Module 3
Duties and Responsibilities of a Citizen
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
1. Identify the duties and responsibilities of a citizens of the country.
2. Explain the importance of citizen in nation in nation building.
3. Enumerate the different roles of Filipino in nation building.
4. Formulate a good solution in helping the country in nation building.
Pre-Task: (100 pts.)
As a youth, what are your duties and responsibilities to make our country progressive and
competitive?
Introduction
Every citizen is bestowed by rights guaranteed by law. Each right carries a
corresponding individual and collective duty and obligation. Performance of social duties can be
demanded from each citizen on the basis of the enjoyment of the rights. Therefore, it is only
when the citizens freely exercise their rights that they faithfully perform their duties ideally for
the common good and a better quality of life.
The natural rights bestowed to the human person are inseparably connected to many
respective duties. Rights and duties find their source, their sustenance and their inviolability on
the natural law that grants and enjoins them. For example, the right of every person to life is
correlative to the duty of preserving it, the right to a decent standard of living with the duty of
living it becomingly, and the right to investigate the truth freely, with the duty of seeking it, and
if possessing it ever more completely and profoundly.
The following, among others, are some of the more important duties and responsibilities
of every citizen:
1.
Love of Country
How does one express love of country? Many of our heroes, like Emilio Jacinto, and
unsung heroes have given up their lives to demonstrate the love for the country. Benigno
“Ninoy” Aquino Jr. said: “The Filipinos are worth dying for.” One does not need to die to show
love of country although one would not hesitate to do so in the event that it is necessary.
Love of country can be shown in many ways. By appreciating the customs, traditions,
languages and people. By paying taxes on time. By following traffic rules. By maintaining
clean surroundings. By helping those in need. By taking pride of being Filipino.
Filipinos must develop a sense of nationalism. To patronize one’s own products, speak
one’s own language. For centuries, we have been under colonial rule and the effects are telling.
We prefer foreign goods in the belief that they are superior products than ours. We prefer our
communications with English language. Our country is our extended self. It is our fulfillment of
our personality, the perfection of our individuality. Therefore, we must love it and harbor its
interest first foremost in our hearts.
2. Defense of the State
Love of country is not only words but also deeds. In a situation where our national
existence or survival is threatened or in peril, where our sovereignty as people and Nation is
disrespected by unfair, deceptive and onerous treaties or agreements with other nations. As
citizens, it is our fundamental and honorable duty to defend our nation against any aggression
and exploitative relation. The State that we should protect consists of people, territory,
government and sovereignty.
Defending the State is a concrete manifestation of love of country. Hence love of country
should not be an occasional virtue to be exhibited. It must be constantly and permanently etched
in the hearts of every citizen so that it inspires them to serve and defend the country at all times
and at all cost.
Defending the State thus requires citizens to give voluntary service when needed. They
must fight for the existence and self-preservation of the state.
3. Upholding the Constitution and Obeying the Laws
The Constitution is the cornerstone by which all other laws conform and to which all
persons’ including the president, must respect. If laws are inconsistent with the Constitution, the
latter governs and the former becomes void.
The 1987 Constitution, duly approved by the people, is the expression of the will of the
people. Every citizen has the duty to defend the Constitution, especially against those who wish
to emasculate the law for usurpation of power.
4. Contribution to the Development and Welfare of the Country
The development and welfare of the country is a responsibility not only of the
government but also of all people. The citizens can contribute to the development and welfare of
the country by doing faithfully their obligations. By paying taxes honestly, willingly and
promptly. By participating in civil activities and projects, e.g. peace and order, community
cleaning, etc. By helping protect and preserve the county’s natural resources. By promoting
social justice and pursuing social policies and economic measures that are pro-people and propoor. People are duty bound to oppose any policies that exploit and deplete the national
resources of the country to their detriment and that of the environment.
Furthermore, people can contribute to development by doing away with colonial
mentality and patronizing the country’s products. Colonial mentality drives the people to choose
or prioritize products from other countries or imported products. It brainwashes the citizens that
imported or brand name product is superior to the domestic or not known products, it betrays
love of the country.
5. Cooperation with the Duly-constituted Authorities
We need authority to lead us; it is necessary for the common good and the unity of the
State. When authority is exercised for the genuine development of the people or in accord with
the moral law, it must be respected and obeyed.
Citizens should cooperate with the people mandated to rein or run the government. It is
the duty of a citizen not only to see to it that he does not violate any law, ordinance, rule and
regulation but also to ensure that such laws are obeyed or observed by his fellow citizens.
Constituted authorities dispose their executions within the bounds of the law. The law is
the mass of obligatory rules established for the purpose of governing the relations of persons in
society. It is a norm of human conduct in social life established and imposed for the observance
of all.
The law is powerless without the cooperation of the citizens. Authorities or officers of
the law need citizens to prevent and be witnesses to crimes committed. Citizens should not
allow crimes to be committed under their noses without even lifting a finger to prevent its
execution. It is the duty of the citizens to ensure that officers of the law attend the enforcement
of the law and properly perform their duties.
Citizens should not tolerate or become accomplice to any wrong doing in the community.
They should take any step in looking towards the eradication of graft, corruption and criminality
in their community. A citizen must correct the distorted values that drive people to commit
illegal activities.
Cooperation with duly constituted authorities must always be geared toward the common
good. If laws and treaties are inconsistent or are unconstitutional, then the people have the
option not to cooperate with the authorities. Instead they have every reason to protest or petition
such laws.
True, citizens should in conscience obey constituted authorities but they are not
compelled to obey commands that are morally wrong. Authority must not be used contrary to
the moral law, especially when citizens are under oppression of public authority which over steps
its competence.
6. Responsible Exercise of Rights and Respect for the Rights of Others
In society where every member has his own interest, there would inevitably be clashes.
Each one must not insist one’s rights at the expense of the other’s rights but must work for the
welfare of all.
A citizen must be imbued with the sense of awareness that his fellow citizens have the
same rights he has. He should not only be concerned about his rights but also about his
obligations to his fellow citizens.
In the exercise of rights and in the performance of duties, all citizens must act with justice
and give everyone his due and observe honesty and good faith. It is not permissible to abuse
one’s rights to prejudice others. For instance, it is not right for the owners of a company to fire
regular workers and then hire contractual workers in order to gain more profit at the expense of
the workers’ right to tenure. Although this is now the practice of many companies and
seemingly tolerated by government, this act is wrong and it violates workers’ rights.
Citizens’ rights are not an unrestricted license to do exactly as one pleases. These rights
must serve as means of enjoyment of our life. But these must be restrained under conditions
essential to the equal enjoyment of the same right by others.
7. Engagement in Gainful Work
Every citizen must work to assure himself and his family a life worthy of human dignity.
It is the nature of the human person to work. It is through hard, gainful and sustained work that
people and nations live and survive.
It is the duty of the State to ensure the promotion of employment opportunities to its
citizens. (See Article II, Section 9: and Article XIII, Section 3). But it is the responsibility of
every citizen to look for work. Every citizen has an obligation to be useful and be a productive
member of society because, first, work is his nature and source of his dignity and second, work is
his contribution to the development of the country/State.
8. Election of Good Leaders to Government
It is the constitutional duty of every citizen to register and elect qualified citizens to
public office. This duty does not only mean registering and casting a vote. It includes the duty
of using mature and free judgment, conscience and analysis of the integrity and fitness of the
aspirants to lead the country and the people for genuine development when they hold public
office.
Though elections in the country do not sufficiently provide citizens an opportunity to
participate politically, they matter because the success or failure of the government, in a way,
depends, directly or indirectly upon the voting population. Elected public officials enact and
execute policies that affect the life of the people. Thus voters have to exercise their power to
elect public officials who are pro-God, pro-poor, pro-people, and pro-country.
It is true that election today serve as mechanism to maintain and legitimize the leadership
of the elite, but we can put a stop to this by advocating political and electoral reforms to give
poor but qualified candidates chances to aspire for public office.
(Source: Renato Pasimio, The Philippine Constitution, 2000)
Becoming Good Citizens
The Filipino people posses certain values, shared perceptions on what we hold dear, what
we regard as important to us. These sixteen values are enshrined in the Preamble of the 1987
Philippine Constitution. These are unity, patriotism, faith in the Almighty God, respect for life,
respect for law and Government, work, truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, peace, promotion
of the common good, concern for the environment, and order. These values of the Filipino
people serve as the guiding principles of our life as a nation and provide the underlying
framework for all the provisions of the Constitution. We can become good citizens by living in
accordance with these good citizenship values
For an adult, his basic values can be seen in his outward manifestations as well as in
decision-making. There is always a consistency in what he thinks and feels and what he says.
Every Filipino child needs to be helped to form his own values consistent with basic
Filipino values, if he is to grow into a citizen who is “maka-Diyos, maka-tao, maka-bayan at
maka-kalikasan.”
While- Task Activity 4 - “My Way or No Way”
1. With your other siblings or parents form a human train by lining up behind you
and holding the shoulders of the person in front of them.
Say: I’m going to lead you on a journey around the school grounds and back
to this room. During the journey, everyone must stay in the train formation and
follow me. If we make it back here in five minutes or less, you will all get plus
five in your mid-term grade. Ready? Let’s go.
Lead them in doing the activity. As you journey, ask the other siblings or
parents to point out the best routes to follow, but ignore their suggestions.
Instead, deliberately wander off course and waste time. For example, you
might lead them into the parking lot and through a maze of cars, or stop to
smell some flowers. When they protest, just say: I’m the leader. I know where
I’m going.
When five minutes are up, lead them back to the room and say: Too bad. We
didn’t make it back in time so no one gets the plus 5. But that’s OK. We will
just try next time.
2. Facilitate discussion with the following guide questions:
a. What did you feel during this activity?
b. What went wrong? Why did we not accomplish our task?
c. How did my attitude as your leader affect our goal?
d. If you were the leader, what would you have done?
Part III. Promoting Good Leadership for the Youth
Brief History of Modern Leadership Theory
In understanding the concept of leadership, we try to study the history of leadership
theory:
1. Trait Era
It states that there are certain traits that distinguish between leaders and followers.
Leaders generally seem to be sociable, persistent, self-confident and adaptable. However, which
of the traits relevant seems to depend on the requirements of the situation.
It was the first systematic efforts of psychologists to determine the traits of a good leader.
The researchers tried to compare the traits of those who emerge as leaders with those who did
not. They also attempted to compare traits of the effective leaders with those who are
ineffective. The researchers found out that even though that some people possesses the qualities
of a good leader they do not become one. The single most important factor related to the
managerial level and the manager’s supervisory skill is the usage in the appropriate situation.
Effective leader uses their skills to match the requirement of the situation at hand.
2. Behavior Era
This is where we would call the 3 categories of leadership styles:
a. Laissez-faire – involved providing information but little guidance or evaluation, led to
frustrated and disorganized groups that produced low quality work.
b. Autocratic – caused followers to become submissive.
c. Democratic – democratically led groups were relaxed and became cohesive.
When it became evident that traits did not really affects effective leadership researchers
shifted their focus on how the leaders behave. They have focused their attention at the two
leadership behaviors namely leadership function and leadership style. Leadership functions are
the group maintenance and task related activities that must be performed by the leader or
someone else, for a group to perform effectively. Leadership styles are the various patterns of
behaviors favored by leaders during the process of directing and influencing workers. It is
influenced by the forces in the manager, forces in subordinates and forces in the situation.
3. Contingency Era
The primary assumption of the contingency approach is that the personality, style, or
behavior of the leader that is effective will depend upon the requirements of the situation in
which the leader finds himself or herself.
Elements of the contingency approach:
a. The appropriate style depends on the requirements of the situation.
b. Leadership can be learned.
c. Successful leadership involves understanding situational contingencies.
d. The match between the leader’s style, personality, r behavior, and the situation leads
to effectiveness.
(Source: Peter Northouse, Leadership Theory and Practice, 2001)
Definition of Leading and Leadership
Leading is defined as:
1. Influencing others to take action toward specific goal.
2. Guiding and directing on a course, and as serving as a channel. A leader is someone who has
commanding influence.
Leadership is defined as:
1. It is the process of influencing and directing activities of members toward goal
accomplishment.
2. It is about ordinary people who care. People who care enough to get extra ordinary things
done.
3. It is the capacity and will to rally men and women to a common purpose and the character
which inspire confidence.
4. It is simply not an art (emotional/instinctual) or a science (rational/acquired). It is a blend of
the rational and emotional, the innate and acquired, the ideal and practical.
(Source: Peter Northouse, Leadership Theory and Practice, 2001)
Leadership Styles
Let us compare leadership styles. We can do this best by contrasting two opposite styles
of leadership: the authoritarian and the democratic (or participate) style.
1. The Authoritarian Style
shows certain characteristics and we can sum them up by saying that leaders falling under
this category:
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are generally strong-willed, domineering, and to some extent, aggressive.
must have their own way, which for them, seems the only way.
look upon subordinates more as functionaries than as persons, and the best
subordinates, in their estimation, follow directions without question.
ordinarily are not ready to listen to views and suggestions of others (although they
may pretend to), if they offer different opinions.
not encourage equal relationships (i.e. adult to adult with underlings. As a rule, they
do not allow themselves to get close to employees. They do not like to see employees
get close to one another, for such cliques, as authoritarian leaders perceive them,
might endanger their authority.
have business-like and task-oriented attitudes. The job comes first.
generally blame poor results on the inability of others to carry out instructions
correctly.
The following self-talk describes the attitudes of authoritarian leaders:
I know best what is to be done here. After all, I am better trained, more experienced, and
better informed on the matter than anyone else here. The others in the group expect as much of
me. This is after all, my job as their leader. Because I cannot do everything myself, I need their
help, not their ideas and plans, to implement what needs to be done. I can take care of the
thinking, and I do more than my share of the doing too, but I shall need their help here. I
suppose I’ll have to listen to them. These days, they expect that much of me. But I don’t expect
to hear anything new. I’m quite confident that we will end up doing it my way. Of course, I’ll
handle the proceedings during the meeting and I’ll manage to control the pace of things as well.
After all, the agenda is mine and I’ve thought each point through already. I’ll also dispose of any
disputes that may arise, since the task is the thing that counts, and we can’t be held up by any
petty personal squabbles. That would be a sheer waste of time. Better that we all keep our
feelings to ourselves anyway.
As a member of this leader’s group, one might see things this way, whether one likes it or
not:
The leader is the real spokesman of the group. He usually does most of the talking and
all of the actual planning and only wants our approval and cooperation. In fact, his credentials
are good. He does have more experience and competence than I have and he seems to have our
best interests at heart. During the meetings, he doesn’t like to waste any time. While he’s not a
very personable man, he’s always ready to help any of us, whatever the hour and however
serious the problem.
In one way, I’m happy that the leader takes all the responsibility of the group upon
himself. That leaves me to do more or less what I want, just as long as I do the job he asks me to
do. And he is generous with his praise of my work – I guess, because this reflects well on his
leadership in the eyes of outsiders. But at the same time and probably for the same reason, he
comes down hard when we make mistakes or he feels that we have let him down. I sometimes
resent being so uninvolved and feeling so unimportant. I would like to speak out and even
disagree with the leader – for he is not right all the time, but I’m not sure how this would go over
with the others in the group. While we spend a lot of time talking about the boss and his ways
outside meetings, we tend to turn into lambs when he is around. I guess it is because we would
not like to hurt and upset him. So things keep going on in the usual way.
2. Democratic or Participative Style
Characteristics of democratic leaders can be summed up in the following:
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They are generally as concerned with maintaining group effectiveness as with
completing the task to be done.
They encourage members in their groups to express their ideas and feelings, because
they believe that such a climate leads to greater creativity and commitment.
If they encounter resistance or conflicts, they allow them to surface and they seek the
help of their groups in removing the resistance or resolving the conflicts.
They encourage joint decision-making as well as shared goal-setting.
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They rarely set policies without explaining the reasons and proposing them to their
groups, when they can, for suggestions and criticism.
They believe that responsibility for getting a job done depends as much on the group
as upon themselves. They try to have this attitude shared by all group members.
They allow group members a good deal of freedom in their work, once they have
shown their ability to do it.
They keep looking for better ways to do things and are open to change when
convinced that such changes seem called for and would lead to greater effectiveness.
They believe in the effectiveness of group work. They also believe that groups of
committed individuals working together have greater potentials than when those same
members work as individuals.
When we characterize the attitudes of such leaders in the following bit of self-talk:
I place a high value on sound and creative decisions that emerge from real understanding
and searching within a group of committed people who take their life together seriously. I listen
for, and try to elicit, ideas and opinions that differ from my own. I have clear convictions, but I
am also open to change in the face of sound ideas and reasoning.
I realize that, however, competent and experienced I am, I may not have all the
information needed, and definitely lack the experience of others in the group. I am always ready
to learn. When conflicts arise in the group, I do my best, with the group’s help, to identify the
issues involved and to uncover their resources. When aroused by someone or something, I try to
contain myself and stay in touch with whatever might be going on inside of me. I try to maintain
a sense of humor to keep things in perspective. I put a lot of energy into group work, because I
firmly believe in the effectiveness of teamwork.
As a member of this leader’s group, one might see things this way:
I find the other members of the group quite friendly and cooperative, including the leader
of the group. We all seem to have a common stake in what we are doing and in the group we
belong to. We have developed a true team spirit, along with initiative and creativity. We keep
looking for new better ways and our leader encourages us to do so.
As far as possible, we make decisions and set goals as a result of group consensus. We
all share in the success or failure. In our working together, as a group, we have experienced a
“circle of success” more than once.
That same group member might reflect on the circle of success this way:
A shared commitment to the group and its task leads to
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interdependent efforts from its members to find the best way to complete those tasks,
which in turn lead to
a degree of shared success in achieving those targets, and this accomplishment leads
to
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confidence in the group’s potential and back to
renewed commitment to the group and to its ongoing tasks. You like the atmosphere,
and you find your own role both interesting and rewarding.
3. Another type of leadership style is the laissez-faire.
This is a leader in name only. He fails to provide any direction for his group. Members are
left the responsibility of leading and directing.
(Source: Peter Northouse, Leadership Theory and Practice, 2001)
Indispensable Qualities of a Leader
The following are the indispensable qualities of a leader:
1. Character
- How a leader deals with circumstances of life tells you many things about his
character.
- Crisis does not make character, but it certainly reveals it.
- It is more than talk. Anybody can say that he has integrity, but action is the real
indicator of character. Your character determines who you are.
- It is a choice. It is said that talent is a gift but character is a matter of choice.
- The beginning of character repair comes when your face your flaws, apologize and
deal with the consequences of your action.
2. Charisma
- Most people think of charisma as something mystical, almost undefinable. They think
its’ a quality that comes at birth or not at all. But that’s not true. Charisma, plainly
stated is the ability to draw people to you. And like other character traits, it can be
developed.
- In order to gain charisma, one should love life. People enjoy leaders who enjoy life.
Think of the people you want to spend time with. How would you describe them?
They are celebrators and not complainers. They are passionate about life. If you
want to attract people, you need to be like the people you enjoy being with.
3. Commitment
- It separates the doers from the dreamers. If you to be an effective leader you have to
be committed. True commitment inspires and attracts people. It shows them that you
have conviction. They will believe in you only if you believe in your cause.
- It starts in the heart. Most individuals want everything to be perfect before they are
willing to commit themselves to anything. But commitment comes before
achievement. It is an antecedent. If you want to make a difference in other people’s
lives as a leader, look into your heart to see if you are really committed.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
It is one thing to talk about commitment. But it is another to do something about it.
The only real measure of commitment is action. As quoted by Arthur Gordon:
“Nothing is easier than saying words. Nothing is harder than living them day after
day.”
Competence
- Responsible people show up when they are expected. But highly competent people
take it a step farther. They don’t show up in body only. They come ready to play
everyday – despite of what they feel, what kind of circumstances they are in, or how
difficult to expect the game to be.
- Like Benjamin Franklin, All highly competent people continually search for ways to
keep learning, growing, and improving.
- Performing at high level of excellence is always a choice, an act of the will. As
leaders, we expect our people to follow through when we hand them the ball.
Constituents expects that and a whole lot more form their leaders.
Courage
- It begins with an inward battle. Every test you face as a leader begins within you. The
test of courage is no different. As quoted by the psychotherapist Sheldon Kopp: “All
the significant battles are waged within self.” Courage is not the absence of fear. It
is doing what you are afraid to do. It means letting go of the familiar and forging
ahead into something new.
Passion
- Researchers spend a lot of time trying to figure out what makes other people
successful. They often consider a person’s credentials, intelligence, education, and
other factors. But what goes beyond those is what we call passion. Your burning
desire determines your destiny.
- Think of great leaders, and you will be struck by their passion: Gandhi for human
rights, Winston Churchill for freedom, Martin Luther King Jr. for equality, Bill gates
for technology.
- Anyone who lives beyond an ordinary life has great desire. It’s true in an any field:
weak desire brings weak results, just as a small fire creates little heat. The stronger
your fire, the greater the desire – and the greater the potential.
Problem Solvers
- Effective leaders always rise to a challenge. That is one thing that separates winners
from winners. While others complain, leaders rise above predicaments with creativity
and tenacity. No matter what field a leader is in, he will face a problem.
- Leaders with good problem-solving ability demonstrate five qualities.
1. They anticipate problems. Since problems are inevitable, good leaders anticipate
them. Anyone who expects the road to be easy will continually find himself in
trouble.
2. They accept the truth. People respond to problems in these ways: they refuse to
accept them; they accept them and put up with them; or they accept them and try
to make things better. Leaders must always do the latter. Effective leaders face up
to the reality of the situation.
3. They see the big picture. Leaders must continually see the big picture. They
cannot afford to be overwhelmed by emotion. Nor can they allow themselves to
get so bogged down in the details of the problems that they lose sight of what’s
important.
4. They handle one thing at a time. Effective leaders never try to solve all the
problems at once because they know it would be a ceaseless striving. If you are
face with lots of problems, make sure you really solve the one you are working on
before moving to the next one.
5. They don’t give up a major goal when they are down. Effective leaders
understand the peak-to-peak principle. They make major decisions when they are
experiencing a positive swing in their leadership, not during the dark times.
To improve your problem-solving skills, do the following:
1. Don’t avoid hassles/problems. If you have been avoiding them you’ll never have
the opportunity to solve them. You’ll only get better if you gain experience
dealing with them.
2. Develop a method. Some people have a hand time solving problems because they
don’t know how to tackle them. Try using the TEACH process:
T IME
– spend time to discover the real issue.
E XPOSURE
– find out what others have done.
A SSISTANCE
– have your team study all angles.
C REATIVITY
– brainstorm multiple solutions.
H IT
– implement the best solution.
8. Team Player
- If you get along, they’ll go along. Leaders should have a contagious cheerful and
positive disposition. They should be able to create an atmosphere of oneness.
- According to Mr. John Maxwell, people don’t care how much you know, until they
know how much you care. It is true the ability to work with people and develop
relationships is absolutely indispensable to effective leadership. People truly want to
go along with people they get along with. And while someone can have people skills
and not to be a good leader, he cannot be a good leader without people skills.
1. Have a Leader’s Head
- Understand people
- The first quality of a relational leader is then ability to understand how people feel
and think. As you work with others, recognize that all people, whether leaders or
followers, have some things in common.
- They like to feel special, so sincerely compliment them.
- They want a better tomorrow, so show them hope.
- They desire direction, so navigate them.
- They want success so help them win.
2. Have a Leaders Heart
- Love people
- According to the President and CEO of Difinitive Computer Services, Henry
Gruland: “Being a leader is more than just wanting as lead. Leaders have empathy
for others and a keen ability to find the best in people…not the worst…by truly
caring for others.”
3. Extend a Leader’s Hand
- Help people
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People respect a leader who keep their interest in mind. If your focus is on what
you can put in at people rather than what you can get out of them, they will love
and respect you – and these create a great foundation for building relationships.
9. Visionary
- You can seize only what you can see.
- Vision is everything for a leader. Because vision leads the leader. It paints the target.
It sparks and fuels the fire within. Show me a leader without a vision, and I’ll show
you someone who is not going anywhere.
- To get a handle on vision and how it comes to be a part of a good leader’s life,
understand these things:
1. Vision starts within. If you lack vision, look inside yourself. Draw on your
natural gifts and desires. Look to your calling if you have one.
2. Vision draws on your history. Vision is not some mystical quality that comes out
of a vacuum as some people seem to believe. It grows from a leader’s past and the
history of the people around him. Talk to any leader, and you’re likely to discover
key events in his past that were instrumental in the creation of his vision.
3. Vision meets other’s Needs. True vision is far-reaching. It goes beyond what one
individual can accomplish. And it has real value, it does more than just include
others; it adds value to them.
4. Vision helps you gather resources. One of the most valuable benefits of vision is
that it acts like a magnet-attracting, challenging, and uniting people. It also rallies
finances and other resources. The greater the vision, the more winners it has the
potential to attract.
(Source: Peter Northouse, Leadership Theory and Practice, 2001)
Post – Task : Worksheet 5 - Movie Review: “Batas Militar”
President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21,
1972 accordingly to save democracy. The following 14 years, he ruled as a
dictator. He put to jail all his political enemies, closed the Congress, disabled the
Supreme Court, cut the freedom of the press and sent the military and police to
control the country.
"Batas Militar" is a comprehensive video about the Martial Law. It shows
the testimony of the different persons involved especially the victims. This movie
showcases the heroism of the Filipino people who fight against the dictatorship
and joined hands together as one for freedom, the phenomenon known to world
as the People Power.
The class will be required to review the movie "Batas Militar."
After watching the film, the students will be required to submit a film review/reaction paper:
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