g-atom –1 K –1 ]
Fe 17 Th 2
Fe 5 Th
Fe 7 Th 2
Fe 3 Th
Fe 3 Th 7
10.5
16.7
22.2
25.0
70.0
– 14.0
– 20.6
– 24.5
– 26.2
– 12.3
– 5.9
– 9.4
– 12.0
– 13.3
– 5.3
References
61Mat1
65Smi1
65Tho1
66Tho2
69Joh2
71Bus1
73Ske1
76Kra1
81Chi1
89Pal1
90Cir1
91Laa1
93Oka2
Matthias, B.T., Compton, V.B., Corenzwit, E.: Phys. Chem. Solids 19 (1961) 130
Smith, J.F., Hansen, D.A.: Acta Crystallogr. 19 (1965) 1019
Thomson, J.R.: J. Nucl. Mater. 15 (1965) 88
Thomson, J.R.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1966) 432
Johnson, Q., Smith, G.S., Wood, D.H.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 25 (1969) 464
Buschow, K.H.J., van der Goot, A.S.: J. Less-Common Met. 23 (1971) 399
Skelton, W.H., Magnani, N.J., Smith, J.F.: Metall. Trans. 4 (1973) 917
van der Kraanen, A.M., van der Velden, J.N.J., van Apeldoorn, J.H.F., Gubbend, P.C.M.,
Buschow, K.H.J.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 35 (1976) 137
Chiotti, P., Akhachinskij, V.V., Ansara, I., Rand, H.M.: "The Chemical Thermodynamics
of Actinide Elements and Compounds", Part 5, IAEA, Vienna (1981)
Palenzona, A., Cirafici, S.: J. Less-Common Met. 154 (1989) 61
Cirafici, S., Palenzona, A.: Thermochim. Acta 162 (1990) 117
Laabs, F.C., Noack, M.A., Smith, J.F.: J. Phase Equilibria 12 (1991) 23
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ti
1
Fe-Ti (Iron-Titanium)
Phase diagram
Basic results of experimental investigations of phase equilibria have been published by Hellawell et al.
[57Hel1], Murakami et al. [59Mur1], Kornilov et al. [56Kor1], Raub et al. [67Rau1], Matyka et al.
[79Mat1], Abrahamson et al. [66Abr1], and several others. Assessments of the phase diagram have been
performed by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Murray [93Mur1]. The diagram proposed by the latter author
has been taken to construct Fig. 1. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 give the α-Ti solvus and the γ-loop at the iron side,
respectively.
Fig. 1. Fe-Ti. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ti
Fig. 2. Fe-Ti. Partial phase diagram (Ti-rich part).
Fig. 3. Fe-Ti. (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) phase equilibria.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2
Fe-Ti
3
Metastable phases
Hexagonal (α-Ti), on quenching, can be formed by martensitic reaction from (β-Ti) at concentrations < 4
at% Fe (Stupel et al. [76Stu1]). The start temperature of martensitic reaction, M s , and that of the reverse
reaction (Α s ), are plotted in Fig. 4 (see [60Gri1, 63Kan1, 80Yam1, 93Mur1]).
Along the transition of metastable (β-Ti) into the equilibrium mixture (α-Ti) + (β-Ti) there occurs a
metastable hexagonal (ω-MnTi-type) phase ω (Oshio et al. [69Osh1]). For a comprehensive discussion of
formation conditions see Murray [93Mur1].
Fe 2 Ti transforms martensitically at 265 K (at stoichiometric composition) possibly forming a variant
of the MgZn 2 -type Laves phase (Ikeda et al. [72Ike1]).
Ray et al. [72Ray1], by splat-cooling of liquid Fe-Ti alloys, succeeded in preparing (β-Ti) solid
solutions up to 35 at% Fe and (FeTi) in the range from 35 to 50 at% Fe.
At concentrations near that of the Ti-rich eutectic, Polesya et al. [73Pol1] prepared amorphous alloys
with 70 to 72 at% Ti. In the neighbourhood of the Fe-rich eutectic (13 to 23 at% Ti) no amorphous alloys
could be obtained by melt-spinning (Inoue et al. [80Ino1]). By vapor-quenching, Sumiyama et al.
[86Sum1] could prepare amorphous alloys in the range between 20 and 75 at% Ti. Mechanical alloying
enables the production of amorphous alloys, too. Eckert et al. [91Eck1] prepared such alloys with
concentrations from 30 to 70 at% Ti.
Fig. 4. Fe-Ti. Martensitic transformation starting temperatures on cooling (Ms) and on heating (As) of Ti-rich alloys.
Solid lines: equilibrium phase boundaries.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of bcc (α-Fe) and of bcc (β-Ti) are plotted in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively, as a
function of concentration (see Murray [93Mur1]).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ti
4
FeTi has a bcc ordered structure (CsCl-type), as Pietrokovsky et al. [60Pie1] and Ray et al. [72Ray1]
(X-ray diffractography) as well as Doroshenko et al. [67Dor1] and Huthmann et al. [75Hut1] (neutron
scattering) have stated. Lattice parameters were plotted in Fig. 7 (determined by [72Ray1]).
Lattice parameters of (Fe 2 Ti) determined by Ray et al. [72Ray1] are given in Fig. 8.
Fig. 5. Fe-Ti. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution at 298 K.
Fig. 6. Fe-Ti. Lattice parameter for bcc (β-Ti) solid solution at 298 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ti
5
Fig. 7. Fe-Ti. Lattice parameter for cubic (CsCl-type) solid solution (FeTi).
Fig. 8. Fe-Ti. Lattice parameters for hexagonal (MgZn2-type) solid solution (Fe2Ti).
Thermodynamics
By high-temperature reaction calorimetry, Gachon et al. [83Gac1] have determined the enthalpies of
formation of the intermediate phases of this system. The results are given in Table 1.
Enthalpies of mixing of liquid alloys have been determined experimentally up to 40 at% Ti (Esin et al.
[81Esi1], Batalin et al. [84Bat1] and Wang et al. [91Wan1]). Hari Kumar et al. [94Har1] have calculated
assessed ∆H L values, which are in good agreement with the experimental data from the works mentioned
above. These ∆H L values are plotted in Fig. 9.
Experimentally determined thermodynamic activities are in rather good agreement with those
obtained by an assessment (Fruchan [70Fru1], Wagner et al. [74Wag1], Furukama et al. [75Fur2], Hari
Kumar et al. [94Har1]). The results from the latter assessment were taken to draw Fig. 10.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Ti
Fig. 9. Fe-Ti. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys.
Fig. 10. Fe-Ti. Thermodynamic activities for liquid alloys at 1873 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
6
Fe-Ti
7
Table 1. Fe-Ti. Enthalpies of formation of
intermediate phases (Gachon et al. [83Gac1]).
Phase
at% Ti
∆H S
[kJ g-atom –1 ]
FeTi
Fe 2 Ti
50
33
– 31.0(13)
– 27.6(10)
References
56Kor1
57Hel1
59Mur1
60Gri1
60Pie1
63Kan1
66Abr1
67Dor1
67Rau1
69Osh1
70Fru1
72Ike1
72Ray1
73Pol1
74Wag1
75Fur2
75Hut1
76Stu1
79Mat1
80Ino1
80Yam1
81Esi1
82Kub1
83Gac1
84Bat1
86Sum1
91Eck1
91Wan1
93Mur1
94Har1
Kornilov, I.I., Boriskina, N.G.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 108 (1956) 1083
Hellawell, A., Hume-Rothery, W.: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 249 (1957) 417
Murakami, Y., Kimura, H., Nishimura, Y.: Trans. Nat. Res. Inst. Met. Jpn. 1 (1959) 7
Gridnev, Y.N., Petrov, Yu.N., Rafalovskiy, V.A., Trefilov, V.I.: Vopr. Fiz. Met.
Metalloved., An Ukr SSSR Sb Nauchn. Rabot (1960) 82
Pietrokovsky, P., Youngkin, F.G.: J. Appl. Phys. 3 (1960) 1763
Kaneko, H., Huang, Y.C.: J. Jpn. Inst. Met. Sendai 27 (1963) 393
Abrahamson, E.P., Lopata, S.L.: Trans. AIME 236 (1966) 76
Doroshenko, A.V., Nemnonov, S.A., Sidorov, S.K.: Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 23 (1967) 562;
Phys. Met. Metallogr. (Engl Transl.) 23 (1967) 168
Raub, E., Raub, Ch.J., Röschel, E.: J. Less-Common Met. 12 (1967) 36
Oshio, E., Yoshiga, Y., Adachi, M.: J. Jpn. Inst. Met. Sendai 33 (1969) 437
Fruehan, R.J.: Metall. Trans. 1 (1970) 3403
Ikeda, K., Nakamichi, T., Noto, K., Muto, Y., Yamamoto, M.: Phys. Status Solidi (b) 51
(1972) K39
Ray, R., Giessen, B.C., Grant, N.J.: Metall. Trans. 3 (1972) 627
Polesya, A.F., Slipchenko, L.S.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1973) 173; Russ. Metall.
(1973) 103
Wagner, S., St. Pierre, G.R.: Metall. Trans. 5 (1974) 887
Furukawa, T., Kato, E.: Tetsu to Hagane 61 (1975) 3060
Huthmann, H., Inden, G.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 28 (1975) K129
Stupel M.M., Ron, M., Weiss, B.Z.: J. Appl. Phys. 47 (1976) 6
Matyka, J., Faudot, F., Bigot, J.: Scr. Metall. 13 (1979) 645
Inoue, A., Kobayashi, K., Suryanarayana, C., Masumoto, T.: Scr. Metall. 14 (1980) 119
Yamane, T., Ito, M.: Titanium 80, Sci. and Techn. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Ti, Kyoto, Japan; H.
Kimura, O. Izumu (eds.) (1980) 1513
Esin, Yu.O., Valishev, M.G., Ermakova, A.F.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1981) 209;
Russ. Metall. (1981) 30
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Gachon, J.C., Hertz, J.: CALPHAD 7 (1983) 1
Batalin, G.I., Kurach, V.P., Sudavtsova, V.S.: Zh. Fiz. Khim. 58 (1984) 481
Sumiyama, K., Ezawa, H., Nakamura, Y.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 93 (1986) 81
Eckert, J., Schultz, L., Urban, K.: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 127 (1991) 90
Wang, H., Lück, R., Predel, B.: Z. Metallkd. 82 (1991) 659
Murray, J.L., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Hari Kumar, K.C., Wollants, P., Delaey, L.: CALPHAD 18 (1994) 223
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Tl
1
Fe-Tl (Iron-Thallium)
Isaak et al. [07Isa2] stated that there is no mutual solubility of the components, even not at the boiling
point of Tl (1746 K). Grzhimalskiy et al. [68Grz1], however, found a certain diffusion of the elements in
each other (see Kubaschewski [82Kub1]).
References
07Isa2
68Grz1
82Kub1
Isaac, E., Tammann, G.: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 55 (1907) 61
Grzhimalskiy, L.L., Petrunin, I.E.: Russ. Metall. (Engl. Transl.) (1968) 154
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Tm
1
Fe-Tm (Iron-Thulium)
Phase diagram
The phase equilibria have been determined by Kolesnichenko et al. [72Kol1]. From there information was
taken by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Okamoto [93Oka2] to construct an assessed phase diagram. The
results of the latter author were taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Tm. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
By rapid solidification of a melt with 50 at% Tm at a pressure of 7.7 GPa Tsvyashenko et al. [85Tsv1]
succeeded in preparing a metastable phase with hexagonal Laves-type structure.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Tm
2
Table 1. Fe-Tm. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 17 Tm2
Fe 23 Tm6
Fe 3 Tm
Fe 2 Tm
hex
cub
hex
cub
Th 2 Ni 17
Th 6 Mn 23
Be 3 Nb
MgCu 2
0.8417
1.198
0.5063
0.724
0.8293
72Kol1, 89Gub1, 80Chr1
72Kol1, 65Kri2, 65Kri3
72Kol1, 83Mal1
72Kol1, 60Has1, 62Skr1
MgZn 2
0.529
2.4621
Metastable phase
50 at% Tm
hex
0.854
85Tsv1
References
60Has1
62Skr1
65Kri2
65Kri3
72Kol1
80Chr1
82Kub1
83Mal1
85Tsv1
89Gub1
93Oka2
Haszko, S.E.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 218 (1960) 958
Skrabek, E.A.: Thesis, Univ. Pittsburgh (1962)
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P., Voroshilov, Yu.V.: Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram.
(Engl. Transl.) 4 (1965) 915
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P.: Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. (Engl. Transl.) 10 (1965) 468
Kolesnichenko, V.F., Terekhova, V.F., Savitskii, E.M.: Metalloved. Tsvetn. Met., Splavov
Nauka (1972) 31
Christensen, A.N., Hazell, R.G.: Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 34 (1980) 455
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Malik, S.K., Pourarian, F., Wallace, W.E.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 40 (1983) 27
Tsvyashchenko, A.V., Popova, S.V.: J. Less-Common Met. 108 (1985) 115
Gubbens, P.C.M., van der Kraan, A.M., Jacobs, T.H., Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Magn. Magn.
Mater. 80 (1989) 265
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-U
1
Fe-U (Iron-Uranium)
Phase diagram
Experimental determination of the phase diagram has been performed by Kutaytsev et al. [62Kut1] (see
Lebedev et al. [73Leb1] and Kubaschewski [82Kub1]), as well as Gordon et al. [50Gor1], Grogan et al.
[50Gro1], Clews [50Cle1], Michaud [66Mic1] and Chapman et al. [84Cha1] (thermal analysis).
Assessments of the diagram were published by Hultgren et al. [73Hul1], Chiotti et al. [81Chi1],
Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Okamoto [93Oka2].
Fig. 1 has been constructed on the basis of information given by Okamoto [93Oka2].
Fig. 1. Fe-U. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted line: Curie temperature TC.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases of this system are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Fe-U. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 2 U
FeU 6
cub
tetr
MgCu 2
MnU 6
0.70629
1.02499
0.52500
86Iti1
85Kim1
Thermodynamics
Using the EMF method Yoshihara et al. [74Yos1] have determined the enthalpy of formation of Fe 2 U. It
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-U
2
amounts to ∆H S = – 20.6 kJ/g-atom.
Also from EMF measurements, Lebedev et al. [73Leb1] and Gardie et al. [92Gar1] have determined
thermodynamic activities of liquid Fe-U alloys in a narrow concentration range.
At 60.6 at% U Lebedev et al. [73Leb1] found a U = 0.579, and Gardie et al. a U = 0.601 at the same
concentration and temperature (1148 K) (see Okamoto [93Oka2]).
References
50Cle1
50Gor1
50Gro1
62Kut1
66Mic1
73Hul1
73Leb1
74Yos1
81Chi1
82Kub1
84Cha1
85Kim1
86Iti1
92Gar1
93Oka2
Clews, C.J.: J. Inst. Met. 77 (1950) 577
Gordon, P., Kaufmann, A.R.: Trans. AIME 188 (1950) 182
Grogan, J.D.: J. Inst. Met. 77 (1950) 571
Kutaytsev, V.I.: "Alloys of Thorium, Uranium, Plutonium", Gosatomizdat (1962) 74
Michaud, G.G.: Can. Metall. Q. 5 (1966) 355
Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K.: "Selected Values of
Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys", Am. Soc. Met., Metals Park, Ohio (1973)
Lebedev, V.A., Nazarov, N.V., Pyatkov, V.I., Nichkov, I.V., Raspopin, S.O.: Russ. Metall.
(Engl. Transl.) (1973) 160
Yoshihara K., Kanno, M.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 36 (1974) 309
Chiotti, P., Akhachinskij, V.V., Ansara, I., Rand, H.M.: "The Chemical Thermodynamics
of Actinide Elements and Compounds", Part 5, IAEA, Vienna (1981)
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Chapman, L.R., Holcombe jr., C.F.: J. Nucl. Mater. 126 (1984) 323
Kimball, C.W., Vaishnava, P.P., Dwight, A.E.: Phys. Rev. B 32 (1985) 4419
Itié, J.P., Staun Olsen, J., Gerward, L., Benedict, U., Spirlet, J.C.: Physica B + C
(Amsterdam) 139 (1986) 330
Gardie, P., Bordier, G., Poupeou, J.J., Le Ny, L.: J. Nucl. Mater. 189 (1992) 97
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-V
1
Fe-V (Iron-Vanadium)
Phase diagram
The optimal information on solid-liquid equilibria is that obtained by calculation (Hack et al. [79Hac1],
Andersson [83And1]). The γ-loop has been determined experimentally by Fischer et al. [70Fis1]. The
results are in agreement with calculations by Andersson [83And1]. The field of the σ-phase has been
investigated by Büth [83Büt1]. Using this information Smith [93Smi1] has constructed an assessed phase
diagram, which was the basis for Fig. 1.
Hanneman et al. [65Han1] have found that the expansion of the γ-loop depends on pressure. Results
obtained up to 5.0 GPa are plotted in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Fe-V. Phase diagram.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-V
2
Fig. 2. Fe-V. (α-Fe) ↔ (γ-Fe) phase equilibria at different pressure.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of (α-Fe, V) solid solutions are plotted in Fig. 3. Data to draw this figure have been
taken from Smith [93Smi1].
Lattice parameters of the tetragonal (α-Fe, Cr)-type intermediate phase σ are given in Fig. 4 as a
function of concentration (from values given by Smith [93Smi1]).
By quenching the (α-Fe, V) phase in the concentration range near 50 at% V this phase can be retained
at room temperature. The reaction α → σ is rather sluggish. As an intermediate product of this reaction,
before σ is formed on heating, the phase α' with bcc (CsCl-type) structure is produced (Wever [30Wev1],
Bungardt et al. [59Bun1], see Smith [93Smi1]). Its lattice parameter is a = 0.2910 nm at 50 at% V (Philip
et al. [57Phi1]).
Fig. 3. Fe-V. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe, V) solid solution at 298 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-V
3
Fig. 4. Fe-V. Lattice parameters for tetragonal (α-FeCr-type) solid phase σ.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic activities of liquid alloys have been determined experimentally by Kubaschewski et al.
[77Kub2] and Furukawa et al. [75Fur1]. The results are in rather good agreement with optimized data
published by Hari Kumar [91Har1]. The latter data have been taken to draw Fig. 5.
Enthalpies of mixing of liquid Fe-V alloys have been determined by Batalin et al. [81Bat1, 82Bat1],
Iguchi et al. [82Igu1] and Schaefers et al. [93Sch1]. Hari Kumar et al. [91Har1] optimized the results
known to them and constructed a ∆H L -concentration diagram, which has been taken to draw Fig. 6.
Determinations of thermodynamic activities of solid Fe-V alloys have been performed by Saxer
[62Sax1], Myles et al. [64Myl1], Weidner [71Wei1], Furukawa et al. [75Fur1], Robinson et al. [76Rob1],
and Kubaschewski et al. [77Kub2]. Optimized activity coefficients of vanadium, γ V , taken from Smith
[93Smi1] are plotted in Fig. 7 (at 1600 K).
Enthalpies of formation of solid alloys have been determined by Spencer et al. [73Spe2] using an
adiabatic high-temperature calorimeter. The results are plotted in Fig. 8. The data of ∆H S for (α-Fe, V)
solid solutions are similar to those obtained by assessment by Hari Kumar et al. [91Har1].
Entropies of formation of (α-Fe, V) solid solutions published by Spencer et al. [73Spe2] are given in
Fig. 9. Reference states for the data in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 are (γ-Fe) and (α-V).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-V
Fig. 5. Fe-V. Thermodynamic activities for liquid alloys at 2193 K.
Fig. 6. Fe-V. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
4
Fe-V
Fig. 7. Fe-V. Thermodynamic activity coefficient of V in solid solutions at 1600 K.
Fig. 8. Fe-V. Enthalpy of formation for (α-Fe, V) solid solution and the σ-phase at 1623 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
5
Fe-V
6
Fig. 9. Fe-V. Entropy of formation for (α-Fe, V) solid solution at 1600 K.
References
30Wev1
57Phi1
59Bun1
62Sax1
64Myl1
65Han1
70Fis1
71Wei1
73Spe2
75Fur1
76Rob1
77Kub2
79Hac1
81Bat1
82Bat1
82Igu1
83And1
83Büt1
91Har1
93Sch1
93Smi1
Wever, F., Jellinghaus, W.: Mitt. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Inst. Eisenforsch. Düsseldorf 12 (1930)
317
Philip, T.V., Beck, P.A.: Trans. AIME 209 (1957) 1269
Bungardt, K., Spyra, W.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 30 (1959) 92
Saxer, R.K.: Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State Univ. (1962)
Myles, K.M., Aldred, A.T.: J. Phys. Chem. 68 (1964) 64
Hanneman, R.E., Ogilvie, R.E., Gatos, H.C.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 233 (1965) 685,
691
Fischer, W.A., Lorenz, K., Fabritius, H., Schlegel, D.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 41 (1970)
489
Weidner jr., C.W.: Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State Univ. (1971)
Spencer, P.J., Putland, F.H.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 211 (1973) 293
Furukawa, T., Kato, E.: Tetsu to Hagane 61 (1975) 3050
Robinson, D., Argent, B.B.: Met. Sci. 10 (1976) 219
Kubaschewski, O., Probst, H., Geiger, K.H.: Z. Phys. Chem., N. F. 104 (1977) 23
Hack, K., Nüssler, H.D., Spencer, P.J., Inden, G.: CALPHAD VIII, R. Inst. Technol.,
Stockholm (1979) p. 244
Batalin, G.I., Sudavtsova, V.S., Vysotskii, Yu.K.: Ukr. Khim. Zh. 47 (1981) 1093
Batalin, G.I., Sudavtsova, V.S., Vysotskii, Yu.K.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1982) 209;
Russ. Metall. (1982) 52
Iguchi, Y., Nosomi, S., Saito, K., Fuwa, T.: Tetsu to Hagane 68 (1982) 633
Andersson, J.O.: CALPHAD 7 (1983) 295
Büth, J.: Ph.D. Thesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf (1983)
Hari Kumar, K.C., Raghavan, V.: CALPHAD 15 (1991) 307
Schaefers, K., Qin, J., Frohberg, M.: Process Metall., Steel Research 64 (1993) 229
Smith, J.F., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-W
1
Fe-W (Iron-Tungsten)
Phase diagram
Reviews of this system have been published by Hansen et al. [58Han1], Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and
Nagender Naidu et al. [93Nag1]. In the phase diagram proposed by the latter authors the phase δ-FeW is
regarded, which has been found and investigated by Henig et al. [81Hen1]. This newer phase diagram has
been taken as a basis to draw Fig. 1.
For thorough discussion of the phase equilibria and the possible metastable phases the reader is
referred to Nagender Naidu et al. [93Nag1].
The solid-liquid equilibria at concentrations < 18 at% W are given on enlarged scale in Fig. 2.
Solid-solid equilibria at the Fe-rich side are shown in Fig. 3 in more detail.
Fig. 1. Fe-W. Phase diagram. The phase Fe2W is metastable.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-W
2
Fig. 2. Fe-W. Solid-liquid phase equilibria for Fe-rich alloys.
Fig. 3. Fe-W. Solid-solid phase equilibria for Fe-rich alloys.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of (α-Fe) as a function of concentration (mean of the data given by Nagender Naidu et
al. [93Nag1]) are plotted in Fig. 4.
Crystallographic data for intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
In earlier phase diagrams there appears Fe 2 W (or λ) as a stable phase (see Hansen et al. [58Han1],
Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Kostakis [85Kos1]). However, Henig et al. [81Hen1] has stated that λ is
metastable. This phase decomposes very sluggishly into the equilibrium phases (after more than 2000 h
by tempering at 1273 K). Therefore, in Fig. 1 it is included using dashed lines (see Sinha et al. [67Sin2]).
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-W
3
Fig. 4. Fe-W. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution.
Table 1. Fe-W. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
µ-Fe 7 W 6
δ-FeW
(50.7 at% W)
hex
orth
Fe 7 W 6
MoNi
0.4755
0.776
1.248
2.5830
0.710
36Wes1, 67Sin2
81Hen1
Zn 2 Mg
0.4737
0.7719
28Arn1, 67Sin2
Metastable phase
λ-Fe 2 W
hex
Thermodynamics
Some experimental thermodynamic data have been obtained for Fe-W alloys. The results are compiled in
Table 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-W
4
Table 2. Fe-W. Thermodynamic data for some Fe-W alloys (Nagender Naidu et al. [93Nag1]).
Phase
at% W
liquid
2.5
5.0
7.5
4
40
40
33
33
(α-Fe)
µ-Fe 7 W 6
λ
(metastable)
T [K]
∆H S
[kJ g-atom –1 ]
∆S S
[J g-atom –1 K –1 ]
Ref.
1325…1400
1200…1300
1180…1300
0.38
0.42
0.800
– 0.4(80)
– 16.8(53)
5.8
82Igu1
– 0.5(60)
5(3)
11
76Rez1
76Rez1
80Kle1
1200…1300
1180…1300
– 22.9(24)
– 0.3
– 13.2
4
76Rez1
80Kle1
References
28Arn1
36Wes1
58Han1
67Sin2
76Rez1
80Kle1
81Hen1
82Igu1
82Kub1
85Kos1
93Nag1
Arnfelt, H.: Iron Steel Inst. London Carnegie Scholarship Mem. 17 (1928) 1
Westgren, A.: Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ., K. Honda Annivers. Vol. (1936) 852
Hansen, M., Anderko, K.: "Constitution of Binary Alloys", New York: McGraw-Hill
(1958)
Sinha, A.K., Hume-Rothery, W.: J. Iron Steel Inst. London 205 (1967) 1145
Rezukhina, T.N., Kushina, T.A.: J. Chem. Thermodyn. 8 (1976) 519
Kleykamp, H.: J. Less-Common Met. 71 (1980) 127
Henig, E.T., Hofmann, H., Petzow, G.: Plansee Seminar 1981, H.M. Ortner (ed.), Reutte,
Austria, Metallwerke Plansee (1981) 335
Iguchi, Y., Nosomi, S., Saito, K., Fuwa, T.: Tetsu to Hagane 68 (1982) 633
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Kostakis, G.: Z. Metallkd. 76 (1985) 34
Nagender Naidu, S.V., Sriramamurthy, A.M., Rama Rao, P., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary
Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Y
1
Fe-Y (Iron-Yttrium)
Phase diagram
Experimental investigations of the phase equilibria have been performed by Farkas et al. [59Far1] and
Domagala et al. [61Dom1]. Assessed phase diagrams have been published by Gschneidner [61Gsc2],
Kubaschewski [82Kub1], and at last by Zhang et al. [93Zha1]. From the latter authors information has
been taken to draw Fig. 1.
By splat-cooling of a Fe-Y liquid with 32 at% Y, Tenhover [81Ten1] has prepared an amorphous
alloy. He has shown that the crystallization of this glassy alloys occurs in two different steps.
Fig. 1. Fe-Y. Phase diagram.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Y
2
Table 1. Fe-Y. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
α-Fe 17 Y 2
β-Fe 17 Y 2
Fe 23 Y 6
Fe 3 Y
Fe 2 Y
hex
hex
cub
hex
cub
Ni 17 Th 2
Th 2 Zn 17
Mn 23 Th 6
PuNi 3
Cu 2 Mg
0.8463
0.8460
1.2084
0.5137
0.7363
0.8282
1.2410
77Bus1, 86Chu1
82Kub1
65Kri2, 77Bus1, 84Bay1
65Vuc1, 77Bus1
77Bus1, 82Kra1
2.461
Thermodynamics
Using the EMF method with solid electrolyte, Subramanian et al. [84Sub1] have determined
thermodynamic properties of intermediate phases. The results obtained are listed in Table 2.
Enthalpies of mixing of liquid Fe-Y alloys have been measured by high-temperature calorimetry (at
1873 K) by Ryss et al. [76Rys1]. The results are plotted in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Fe-Y. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1870 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Y
3
Table 2. Fe-Y. Thermodynamic properties of intermediate
phases at 973 K, determined by Subramanian et al. [84Sub1].
Phase
∆H S
[kJ g-atom –1 ]
∆S S
[J g-atom –1 K –1 ]
Fe 17 Y 2
Fe 23 Y 6
Fe 3 Y
Fe 2 Y
– 6.38(31)
– 8.09(49)
– 8.97(54)
– 7.09(61)
– 1.90(28)
– 2.24(44)
– 3.03(48)
– 0.96(55)
References
59Far1
61Dom1
61Gsc2
65Kri2
65Vuc1
76Rys1
77Bus1
81Ten1
82Kra1
82Kub1
84Bay1
84Sub1
86Chu1
93Zha1
Farkes, M.S., Bauer, A.A.: USAEC Rep. BMI-1386 (1959) 20
Domagala, R.F., Rausch, J.J., Levinson, D.W.: Trans. ASM 53 (1961) 139
Gschneidner jr., K.A.: "Rare Earth Alloys", New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. (1961) 186
Kripyakevich, P.I., Frankevich, D.P., Voroshilov, Yu.V.: Sov. Powder Metall. Met. Ceram.
(Engl. Transl.) 4 (1965) 915
van Vucht, J.H.N.: J. Less-Common Met. 10 (1965) 147
Ryss, G.M., Stroganov, A.I., Esin, Yu.O., Geld, P.V.: Russ. J. Phys. Chem. (Engl. Transl.)
50 (1976) 454
Buschow, K.H.J.: Rep. Prog. Phys. 40 (1977) 1179
Tenkover, M.: J. Phys. F 11 (1981) 2697
Krasnikova, G.N., Litwintsev, V.V.: Phys. Met. Metallogr. 53 (1982) 184
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Bayer, G., Wallace, W.E.: J. Phys. Chem. 88 (1984) 3220
Subramanian, P.R., Smith, J.F.: CALPHAD 8 (1984) 297
Chuang, Y.C., Wu, C.W., Chang, Y.C.: J. Less-Common Met. 118 (1986) 7
Zhang, W., Liu, G., Han, K., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto
(ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Yb
1
Fe-Yb (Iron-Ytterbium)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria of this system have been investigated by Iandelli et al. [76Ian1]. The phase diagram
published on the basis of this work has been redrawn by Okamoto [93Oka2], and also has been taken to
construct Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Yb. Phase diagram.
High-pressure phases
Fe 2 Yb with cubic structure (Cu 2 Mg-Laves-type) has been produced at 1273 K and < 0.6 GPa by Cannon
et al. [72Can1]. Meyer et al. [77Mey1] has prepared this phase at 1473 K and 8.0 GPa. Tsvyashchenko et
al. [85Tsv1] succeeded to form Fe 2 Yb quenching liquid alloys containing 20 and 33 at% Yb (cooling rate
10 2 …10 3 K/s, constant pressure 7.7 GPa). The latter authors [85Tsv1] were able to prepare at 31 and 48
at% Yb the hexagonal MgZn 2 -Laves-type phase (at the same forming conditions as before).
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermetallic compounds are listed in Table 1.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Yb
2
Table 1. Fe-Yb. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
Fe 17 Yb 2
Fe 23 Yb 6
hex
cub
Ni 17 Th 2
Mn 23 Th 6
0.8414
1.945
0.8249
72Bus1
72Bus1
Metastable high-pressure phases
Fe 2 Yb
(19at% Yb)
Fe 2 Yb
(31 at% Yb)
cub
Cu 2 Mg
0.7211
hex
MgZn 2
0.5131
72Can1
0.834
85Tsv1
References
72Bus1
72Can1
76Ian1
77Mey1
85Tsv1
93Oka2
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 26 (1972) 329
Cannon, J.F., Robertson, D.L., Hall, H.T.: Mater. Res. Bull. 7 (1972) 5
Iandelli, A., Palenzona, A.: Rev. Chim. Miner. 13 (1976) 55
Meyer, C., Srour, B., Gros, Y., Hartman -Boutron, F.: J. Phys. (Paris) 38 (1977) 1449
Tsvyashchenko, A.V., Popova, S.V.: J. Less-Common Met. 108 (1985) 115
Okamoto, H., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.), Materials
Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Zn
1
Fe-Zn (Iron-Zinc)
Phase diagram
Phase equilibria have been investigated several times. An assessed phase diagram was proposed recently
by Kubaschewski [82Kub1] and Burton et al. [93Bur2]. The diagram published by [93Bur2] has been
taken to draw Fig. 1.
The positive deviations of thermodynamic activities from Raoult's law in the range of (α-Fe) solid
solutions published by Wriedt [67Wri1] indicate the existence of a metastable miscibility gap in this
phase. Kirchner et al. [73Kir1] and Nishizawa et al. [79Nis1] have calculated the miscibility gap using the
above mentioned activity data. The results are given in Fig. 2 (dashed lines). In this calculation, Kirchner
et al. [73Kir1] have not regarded the magnetic effects, whereas Nishizawa et al. [79Nis1] did.
Fig. 1. Fe-Zn. Phase diagram. P: paramagnetic, F: ferromagnetic.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Zn
2
Fig. 2. Fe-Zn. (α-Fe) phase equilibria. Solid lines: stable equilibria, dashed lines: metastable equilibria, dotted lines:
spinodal. The calculation of the miscibility gap has been performed by [79Nis1] taking into account magnetic effects
(1), and by [73Kir1] disregarding such effects (2). P: paramagnetic, F: ferromagnetic.
Crystal structure
Lattice parameters of (α-Fe) are plotted in Fig. 3.
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.
Fig. 3. Fe-Zn. Lattice parameter for bcc (α-Fe) solid solution.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Zn
3
Table 1. Fe-Zn. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
b [nm]
c [nm]
Γ1
(Fe 3 Zn 10 )
Γ2
(Fe 11 Zn 40 )
δ
(FeZn 10 )
ζ
(FeZn 13 )
cub
Cu 5 Zn 8
0.89823
74Bra1, 68Joh1
cub
Fe 11 Zn 40
1.7963
74Bas1, 81Kos1
hex
FeZn 10
1.27812
mon
CoZn 13
1.3424
5.72532
0.76080
0.5061
β = 127.30°
Ref.
80Gel1, 93Ang1
62Bro1, 79Gel1
Thermodynamics
Vapor pressure measurements over solid Fe-Zn alloys have been done by Wriedt [67Wri1] and Gellings
et al. [80Gel2]. From the results obtained, Gellings et al. [80Gel2] have calculated thermodynamic
activities, which are presented in Fig. 4 as isotherms for T = 617 K. These authors have also estimated
enthalpies of formation of solid alloys using the model developped by Miedema et al. [75Mie1]. The
results are given in Table 2.
From data published by Wriedt [67Wri1], Hultgren [73Hul1]has calculated integral enthalpies of
formation and integral excess entropies of formation of (α-Fe) solid solutions. The results are plotted in
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Zn
Fig. 4. Fe-Zn. Thermodynamic activities for solid alloys at 617 K.
Fig. 5. Fe-Zn. Enthalpy of formation for (α-Fe) solid solutions at 1066 K.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
4
Fe-Zn
5
Fig. 6. Fe-Zn. Excess entropy of formation for (α-Fe) solid solutions at 1066 K.
Table 2. Fe-Zn. Enthalpy of formation of solid alloys
estimated using Miedema's model (Gellings et al. [80Gel2]).
Stoichiometry
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ]
FeZn 3
Fe 3 Zn 10
FeZn 4
FeZn 7
FeZn 10
FeZn 13
– 3.80
– 4.00
– 2.67
– 1.94
– 1.42
– 1.12
References
62Bro1
67Wri1
68Joh1
73Hul1
73Kir1
74Bas1
74Bra1
75Mie1
79Gel1
79Nis1
80Gel1
80Gel2
81Kos1
82Kub1
93Ang1
93Bur2
Brown, P.J.: Acta Crystallogr. 15 (1962) 608
Wriedt, H.A.: Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 239 (1967) 1120
Johannsson, A., Ljung, H., Westman, H.: Acta Chem. Scand. 22 (1968) 2743
Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K.: "Selected Values of
Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys", Am. Soc. Met., Metals Park, Ohio (1973)
Kirchner, G., Harvig, H., Moquist, K.R., Hillert, M.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 44 (1973) 227
Bastin, G.F., van Loo, F.J.J., Riek, G.d.: Z. Metallkd. 65 (1974) 656
Brandon, J.K., Brizard, R.Y., Chieh, P.C., McMillan, R.K., Pearson, W.B.: Acta
Crystallogr., Sect. B 30 (1974) 1412
Miedema, A.R., Boom, R., de Boer, F.R., in: "Crystal Structure, and Chemical Bonding in
Inorganic Chemistry", C.J.M. Roomans, A. Rabenau (eds.), Amsterdam: North-Holland
Publ. Co. (1975) 163
Gellings, P.J., de Bree, E.W., Gierman, G.: Z. Metallkd. 70 (1979) 315
Nishizawa, T., Hasebe, M., Ko, M.: Acta Metall. 27 (1979) 817
Gellings, P.J., Gierman, G., Koster, D., Kuit, J.: Z. Metallkd. 71 (1980) 70
Gellings, P.J., Koster, D., Kuit, J., Fransen, T.: Z. Metallkd. 71 (1980) 150
Koster, A.S., Schoone, J.C.: Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 37 (1981) 1905
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Angermayer, P., Mayr, M., Angeli, J., Faderl, J.: Z. Metallkd. 84 (1993) 716
Burton, B.P., Perrot, P., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H. Okamoto (ed.),
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Zr
1
Fe-Zr (Iron-Zirconium)
Phase diagram
The phase equilibria have been investigated rather often. A review is given by Kubaschewski [82Kub1]
and Arias et al. [93Ari1]. The latter authors have published an assessed phase diagram, basing mainly on
the works of Hayes et al. [51Hay1], Svechnikov et al. [62Sve1, 63Sve1], Malakhova et al. [81Mal1] and
Aubertin et al. [85Aub1]. The diagram published by Arias et al. [93Ari1] was taken to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fe-Zr. Phase diagram. Dashed-dotted lines: Curie temperature TC.
Metastable phases
If alloys with 80…98 at% Zr were quenched from temperatures between 1073 K and 1148 K, an ω phase
has been found (Malakhov et al. [82Mal1]). Also, on crystallization of amorphous Fe-Zr alloys, ω was
found as an intermediate phase(Buschow et al. [83Bus1]). The latter authors found the following lattice
parameters for the tetragonal ω at 80 at% Zr: a = 0.502 nm; c = 0.300 nm.
In the concentration range between 7 and 80 at% Zr, amorphous alloys were obtained by splat-cooling
(Masumoto et al. [80Mas1], Chi et al. [82Chi1], Fukamichi et al. [82Fuk1], Batalla et al. [85Bat1], and
many others).
As an intermediate phase during the crystallization process of amorphous alloys with 80 at% Zr,
Buschow [83Bus1] detected metastable FeZr 3 (m) with orthorhombic crystal structure. The lattice
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Zr
2
parameters are a = 0.3959 nm; b = 0.6139 nm; c = 0.6846 nm as Altounian et al. [85Alt1] reported. This
metastable FeZr 3 (m) phase transforms rapidly into the stable FeZr 3 phase above 723 K [85Alt1].
At concentrations between 57.5 and 76.0 at% Zr, amorphous alloys transform into the metastable
FeZr 2 (m) phase with cubic structure of Fe 3 W 3 C-type (Altounian et al. [85Alt1]). In a following reaction
this latter modification transforms into stable phases.
Crystal structure
Crystallographic data of intermediate phases are compiled in Table 1.
Table 1. Fe-Zr. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases.
Phase
Structure
Type
a [nm]
Fe 23 Zr 6
Fe 2 Zr
(at 34.3 at% Zr)
FeZr 2
FeZr 3
cub
cub
Mn 23 Th 6
Cu 2 Mg
1.169056
0.70702
tetr
orth
Al 2 Cu
BRe 3
0.6385
0.3324
b [nm]
c [nm]
Ref.
65Kri5, 63Sve1
63Sve1
1.0990
0.5596
0.8810
72Hav1
83Bus1, 81Bus1
Thermodynamics
Colinet et al. [85Col1] have published enthalpies of formation of intermediate phases. The results are
given in Table 2.
Using high-temperature calorimetry Lück et al. [90Lüc1] have measured the enthalpy of mixing of
liquid Fe-Zr alloys in the range up to 25 at% Zr. By modelling, the ∆H L -concentration curve has been
calculated for higher Zr content, too. The results are given in Fig. 2.
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Zr
3
Fig. 2. Fe-Zr. Enthalpy of mixing for liquid alloys at 1923 K.
Table 2. Fe-Zr. Enthalpies of formation calculated by Colinet et al. [85Col1].
Phase
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ]
Phase
∆H S [kJ g-atom –1 ]
Fe 5 Zr
Fe 2 Zr
FeZr
– 16.0
– 23.0
– 24.0
FeZr 2
FeZr 3
– 20.0
– 12.0
References
51Hay1
62Sve1
63Sve1
65Kri5
72Hav1
80Mas1
81Bus1
81Mal1
82Chi1
82Fuk1
82Kub1
82Mal1
83Bus1
85Alt1
Hayes, E.T., Robertson, A.H., O'Brien, W.L.: Trans. ASM 43 (1951) 888
Svechnikov, V.N., Spector, A.Ts.: Proc. Acad. Sci. USSR, Chem. Sect. 142 (1962) 231
Svechnilov, V.N., Pan, V.M., Spector, A.Ts.: Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 8 (1963) 1106
Kripyakevich, P.I., Protasov, V.S., Cherkashin, E.E.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 10 (1965) 288
Havinga, E.E., Damsma, H., Hokkeling, P.: J. Less-Common Met. 27 (1972) 169
Masumoto, T., Ohnuma, S., Shirakawa, K., Nose, M., Kobayashi, K.: J. Phys. CB (1980)
686
Buschow, K.H.J.: J. Less-Common Met. 79 (1981) 243
Malakhova, T.O., Alekseeva, Z.M.: J. Less-Common Met. 81 (1981) 293
Chien, C.I., Unruh, K.M., Leva, A., Lion, S.H., Stokes, J.P., Cambino, R.J., Fukamichi, K.:
J. Appl. Phys. 53 (1982) 2307
Fukamichi, K., Gambino, R.J., McGuire, T.R.: J. Appl. Phys. 52 (1982) 2310
Kubaschewski, O.: "Iron-Binary Phase Diagrams", Berlin: Springer (1982)
Malakhova, T.O., Kobylkin, A.N.: Russ. Metall. (Engl. Transl.) 2 (1982) 187
Buschow, K.H.J., Vincze, I., van der Wonde, F.: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 54 (1983) 101
Altounian, Z., Volkert, C.A., Strom-Olsen, J.O.: J. Appl. Phys. 57 (1985) 1777
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fe-Zr
85Aub1
85Bat1
85Col1
90Lüc1
93Ari1
4
Aubertin, F., Gonser, U., Campbell, S.J., Wagner, H.G.: Z. Metallkd. 76 (1985) 237
Batalla, E., Altounian, Z., Strom-Olsen, J.O.: Phys. Rev. B 31 (1985) 577
Colinet, C., Pasturel, A., Hicter, P.: CALPHAD 9 (1985) 71
Lück, R., Predel, B.: Z. Metallkd. 81 (1990) 843
Arias, D., Granovsky, M.S., Abriata, J.P., in: "Phase Diagrams of Binary Iron Alloys", H.
Okamoto (ed.), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1993)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fm-Mo
1
Fm-Mo (Fermium-Molybdenum)
Phase diagram
From estimated thermodynamic data Brewer et al. [80Bre2] have calculated the phase diagram, which has
been redrawn by Brewer et al. [90Bre1] and also was taken as a basis to draw Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fm-Mo. Phase diagram.
References
80Bre2
90Bre1
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its
Compounds, and Alloys", L. Brewer (ed.), Atomic Energy Review Special Issue No. 7,
IAEA, Vienna (1980)
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition,
Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio
(1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fr-Mg
1
Fr-Mg (Francium-Magnesium)
There is almost no mutual solubility of the components in the solid state as well as in the liquid state, as
Massalski [90Mas1] stated.
References
90Mas1
Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 2,
Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fr-Mo
1
Fr-Mo (Francium-Molybdenum)
Phase diagram
From estimated thermodynamic data Brewer et al. [80Bre2] have calculated the phase diagram, which has
been redrawn by Brewer et al. [90Bre1] and from there was taken as a basis for Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Fr-Mo. Phase diagram.
References
80Bre2
90Bre1
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Molybdenum: Physico-Chemical Properties of its
Compounds, and Alloys", L. Brewer (ed.), Atomic Energy Review Special Issue No. 7,
IAEA, Vienna (1980)
Brewer, L., Lamoreaux, R.H., in: "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition,
Vol. 2, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio
(1990)
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
Fr-Mo
Landolt-Börnstein
New Series IV/5
2