LICENCE for AS 2885.0-2008 Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum - General requirements Licensee: Equinox Engineering Date: Tuesday, August 24, 2010 9:38 AM Licence Agreement This is an agreement between the end user of the Product ("Licensee") and SAI Global Limited, 286 Sussex Street, Sydney NSW 2000 AUSTRALIA, ABN 67 050 611 642. 1. Definitions and Interpretations Australian Standards means Australian Standards and includes Joint ISO/Australian Standards, Joint NZ/Australian Standards, current Draft Australian Standards, and amendments to Australian Standards. Concurrent Users means the maximum number of people able to access the Product at any one time, and is limited to the number of Licences purchased. ISO Standards means Standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), for which SAI Global is an authorised distributor. 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Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee ME-038, Petroleum Pipelines. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 15 May 2008. This Standard was published on 5 August 2008. The following are represented on Committee ME-038: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • APIA Research and Standards Committee Australasian Corrosion Association Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Institute of Petroleum Australian Pipeline Industry Association Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Department of Consumer and Employment Protection, WA Department of Mines and Energy, Qld Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines, NT Department of Water and Energy, NSW Energy Networks Association Energy Safe Victoria Gas Association of New Zealand Primary Industries and Resources, SA Welding Technology Institute of Australia This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 07444. Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the Committee and through the public comment period. Keeping Standards up-to-date Australian Standards® are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been published since the Standard was published. Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can be found by visiting www.standards.org.au Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001. Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 Australian Standard® Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum Part 0: General requirements First published as AS 2885.0—2008. COPYRIGHT © Standards Australia All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia ISBN 0 7337 8852 1 Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 2 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Australian members of Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee ME-038, Petroleum Pipelines. After consultation with stakeholders in both countries, Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand decided to develop this Standard as an Australian Standard rather than an Australian/New Zealand Standard. It is the general and unifying Standard for a suite of Standards covering high prespsure petroleum pipelines. The AS 2885 series comprises the following: AS 2885 2885.0 2885.1 2885.2 2885.3 2885.4 2885.5 Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum Part 0: General requirements (this Standard) Part 1: Design and construction Part 2: Welding Part 3: Operation and maintenance Part 4: Offshore submarine pipeline systems Part 5: Field pressure testing Other Standards play a primary and direct role in achieving the purposes of the ME-038 Committee. The other Standards that are currently published by the Committee are the following: AS 1518 External extruded high-density-polyethylene coating system for pipes AS 4822 External field joint coatings for steel pipelines AS/NZS 3862 External fusion bonded epoxy coating for steel pipes The need for Part 0, General requirements (this Standard) arose in 1995 when AS 2885.2, Welding, was issued to supersede Section 7 of AS 2885—1987, and thus became the first separate part of what was formerly a single document. AS 2885.1, Design and construction, and AS 2885.3, Operation and maintenance, were then issued in 1997. In the use of these parts it became apparent to Committee ME-038 that the function and clarity of the series would be improved by the preparation of an overarching document to deal with the issues common to all of the parts, and to provide a vehicle for editorial clarity and simplicity. On this basis Subcommittee ME-038-01 undertook the drafting of Part 0 (this Standard). As each of the parts of AS 2885 series is revised it will recognize, and be made consistent with, Part 0. AS 2885.4 defines the application of DNV OS-F101 (Det Norske Veritas, Offshore Standard for submarine pipeline systems) for design, construction and operation of offshore submarine pipelines within AS 2885. DNV OS-F101 is a complete Standard and, except as defined in AS 2885.4, the requirements of Parts 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 of AS 2885 do not apply. The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ are used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance. Committee ME-038 has considered the need for the AS 2885 series of Standards in the face of increasing worldwide use of international Standards. Appendix B to this Standard is an informative appendix setting out the Committee’s reasons to justify the retention of an Australian Standard covering the scope set out herein. Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 3 AS 2885.0—2008 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................. 4 SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE OF THIS STANDARD (PART 0) .................................................................. 5 1.2 SCOPE OF THE STANDARD .................................................................................... 5 1.3 BASIS OF THE STANDARD ..................................................................................... 8 1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................. 8 1.5 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION .............................................................................. 8 1.6 ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS ................................................................................ 9 SECTION 2 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ................................... 11 SECTION 3 APPROVAL ...................................................................................................... 12 SECTION 4 SAFETY MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 13 SECTION 5 RECORDS AND RECORD KEEPING ............................................................. 14 SECTION 6 CHANGE MANAGEMENT.............................................................................. 15 APPENDICES A REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................ 16 B REASONS FOR HAVING AN AUSTRALIAN STANDARD FOR PETROLEUM PIPELINES ............................................................................................................... 17 Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 4 FOREWORD The AS 2885 series of Standards (the Standard) establishes requirements for the safe design, construction, inspection, testing, operation and maintenance of a land or a submarine pipeline. These requirements are necessary for the protection of the general public, the operating personnel, and the environment, as well as the protection of the pipeline against accidental damage. The AS 2885 series of Standards is intended for pipelines constructed from steel pipe used for the transport of gas or liquid petroleum. the Standard also allows, under special circumstances, pipelines constructed from materials other than steel, and for application to fluids other than hydrocarbon fluids. The Standard provides an authoritative source of important principles and practical guidelines for use by responsible and competent persons or organizations. The Standard is not to be regarded as being either an instruction manual for untrained persons or a complete detailed design specification. Although certain sections of this Standard contain specific requirements, they do not replace the need for appropriate experience and competent engineering judgement. Fundamental sound engineering principles should be followed using the principles and practical guidelines of the Standard. It should be noted that it is not practicable to include, or cover, every aspect of pipeline material, design, construction, welding, inspection, testing, corrosion mitigation, operation, and maintenance in this Standard; however, the Standard provides a basis for engineering assessment where detailed requirements appropriate to a specific item may be absent. Although safety is the basic consideration, other requirements will also control the engineering design of any pipeline, and these must also be considered. Most pipelines to which this Standard applies will be designed, constructed, tested, and operated under some form of licence or regulation. The Standard does not supersede or take precedence over the requirements of any Statute or Regulation. A pipeline designed to the Standard is to be constructed only from materials that have been qualified. A wide range of nominated Standards is given and compliance with these Standards qualifies the materials. Methods for qualifying other materials are also given. Specific provision is made for highly volatile hydrocarbons that are liquids at pipeline pressure and are designated high vapour pressure liquids (HVPL). Environmental matters are of importance in the construction and operation of pipelines and must be considered fully in the design stage. In view of the wide range of conditions that occur and the wide variations in available information, specific requirements cannot be incorporated in the Standard. The extent of the investigations that are necessary in a particular location will depend on the amount and reliability of the environmental information already available, and the sensitivity of the location to environmental damage. The basis of the design is that a pipeline is required to have sufficient strength to withstand all forces to which it will be subjected during construction, testing, and operation. Before a pipeline is placed in operation, it is to be inspected and tested to prove its integrity by tests to verify its pressure strength and leaktightness. Where changes in the use of a pipeline or changes in land use invalidate the original design, or where deterioration has occurred, the appropriate steps need to be taken to ensure that continued operation is safe, and that the change is managed through a structured and documented process. The Licensee is responsible for the engineering design, construction, and maintenance of pipeline integrity during operation. Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 5 AS 2885.0—2008 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum Part 0: General requirements SECT ION 1 SCOPE AND GENERA L 1.1 SCOPE OF THIS STANDARD (PART 0) This Part 0 of the AS 2885 series of Standards provides general requirements and guidance on the scope, purpose, application and other aspects of the AS 885 series of Standards, which is subsequently referred to as ‘the Standard’. AS 2885.4 defines the application of DNV OS-F101 (Det Norske Veritas, Offshore Standard for submarine pipeline systems) for design, construction and operation of offshore submarine pipelines within AS 2885. DNV OS-F101 is a complete Standard and, except as defined in AS 2885.4, the requirements of Parts 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 of AS 2885 do not apply. 1.2 SCOPE OF THE STANDARD 1.2.1 Inclusions AS 2885 applies to steel pipelines and associated piping and components that are used to transmit single-phase and multi-phase hydrocarbon fluids, such as natural and manufactured gas, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gasoline, crude oil, natural gas liquids and liquid petroleum products. Figure 1.1 shows the scope of pipelines covered by AS 2885. The Standard also applies to modifications to a pipeline constructed to a previous Standard or previous edition of the Standard. While AS 2885 applies to all pipelines within its scope, its requirements are based on experience and practices for typical high-pressure hydrocarbon transmission pipelines used in Australia. Certain requirements may not be practical for ‘unusual’ pipelines, such as those that operate at low pressures, and large diameter thick wall pipes. Where the requirements of this Standard are not capable of being implemented or are determined to be unnecessary for pipeline safety, the fundamental principles of the Standard shall be used to develop alternatives that meet the objective of the Standard. 1.2.2 Inclusions—Special circumstances The use of the Standard in circumstances listed below is not precluded but is not expressly covered by this Standard: (a) Pipelines which operate at pressures above ASME Class 1500 (25.5 MPa). (b) Pipelines that are designed and constructed from fibreglass materials, from corrosion resistant alloys or from other materials. (c) Pipelines transporting other fluids (for example non-hydrocarbon gases and slurries). The application of the Standard to these circumstances requires special consideration. www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 6 1.2.3 Exclusions The Standard does not apply to the following installations: (a) Petroleum production and processing plants, gas manufacturing plants and tank farms. (b) Gas distribution systems complying with AS 4645. (c) Above-ground storage pipe. (d) Systems where the normal operating temperatures of the fluid is lower than 30 C or higher than 200°C. (e) Auxiliary piping such as that required for water, air, steam, lubricating oil and fuel. (f) Flexible pipes and hoses. (g) Equipment for instrumentation, telemetering and remote control. (h) Compressors, pumps and their prime movers and integral piping. (i) Heat exchangers and pressure vessels (see AS 1210). (j) Design and fabrication of proprietary items. (k) Wellhead assemblies and associated metering, control valves and piping. (l) Casing, tubing or piping used in petroleum wells. © Standards Australia www.standards.org.au www.standards.org.au !"# $ # !"# & # + !"# # &# &# # 1 2320 & + ) ** FIGURE 1.1 LIMITATIONS OF STANDARD PIPELINES SYSTEMS # 1 2320 9 # 9 # 9 !"# # 2 # # 6 ( !"#,-&! 8 ( & '# # ( $ &# ' 6 % ) # # 5 5 # 66 7 6 4 $ &# 5 # # 5 # 6 & % '# &# .$/0/ +& ) # ( ( Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 7 AS 2885.0—2008 © Standards Australia Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 8 1.3 BASIS OF THE STANDARD The objective of the Standard is to provide requirements for the safe design, construction and operation of pipelines that carry petroleum fluids. AS 2885 is a single and adequate technical Standard that provides an authoritative source of fundamental principles and practical guidelines for use by responsible and competent persons or organizations. The fundamental principles on which the Standard is based are: (a) The Standard exists for— (i) the safety of the general public and pipeline personnel; (ii) the protection of the environment; and (iii) security of supply. (b) The Licensee is responsible for the safety of the pipeline. (c) All threats to a pipeline are to be identified and either controlled or the associated risks shall be evaluated and managed to an acceptable level. (d) A pipeline is to be designed and constructed to have sufficient strength, ductility and toughness to withstand all design loads to which it may be subjected during construction, testing and operation. (e) The design is to be reviewed, assessed and approved. (f) Before a pipeline is placed into operation it is inspected and tested to prove its integrity. (g) The integrity and safe operation of the pipeline is to be maintained in accordance with an approved safety and operating plan. (h) Where changes occur in or to a pipeline or its surroundings, which alter the design basis or affect the original integrity, appropriate steps are to be taken to assess the changes and where necessary implement modifications to maintain safe operation of the pipeline. (i) At the end of its system design life, the pipeline is to be abandoned unless an approved engineering investigation determines that its continued operation is safe. (j) Before a pipeline is abandoned, an abandonment plan is to be developed and approved. The fundamental principles set out above, including the practical rules and guidelines set out in the Standards, are the basis on which an engineering assessment is to be made where the Standards do not provide detailed requirements appropriate to a specific item. The Standard is not an instruction manual for untrained persons or a detailed specification. Although certain sections of the Standard contain specific requirements, these requirements do not replace the need for appropriate experience and competent engineering judgement. 1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The documents referred to in this Standard are listed in Appendix A. 1.5 DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION Each definition and symbol used in the Standard has the same meaning in each part of the Standard. The definitions, symbols and units used in each part are presented in Section 1 of that part of the Standard. Symbols that are defined in Australian and ISO Standards, or by common usage, have been adopted. © Standards Australia www.standards.org.au Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 9 AS 2885.0—2008 For the purpose of the Standard, additional definitions given in AS 1929, AS 2812, AS 2832.1, apply. NOTES: 1 Until each part is revised some of the definitions and symbols in that part will not comply with this Clause. 2 AS 2885.4 does not comply with this Clause because it incorporates DNV OS F-101, which was developed independently. 1.6 ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 1.6.1 Retrospective application The Standard is subject to continuous improvement, and when a revision of a part of the Standard is published, the revision should be reviewed by the Licensee to identify opportunities for improvement of existing systems. Publication of a new Standard or revision of a part of the Standard does not, of itself, require modification of existing physical assets constructed to a previous Standard or previous edition of a part of the Standard. Operation and maintenance procedures and practices for pipelines should comply with the most recent edition of AS 2885.3 to the extent as reasonably practicable. Revision of a part of AS 2885 may make changes that are considered so significant they must be applied retrospectively for technical or safety reasons. These changes are identified in the scope of the relevant part. 1.6.2 Departures from the Standard It is not intended to prohibit the use of any materials, designs, methods of assembly, procedures or practices that do not comply with the specific requirements of the Standard, or are not mentioned in it, but do give equivalent or better results to those specified. Such departures shall be approved. 1.6.3 Use of other standards Where the Standard permits the use of other Standards, the intent is that the other Standard be used in full and that the requirements of the other Standard not be used in conjunction with the requirements of the Standard. Where the other Standard requires the use of compatible Standards or codes for compliance, those compatible Standards or codes shall be used. Where the Standard imposes requirements that add to or override the requirements of a permitted Standard, the additional requirements are explicitly stated in AS 2885 and have to be met. 1.6.4 Interpretations Questions concerning the meaning, application, or effect of any part of the Standard may be referred to the Standards Australia Committee ME-038, Petroleum Pipelines, for explanation. The authority of the Committee is limited to matters of interpretations of the intent of the Standard. The Committee will not adjudicate in disputes or provide rulings upon methods by which means compliance of the Standard will be achieved. The responsibility for the assessment and approval of departures from the Standard lies with the Licensee. 1.6.5 Conversion to SI units Where units other than SI units are used in other Standards, conversion to SI units shall be made in accordance with AS/NZS 1376. www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 10 1.6.6 Rounding of numbers Observed or calculated values shall be rounded in accordance with AS 2706 and, when assessing compliance with the Standard, the specified limiting values herein shall be interpreted in accordance with the ‘rounding method’ described in AS 2706. Units shall be converted to SI units before rounding. © Standards Australia www.standards.org.au Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 11 AS 2885.0—2008 S E C T I O N 2 L E G IS L A T I V E A N D REGU L ATOR Y FRAMEWORK The legislative and regulatory framework for gas and liquid petroleum pipelines in Australia is as follows: (a) Pipelines within Australia come within the jurisdiction of Commonwealth, State or Territory legislation. (b) Many petroleum pipelines within the scope of the Standard are required to be licensed by the Commonwealth, State or Territory. The Council of Australian Governments (CoAG) has agreed ‘to adopt the AS 2885 suite of Standards to achieve uniform national pipeline construction standards’ for pipelines transporting natural gas. (c) The Licensee is the entity responsible for the design, construction, inspection, testing operation and maintenance of a pipeline. The Licensee is responsible for the safety and integrity of the pipeline. Where a pipeline is licensed, the Licensee is the entity held responsible by the regulatory authority. Where a pipeline is not licensed, the Licensee is defined in legislation or approval documentation that applies to the pipeline. (d) The Licensee may make arrangements that have the effect of delegating some of its tasks in relation to the pipeline for which it holds the licence. It cannot delegate its accountability for the safety and integrity of the pipeline. www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 12 SECT ION 3 APPROVAL The concept of approval is fundamental to the Standard. Approval by the Licensee demonstrates that the Licensee has accepted responsibility for the safety and integrity of the pipeline. Items requiring approval are identified in each part of the Standard. Approval requires a conscious act and is given in writing. The Licensee’s approval can only be given by the Licensee or under the authorized written delegation of the Licensee; however, the responsibility for approval can not be delegated. © Standards Australia www.standards.org.au Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 13 SECT ION 4 SAFETY AS 2885.0—2008 M ANAGEMENT Management of pipeline safety is a fundamental principle underlying the Standard. The safety management study process for pipelines is specified in AS 2885.1 (and AS 2885.4 for submarine pipelines). The other parts of the Standard make reference to AS 2885.1. Pipeline safety management shall be an ongoing process over the life of the pipeline, through planning, design, construction, operation and abandonment. Safety controls require continuous management so that they remain effective. The outcomes of the safety management study shall be incorporated in the Safety and Operating Plan. Each safety management study shall address the safety of people, continuity of supply and the environment to the extent that each is applicable. The safety management study may also address other aspects such as the commercial implications of a failure. www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 14 SECT ION 5 RECORDS AND KEEP I NG RECORD The Standard requires the Licensee to obtain and maintain records necessary to safely construct, operate, maintain and ultimately abandon a pipeline. Such records shall provide a continuous history of the pipeline to facilitate informed decision making on all matters relating to the pipeline. Record format and storage methods shall be durable, remain legible and facilitate transfer of information through the various stages of the life of a pipeline, recognizing that the design life may be renewed several times and records may need to persist for very long periods. As records may pass through several different organizations, the format of records shall be such that the records stand alone and, where software-based, media are robust and software platforms are maintainable and capable of being upgraded. Detailed record requirements are set out in each part of the Standard. © Standards Australia www.standards.org.au Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 15 SECT ION 6 CHANGE AS 2885.0—2008 MANAGEMEN T Pipelines are subject to change from the time of conception to abandonment and the Standard requires that change be managed through a structured and documented process. Change management processes shall be implemented to achieve the intended outcome in a controlled manner. Change management processes shall include review of the elements of the safety management study associated with the change and the implementation of controls to manage any adverse outcome. Change management shall cover design, permanent and temporary changes, sudden or unplanned changes and where required retrospective application. The process shall consider the following: (a) The impact of each change. (b) Requirements for approval. (c) Control measures required to satisfy the safety management study. (d) Communication of the change prior to implementation. (e) Management of the implementation. (f) Documentation of each change. www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 16 APPENDIX A REFERENCED DOCUMENTS (Normative) The following documents are referred to in this Standard. AS 1210 Pressure vessels 1929 Non-destructive testing—Glossary of terms 2706 Numerical values—Rounding and interpretation of limiting values 2812 Welding, brazing and cutting metals—Glossary of terms 2832 2832.1 Cathodic protection of metals Part 1: Pies and cables 2885 2885.1 2885.2 2885.3 2885.4 2885.5 Pipelines—Gas and liquid petroleum Part 1: Design and construction Part 2: Welding Part 3: Operation and maintenance Part 4: Offshore submarine pipeline systems Part 5: Field pressure testing 4645 AS/NZS 1376 Gas distribution network management © Standards Australia Conversion factors www.standards.org.au Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 17 AS 2885.0—2008 APPENDIX B REASONS FOR HAVING AN AUSTRALIAN STANDARD FOR PETROLEUM PIPELINES (Informative) In an era of globalization and the use of international standards, it is likely that the need for an Australian Standard for petroleum pipelines may come under question. The following reasons were considered by Committee ME-038 to justify the retention and ongoing development of the Australian Standard: (a) The existence of an Australian Standard does not infringe the requirements of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in that the Standard does not contain any requirements which have the effect of directly or indirectly restricting the use of goods or services from other countries. (b) The use of an Australian Standard is an essential technical requirement, and is in the community interest in order to prevent the proliferation of different requirements in different States and Territories. (c) The industry has local and rapid access to the Standards Committee for training, and for the resolution of uncertainties in the intended meaning and the correction of errors. (d) The Australian Standard provides a basis for ownership of the technical and safety standards to all Australian stakeholders including the public. (e) Australian conditions are significantly different to those in the overseas countries in which petroleum pipeline technology was mainly developed. The terrain and population density conditions are different, and the small markets and long distances in this country dictate the use of different technology with an emphasis on smaller diameter pipe with correspondingly thinner wall. (f) Australian pipelines are on average significantly younger than those in Europe and North America. They include innovative technology with greater emphasis on quality materials and processes. (g) Australian pipeline failure rates are lower than those in Europe and North America from which most incident frequency rates are derived for the purpose or risk assessment. (h) The small number of people involved in the Australian pipeline industry and the associated regulatory organizations, together with the assistance of Standards Australia, means that the processes for changing the Australian Standard are relatively very quick compared to major overseas standards. This situation has encouraged the rapid take up of new technology in Australia whereas, by corollary, the overseas Standards often have the effect of stifling innovation. (i) As well as the rapid take-up of new technology from overseas and from industries outside the pipeline industry, the innovative environment encouraged by having an Australian Standard responsive to local needs, helps foster an active and ongoing program of pipeline industry research, which contributes significantly to the economy and integrity of Australian pipelines. AS 2885 has benefited from past research and has many features that are at the forefront of pipeline Standards. www.standards.org.au © Standards Australia Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 (j) 18 The philosophy under which Committee ME-038 has operated has been to use a first principles approach to the development of technical requirements. The Committee aims to first understand the laws of nature so that it can set down effective laws of man. Consistent with the style requirements of a Standard the rules are, wherever possible, accompanied by explanatory material in order to help the user understand the principles and intent of the Standard. © Standards Australia www.standards.org.au Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). 19 NOTES AS 2885.0—2008 Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). AS 2885.0—2008 20 NOTES Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). Standards Australia Standards Australia develops Australian Standards® and other documents of public benefit and national interest. These Standards are developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties are invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth Government, Standards Australia is recognized as Australia’s peak non-government national standards body. Standards Australia also supports excellence in design and innovation through the Australian Design Awards. For further information visit www.standards.org.au Australian Standards® Committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers and other relevant sectors prepare Australian Standards. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received from other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry experience. Australian Standards are kept under continuous review after publication and are updated regularly to take account of changing technology. International Involvement Standards Australia is responsible for ensuring the Australian viewpoint is considered in the formulation of International Standards and that the latest international experience is incorporated in national Standards. This role is vital in assisting local industry to compete in international markets. Standards Australia represents Australia at both the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Sales and Distribution Australian Standards®, Handbooks and other documents developed by Standards Australia are printed and distributed under license by SAI Global Limited. Purchased By : Mr Rob McCormick. Licensed to Equinox Engineering on 24 August 2010. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited (10142431). For information regarding the development of Standards contact: Standards Australia Limited GPO Box 476 Sydney NSW 2001 Phone: 02 9237 6000 Fax: 02 9237 6010 Email: mail@standards.org.au Internet: www.standards.org.au For information regarding the sale and distribution of Standards contact: SAI Global Limited Phone: 13 12 42 Fax: 1300 65 49 49 Email: sales@sai-global.com ISBN 0 7337 8852 1