ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1
Call International
ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1
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© 2019, published by Call International, 1st edition 2014
Table of Contents
1. Adjectives
2. Adverbs
3. Definite Article “ The ”
4. Indefinite Article “A / An ”
5. Verb “Be”
²
6. Comparatives and Superlatives
7. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
8. Conditional (1°)
9. Conditional (2°)
10. Contractions
11. Demonstratives “This, That, These, Those”
12. Futures: “ Will ”Future
13. Futures: “ Going to ” Future
14. Futures: “Present Simple / Present Continuous” Future
15. Verb “Have”
16. Have got
17. Imperative
18. Modal Auxiliary Verbs
19. Noun Plural
20. Past Continuous
21. Past Simple
22. Personal Pronouns: Subject Personal Pronouns (SPP)
23. Personal Pronouns: Complement Personal Pronouns (CPP)
24. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
25. Possessive “ 's ”
26. Prepositions of Place
27. Present Continuous
28. Present Perfect
29 Present Simple
30. Quantities (“ much – many – a lot of – plenty of ”)
31. Question Tags
32. Question Words
33. Short Answers
34. Some, Any, No
35. Some-, Any-, No- (compound words)
36. There Is – there Are
37. Verbs + –ing
38. Verbs + to …
39. Verbs: Irregular Verb Table
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1. Adjectives
An adjective qualifies a noun, giving more information about it.
Position
1. Before a noun :
a young woman
an ancient civilisation
noisy neighbours
the early bus
this pleasant evening
More than one adjective can modify the same noun :
an ancient Egyptian pyramid
2. After the verb “to be” or after state verbs :
The road is bumpy.
The weather will become stormy tomorrow.
Order
The table below indicates the most normal ordering of adjectives. It is an excellent guideline but
is not rigid for all circumstances ...
A
The
This
Adjectives for Describing or Expressing …
feelings
size
age
colour
definition
beautiful
little
old
green
Indian
Noun
vase
A priceless antique red ruby ring
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1. Adjectives (continued)
Forms
Several basic adjectives have no specific ending.
They can often be paired as opposites :
large
tall
new
young
rich
cheap
long
fat
black
good
hard
small
short
old
old
poor
expensive
short
thin
white
bad
soft
small
BIG
Many adjectives are recognizable by their ending
-al:
-ent:
-ous:
-ic:
-y:
-ive:
-ed:
-able:
-ful:
-an:
-ing:
-less:
-ar:
actual, final, mental, physical, special
ancient, excellent, frequent, urgent
anxious, conscious, famous, serious
basic, classic, electric, scientific
angry, dirty, funny, thirsty
active, attractive, expensive, native
bored, interested, excited, surprised
comfortable, possible, probable, enjoyable
beautiful, colourful, careful, grateful
American, human, Christian, Indian
boring, interesting, exciting, surprising
careless, hopeless, useless, harmless
particular, familiar, popular, similar
Less frequent endings: childlike, friendly, foolish, wooden
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2. Adverbs
The adverbs bring complementary information to a phrase or a word.
Most Frequent Meanings:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Manner:
slowly, quickly, hard, fast, well
Frequence:
always, often, rarely, never
Location:
above, upstairs, here, there
Time:
recently, afterwards, then
Degree:
very, quite, too, so
Link (text):
firstly, therefore, however
Comment:
actually, surely
Addition/limitation:
also, either, neither
Viewpoint:
officially, strictly
Duration :
always, just, never
He greeted us politely.
We’ve lived here for two years.
We arrived yesterday.
I’m really happy.
We usually eat fish on Fridays.
However, we don’t eat meat.
Strangely, she never told us where she lived.
She talked only about the weather.
Personally, I felt it wasn’t fair.
Have you ever been to Copenhagen?
(manner)
(location)
(time)
(degree)
(frequence)
(link in a text)
(comment)
(limitation)
(viewpoint)
(duration)
Have you ever
been to
Copenhagen?
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Of course, I have !
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2. Adverbs (continued)
Positioning the Adverbs
There are three normal positions:
1. Initial position, at the beginning of a clause :
Adverb + subject + verb
Occasionally John missed classes.
2. Mid positions
a) after the 1st auxiliary verb:
Subject + auxiliary verb + adverb + verb
John
has occasionally
missed classes.
b) after be as a copulative verb :
Subject + ”be” + adverb (+……)
John is occasionally absent from class.
c) before the conjugated verb if there is no auxiliary verb:
Subject + adverb + conjugated verb
John occasionally misses classes.
3. Final Position, at the end of a sentence:
Subject + verb (+ ……) + adverb
John missed classes occasionally.
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2. Adverbs (continued)
Usual Positions
For each type of adverb there is one position in the sentence where it is placed most usually.
Adverb Types
Position
Examples
Manner
Location
Time
Degree
Frequence
Link
Comment
Addition/limitation
Viewpoint
Duration
End
End
End
Mid
Mid
Initial
Initial
Mid
Initial
Mid
He works hard.
Would you like a lift home?
I’ll see you tomorrow.
We really enjoyed the training course.
I often eat fish on Fridays.
So I think it’s a very good idea.
Fortunately the rain stopped.
Cara speaks English and French; she also speaks Irish.
Officially, the office closes at 6.
He hadn’t ever seen the Pyramids.
Adverb Forms
There are 3 forms :
1.
Most adverbs are fomed by adding –ly at the end of th adjective.
Slow – slowly, patient – patiently.
2. Many adverbs have the same form as the adjective.
Here are examples of the most common such adverbs: :
hard, straight, far, near, early, late, fast, east, west, north, south, left, right, opposite, just,
pretty, direct, well
3. Many other adverbs have no link with any adjective.
so, too, there, here, as, quite, very, now
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I often eat fish
on Fridays.
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3. Articles : The Definite Article “The”
The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.
The definite article identifies a particular noun.
Always Use the Definite Article:
a)
before singular or plural nouns which are known by the hearer and listener:
These are the books that I borrowed from the library. (We can see the books and we know
where the library is.)
Where are the stamps I bought yesterday? (You know the ones I mean. You were with me
when I bought them.)
What did you think of the film? (I am talking about the one you saw last night)
b) before some geographic areas or localities, groups of states or islands, mountain chains,
seas and rivers:
The People’s Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the
Philippines, the Bahamas, the Netherlands, the Channel Islands, the Far East, the Alps, the
Andes, the Cairngorms, the Himalayas, the Rockies, the Hindu Kush, the Pacific Ocean, the
Mediterranean, the Dead Sea, the Black Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Thames, the Yangtze,
the Ganges, the White Nile, the Mississippi, the Amazon
c) before groups of people, scientific and musical instruments, animals mentioned as a
category:
The hospital in Cherry Orchard Avenue is a hospital for the elderly and infirm.
The poor are always disadvantaged in contemporary society.
Matilda is learning to play the trumpet; her brother plays the drums.
Who invented the telescope? The first one was made by Galileo in 1608.
The Bengali tiger is threatened with extinction.
The Manx cat is native to the Isle of Man.
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3. Articles : The Definite Article “The” (continued)
Always Omit the Definite Article:
a) when expressing generalities about objects, people, abstract ideas.
In the following examples, the generalities (= the) are in contrast to a specific reference (= +
the) :
I enjoy reading contemporary fiction – especially the novels of David Lodge.
Poverty is one of the scourges of the 21st Century.
The poverty I witnessed in the inner city slums was indescribable.
You don’t often see people drinking beer at cocktail parties.
b) When mentioning particular countries, continents, towns, streets, buildings, mountains and
lakes:
China, Pakistan, America, England, (Great) Britain, South America, Central America.
Genoa is in Northern Italy.
Valencia is in Southern Spain.
They are both in Europe.
Westminster Abbey is near Parliament Square – at the top end of Victoria Street.
Everest and K2 are the two tallest mountains in the world.
c) When mentioning means of transportation, meals, sports in general terms, also when using
some weather, month, season expressions, etc.:
I’m going by car, but Andy’s going by train.
Would you like to have lunch now?’ ‘I haven’t had breakfast yet!
In this school we play rugby in the autumn term and football in the spring term. In
summer everybody plays tennis.
Next Friday is the last day of term. In August the school is closed.
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4. Articles : The Indefinite Article “A / An”
Meaning
An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one.
It contrasts with the (definite article).
When to Use A / An
The indefinite article a is used before a consonant :
He’s a doctor.
What a beautiful garden !
The indefinite article an is used before a vowel or a silent h:
He’s an actor.
I’ll see you in an hour.
Notes:
•
Such words as European and uniform begin with the diphtongue /ju :/ and are therefore
considered as a consonant and are used with the indefinite article a.
She wears a uniform.
•
Words such as hour and honest begin with a vowel sound because the h is silent, and are
used with the article an.
Position:
A/an are placed before a singular countable word (See 8. countable and uncountable nouns):
A cow
A herd of cows
A big brown cow
“A / an” have no plural : there is no indefinite article in the plural except some (See 35: Some,
Any, No).
Elephants live in Africa.
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4. Articles : The Indefinite Article “A / An” (continued)
Use
“A / an” are used after the verb ‘be’, for specifying somebody’s profession :
My dad’s a doctor.
“A / an” are used when one mentions something for the first time. If it is mentioned for a second
time, “the” is used.
I live in an old house. The house was built 200 years ago.
“A / an” have the same meaning as one (in the same way as two or three, etc.) :
Could we have two cups of coffee and a Coke please.
When using numbers, “a / an” is often used to replace one :
A million people took part in the demonstrations.
I bought a dozen eggs.
“A / an” mean “per” for indicating frequency :
The rent is €1,000 a month.
The speed limit is 45 kilometres an hour
“A / an” are frequently used for indicating “an example of a kind”.
There are many ways of learning a language.
A dog is a man’s best friend.
Notes:
•
A / an are not used with “uncountable nouns“ (See 8: Countable and Uncountable Nouns).
•
A is used before words indicating a quantity : a bit, a few, a little, a lot.
Do you take sugar? Just a little.
There were a lot of parents at the meeting.
Would you like a
glass of wine,
sir?
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5. The Verb “Be”
Be is the most common and the most irregular verb in English. The verb be possesses 8 forms :
be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been
Be
Am, are, is
Basic Forms
To be
Infinitive
Be !
Imperative, subjunctive
SIMPLE PRESENT Forms
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
Was, were
We are
You are
They are
SIMPLE PAST Forms
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
Being
Been
We were
You were
They were
PARTICIPLE forms
Present Participle
Past Participle
Basic forms:
To be or not to be, that is the question. (Infinitive)
Please be quiet, the baby is sleeping. (Imperative)
Peace be with you. (Subjunctive)
Simple Present:
I am cold.
The milk is in the fridge.
We are ready to go out.
Simple Past:
I was hungry this morning so I ate a sandwich.
Peter and John were at the party last night.
Present Participle :
Past participle :
Stop being silly!
I have been to Paris three times.
Peace be
with you !
Stop being
silly !
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5. “Be” (Continued)
Contractions
I am
You are
They are
He is
She is
It is
→
→
→
→
→
→
I’m
I’m Celeste, pleased to meet you.
You’re
You’re very kind.
They’re Where are the crisps? They’re in the kitchen.
He’s
Where’s Bruce? He’s in his room.
She’s
She’s an excellent singer.
It’s
It’s an awful day today!
Note : Contractions are best avoided at the end of a clause or a sentence and in writing.
Negative Contractions
All the present and past forms of the verb be have a negative contraction ending with “n’t” (Isn’t,
wasn’t, etc.), except for am (I’m not).
I am not
He is not
We are not
→ I’m not
→ He isn’t
→ We aren’t
I was not
→ I wasn’t
You were not →You weren’t
I’m late!
Functions of “Be”
The verb of a sentence (predicate)
I’m late!
The copulative verb “Be”
Be is a copula when being followed by an adjective, a number, a job function or a complement
introduced by a preposition defining the subject, since it links the subject to the complement :
I’m hungry. (adjective)
My daughter is twelve. (number)
Jim’s a doctor. (job function)
We’re from Japan. (complement introduced by a preposition)
The Auxiliary Verb “Be”
Be is an auxiliary verb when it is followed by a participle :
• Be + present participle (-ing form) = continuous tense :
The baby’s crying.
•
Be + past participle = passive voice:
That castle was built in the 15th Century.
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6. Comparatives and Superlatives
Adjectives:
Structures
1 word
Adjectives
high
low
2 words ending in s “-y” heavy
easy
2 longer words
expensive
important
Irregular adjectives
good
bad
far
Comparatives (+)
higher
lower
Superlatives (the +)
the highest
the lowest
heavier
easier
the heaviest
the easiest
more expensive
more important
the most expensive
the most important
better
worse
further
the best
the worst
furthest
Notes:
•
The opposite of more and the most is less and the least.
Trout is less expensive than salmon.
Oranges are the least expensive fruit this season.
•
Equality ( = ) :
I’m as tall as my sister.
You look as pale as death.
Trout isn’t as expensive as salmon”
Adverbs:
The most common form is :
More(+) / most (the +) + adjective + -ly
or less / least (the +}(-) + adjective + -ly
He drives more dangerously than his sister.
She drives less dangerously than her brother.
Exceptions:
easy, fast, hard, early, late, high, low, loud have the same comparative and superlative forms as
an adjective and an adverb.
A Ferrari is faster than a Volkswagen Beetle. (adjective)
My brother drives faster than I do. (adverb)
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7. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
In English, the nouns are divided into countables and uncountables.
The Countables
Most nouns are countable : you can count them as separate elements. They have both a singular
and a plural form :
The cat – the cats
A rose – roses
The Uncountables
A relatively small number of nouns are uncountable : they have a singular but no plural. They
require verb conjugation in the singular.
The uncountables refer to elements one cannot count, often collections or quantities which one
cannot consider as separate elements, e.g. liquids, powder. Those collections can also be divided
into sub-groups, which are also uncountable.
Material
beef
•
pork
Meat
lamb
Cotton wool
chicken
silk
nylon
A number of abstract nouns are uncountable :
peace, information, history, work (as a profession), advice
•
Some nouns are uncountable in English but countable in other languages:
progress, research, news, knowledge, hair, pasta
•
The meaning of a noun does not always help to understand if it is countable or not : traffic,
furniture, equipment money, and luggage refer to a group of separate elements, but they are
uncountable : the English language considers them as a whole.
You don’t have much luggage.
Have you bought new furniture for your flat?
You don’t
have much
luggage.
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7. Countable and Uncountable Nouns (continued)
Characteristics of the Countable and Uncountable nouns
Countables follow :
• a, an or one
• many, few, these, those
• a number, for example : two, three, forty, …
It’s made
of wood.
Uncountables often have no article but when they do they may follow :
•
•
•
some (singular)
much or a little
expressions such as most of the, all of the, all the, half the
It’s made of wood. (not It’s made of tree)
There’s too much traffic. (not There’s too much car)
I sold all the furniture. (not I sold all the table)
A number of nouns are used as both countable and uncountable; however there is a significant
difference in their meaning which should be noted :
Countables
A dozen eggs, please.
The bright lights of the city
I’ve told you so many times.
I made a cake today (A whole one).
There are six crystal glasses on the table.
Uncountables
There’s some egg on the tablecloth.
Light travels fast.
Don’t waste time.
Would you like some cake? (A piece)
Be careful – there’s broken glass on the floor.
A cake
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8. Conditional (1st)
Use
For predicting a result which can be reasonably expected to occur or arise in the future (if the
condition is met).
Form !!!
If + “present simple” … will + basic verbal form
(See conjugation of “will” on page 21)
If it is sunny next weekend I’ll go to the seaside.
OR
Will + basic verbal form … if + present simple
I will go to the seaside if it is sunny next weekend.
If I win the lottery,
I‘ll travel round the
world.
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9. Conditional (2nd)
Use
For use in hypothetical, improbable or impossible situations .
If I were* a bird, I’d
be king of the skies!
Form
If + “past simple”…would + basic verbal form
If I were* a lion, I’d
be king of the jungle!
Would + basic verbal form … if + “past
simple”
You can use were for all the be forms in the
“if” subclause at the 2nd conditional. It is
more “formal” and perceived as more
“correct” in some contexts.
If I were a millionaire, I would buy a yacht.
Even if he were my own brother, I wouldn’t lend him money.
Note :
*In the idiom “if I were you”, use “were” rather than “was” even in an informal context.
Complete Forms
Contracted Forms
+
I would buy a yacht
You would buy
He would buy
We would buy
You would buy
They would buy
I’d buy a yacht
You ‘d buy
He ‘d buy
We ‘d buy
You ‘d buy
They ‘d buy
-
I would not buy a yacht
You would not buy
She would not buy
We would not buy
You would not buy
They would not buy
I wouldn’t buy a yacht
You wouldn’t buy
She wouldn’t buy
We wouldn’t buy
You wouldn’t buy
They wouldn’t buy
?
Would I buy a yacht ?
Would you buy a yacht ? …
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10. Contractions
You form a contraction by replacing two words by one, replacing some letters by an apostrophe.
The two words are usually :
The subject + auxiliary verb, or auxiiary verbs + not
Contractions are most frequently used in conversations, informal writing and emails. They
should not be used in any form of formal document or written report.
Verb Contractions
The verbs with contracted forms are : be, have, will, would.
BE
Am
Are
Is
HAVE
Have
Has
Had
WILL
WOULD
I’m
you’re
we’re
they’re
he’s
she’s
it’s
I’m not
you aren’t
we aren’t
they aren’t
he isn’t
she isn’t
it isn’t
I’ve you’ve
we’ve
they’ve
he’s
she’s
it’s
I haven’t
You haven’t
…
He hasn’t
She hasn’t
…
I hadn’t
he hadn’t
she hadn’t
…
I’d
he’d she’d
it’d*
you’d we’d
they’d
I’ll you’ll
we’ll they’ll
he’ll
she’ll it’ll
I’d you’d
we’d they’d
he’d
she’d it’d*
I won’t …
…
He won’t …
I wouldn’t …
…
he wouldn’t …
* “it’d” n’est pas utilisé fréquemment.
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11. Demonstratives “This, That, These, Those”
This, that, these and those are called demonstratives : they are used to refer to
objects close to or further from the speaker. They may be either adjectives or pronouns.
Demonstrative Adjectives
Singular
Plural
Near
This
These
This one?
O.K., I’ll read
it to you.
Mum, I love
that book!
Far
That
Those
I’ll take these two books now, and leave
those ones on the shelf until next time.
They can be followed by one(s) :
Singular
Plural
Near
This one
These ones
Far
That one
Those ones
Hey, look at
that!
That! There!
Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular
Plural
Near
This
These
Far
That
Those
Right
there!
Too late!
Look at this!
Whose socks are these?
What?
Where?
I can’t see it!
This is used for answering on the telephone :
Hello, this is John Bloggs,
could I speak to Mr Wright, please?
This is used for introducing somebody :
Dr Grey, this is my
husband Przemysław.
Can I call you
Bob ?
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12. Futures : The “Will” Future
Will / Going to
Will and going to are used for speaking about the future. Their meaning is similar and they are
often interchangeable.
Here are some differences in use :
Will (Future Simple)
Form : will (or ’ll) + basic verbal form
Use :
•
prediction (for describing an event which we know or believe is going to happen) :
Tomorrow will be windy, with rain in the south.
•
decisions linked to an immediate future :
I’ll take a kilo of tomatoes, please.
Complete Forms
Contracted Forms
+
I will travel round the world
You will travel
He will travel
We will travel
You will travel
They will travel
I‘ll travel round the world
You’ll travel
He’ll travel
We’ll travel
You’ll travel
They’ll travel
-
I will not travel round the world
You will not travel
She will not travel
We will not travel
You will not travel
They will not travel
I won’t travel round the world
You won’t travel
She won’t travel
We won’t travel
You won’t travel
They won’t travel
?
Will I travel round the world ?
Will you travel … ?
…
…
I will travel
round the world!
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13. Futures : The “Going to” Future
Going to (near future)
Form : be + going to + basic verbal form
Use :
•
prediction of intentions :
I’m going to be a scientist when I grow up.
•
An event in the future which we consider as evident in the present :
Look at the sky: I think it’s going to rain. )
Complete Forms
I am going to travel round the world
You are going to travel
He is going to travel
We are going to travel
You are going to travel
They are going to travel
I am not going to travel round the world
You are going to travel
She is going to travel
We are going to travel
You are going to travel
They are going to travel
Am I going to travel round the world ?
Are you going to travel … ?
…
Contracted Forms
+
I’m going to travel round the world
You’re going to travel
He’s going to travel
We’re going to travel
You’re going to travel
They’re going to travel
I’m not going to travel round the world
You aren’t going travel (or you’re not …)
She isn’t going to travel (or she’s not ...)
We aren’t going to travel (or we’re not …)
You aren’t going to travel (or you’re not …)
They aren’t going to travel (or they’re not …)
?
…
I’m not going to
travel round the
world!
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14. Futures : The “Present Simple / Present Continuous” Future
Present Simple / Present Continuous :
The use of the “Present Simple“and the “Present Continuous“ for speaking about the future is
very similar, and the two forms are often interchangeable.
However, here are some differences :
Present Simple
Use :
•
Certainty in the future :
The course finishes next Friday.
•
Timetables :
My train leaves at 5 o’clock.
Now, listen up, son !
A train leaves the station at 4.15 pm.
At the same time, another train …
Present Continuous (Future)
Use:
•
Arranged plans (but less certain or precise than with the Present Simple) :
I’m leaving on for Scotland on Thursday after work.
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15. The Verb “Have”
Have has a variety of meanings :
• Have means
“possess” (state), but also
“take, receive, eat” (action).
• Have is also used as an auxiliary verb to form past tenses.
Forms
Have possesses a number of different forms: have, has, had, having
Have
Have, has
Basic Forms
To have
Infinitive (to have)
Have !
Imperative
Subjunctive
SIMPLE PRESENT Forms
I have
“Have” for all the subjects except the
You have
3rd person singular : “Has”
He, she, it has
Had
Having
Had
We have
You have
They have
SIMPLE PAST Forms
I had
Same form for all the subjects
We had
PARTICIPLE Forms
Present Participle
Past Participle
Contractions
Have → ’ve
Has →’s
Had →’d
Have : questions and negative statements
For asking a question, use : do / does / did + have …?
For forming a negative sentence, use : don’t / doesn’t / didn’t + have … ?
Just like the other verbs.
I have a job. Do you have a job ? Does he have a job ?
She has a job. Does she have a job? She doesn’t have a job.
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15. “Have” (continued)
Note :
Have can be used with all the auxiliary verbs, even after the auxiliary have !
He has a large house in the South of France.
We had three dogs when we were children.
We’re having dinner at the Hilton Hotel tonight.
Have you had a shower yet today?
Will you have another cup of tea?
Use :
Have has two meanings, as a predicate :
• Possess (state)
• Take, receive, eat (action)
As a state verb (possess), one can use have got (See Have got page 26). It cannot be used in a
progressive form.
I have a bad cold.
She has four sisters.
John has a terrible headache.
I have an idea.
He has beautiful white teeth, hasn’t he?
As an action verb, have can be used in the progressive/continuous form:.
We’re having a good time in this class.
I can’t answer the phone; I’m having a shower.
Have (auxiliary)
The auxiliary have is used for creating the present perfect verb form form.
I have lived in Belgium for five year.
Negative forms of the auxiliary have
Have not → haven’t
Has not → hasn’t
Had not → hadn’t
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16. “Have got”
Forms
Affirmative Forms
Have got
Has got
Had got
Contractions
’ve got
’s got
’d got
Negative Forms
Haven’t got
Hasn’t got
Hadn’t got
I’ve got two dogs but my sister hasn’t got any.
In short answers, have is used without got
Have you got a portable computer? Yes, I have.
Has your son got a motorbike? No, he hasn’t.
Meaning
Have got is equivalent to Have with the meaning of possess.
Have got is used rather than Have in spoken British English.
It is rarely used in American English.
Types of sentences
Have you got any Brussels sprouts today? No, I’m sorry, I haven’t.
Have you
got a bike?
No, I haven’t.
But I’ve got
six cars!
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17. Imperative
Form :
The imperative is formed using the base form of the verb (infinitive without “to”)
Go!
Catch!
Uses :
•
Orders :
Come here!
•
Offers:
Have a cup of tea!
•
Advice:
Make hay while the sun shines.
Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.
Try “Pirsel”: it washes whiter!
•
Invitations:
Take a seat.
•
Instructions:
Fry the chopped onion for five minutes.
Important Note :
To soften the order, instruction, advice or invitation, add “please” :
Please sit down.
To reinforce or emphasise a message and give it a friendly aspect, “do” may be used before the
imperative :
Do have another drink.
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18. Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Meaning
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Possibility
Capacity
Permission
Habit
Wish
Future
Unreal
Tentative
Strong obligation
Weak obligation
Strong deduction
Weak deduction
Past state/ habit
Can
May
Might
Could
XXX
XX
XX
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
XX
X
Would
Will
Shall
XX
XX
XX
XXX
XX
XXX
XX
XXX
X
X
XXX
Must
Should
Ought to
Used to
XX
X
XX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XX
XXX
XXX = primary use
XXX
XXX
XX = less frequent use
X = infrequent use
Can you come to my party on Saturday? (possibility)
She can speak five languages. (capacity)
Can I use the bathroom please? (permission)
I will be in the library this evening. (future)
If I won the lottery I would travel round the world. (wishes/ hypotheses)
I’m sorry, I can’t come this evening; I have to work. (possibility; strong obligation)
People with high blood pressure should eat less salt. (weak obligation / recommendation).
The table above is reasonably comprehensive. Please keep it as a reference tool, but for the
moment, this is what you must remember:
• The modal auxiliary verbs do not use s in the 3rd person singular :
I can, he can
• The modal auxiliary verbs do not change forms – there is neither present participle (-ing),
nor past participle.
• The modal auxiliary verbs come in the first position within the verb group.
I can swim.
• The modal auxiliary verbs come before not.
You will not go.
• The modal auxiliary verbs have a negative contraction (exception may).
You mustn’t smoke.
• The modal auxiliary verbs come before the subject in closed questions.
Can you sing ?
• The modal auxiliary verbs are used in short answers (See « Short answers » p. 47).
Will you go ? Yes, I will.
• The modal auxiliary verb can have an unusual negative form can: cannot (can’t)
Note : Need and dare sometimes act like modal auxiliary verbs.
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19. Noun Plural
Nouns with a plural form are called countable nouns (see page 15).
Plural Form
-s / -es
•
The regular plural form requires –s (or –es) at the end of the singular form.
Week → weeks
•
uncle → uncles
toy → toys
Most nouns require –s, but if the noun ends with a –s, -x, -ch, -sh, they require –es
bus → buses
buzz → buzzes
box → boxes
-y → -ies
•
If the noun ends with a consonant + y, the final y will change into ie to which –s is added :
fly → flies, baby → babies
Irregular Plurals
•
Some nouns have an irregular plural. Here are some of the most common ones :
Man
Woman
Mouse
Foot
Tooth
Child
→ men
→ women
→ mice
→ feet
→ teeth
Series
Species
→ series
→ species
Cactus
→ cacti
Alga
→ algae
Index
Appendix
Crisis
→ indices
→ appendices
→ crises
Axis
Thesis
→ axes
→ theses
→ children
Half
Knife
Leaf
Wife
→ halves
→ knives
→ leaves
→ wives
Sheep
Fish
→ sheep
→ fish
Chinese
Japanese
Swiss
→ Chinese
→ Japanese
→ Swiss
©2019 Call International
Criterion
→ criteria
Phenomenon → phenomena
Sister-in-law → sisters-in-law
Chest of drawers → chests of drawers
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19. Noun Plural (continued)
Pronunciation of the Plural Regular Endings
There are three possible pronunciations : /iz/, /z/, and /s/
/iz/
Match – matches
•
/z/
Dog – dogs
/s/
Cup – cups
Pronounce /iz/ after sibilants (nouns ending with z, s, dz, sh, tsh, x sounds)
roses, bridges, wishes, boxes
•
Pronounce /z/ after all the voiced consonants and vowels :
legs, beds, toys, pens
•
Pronounce /s/ after all the unvoiced sounds :
cats, jokes, books, maps
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20. “Past Continuous”
Form
Was/were + basic form + -ing
+
-
?
I was talking during the speech
You were talking
He was talking (She, it was …)
We were talking (You, they were …)
I was not talking
He was not talking (She, it was …)
We were not talking (You, they were …)
Was I talking during the speech?
Was he talking (She, it was …)?
Were we talking (You, they were …)?
I wasn’t talking
He wasn’t talking (She, it was …)
We weren’t talking (You, they were …)
They were waiting for a phone call.
Wasn’t she eating breakfast when the doorbell rang?
Weren’t you having a good time?
Use
The Past Continuous refers to a state or an action in progress in the past, which lasted for a
certain time, but not upto the present. It often means that the action finished at the moment we
were thinking of it.
When an action (1) had been continuing for a period of time, and a 2nd action (2) occurred
during this period, the Past Continuous is used for 1 and the Simple Past for 2.
Past
2
Now
Future
1
The phone rang (2) when I was watching TV(1).
While I was driving from Leuven to Brussels (1), my car broke down (2).
The Past Continuous is used for describing two simultaneous actions :
I was reading the newspaper (1) while my husband was watching T.V. (1)
The Past Continuous” is used to describe an action which lasted a particular time :
I was playing
Minecraft.
What were you
doing between 7 and
8 pm yesterday?
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21. “Past Simple”
Regular Verbs :
Basic form + -ed
The English spelling rules apply :
walk
rob
→
→
carry →
develop→
walked
robbed
carried
developed
Pronunciation
/d/
fill → filled
/fil/ → /fild/
/t/
help → helped
/help/ → /helpt/
/id/
need → needed
/ni:d/ → /ni:did/
Choosing the right pronunciation :
•
•
•
/d/ after all the voiced sounds except /d/:
/t/ after all the unvoiced sounds except /t/:
/id/ after /d/ and /t/:
stayed, lived, used, filled
danced, laughed, watched
added, landed, waited, started
Irregular Verbs
There are many of these and we suggest you learn them by heart! See the list on page 51.
Questions :
Did
I, he, she, we, you, they
Play….?
Buy….?
Did you like it ?
What did you see ?
Auxiliary « did » (past form of do) for
asking a question
Where did I
put my glasses?
Negative Statements
I, he, she, we, you, they
did not
didn’t
play….
dance….
Negative form of the auxiliary « did » :
did not ou didn’t
Note : See the modal verbs be and have in negative and interrogative sentences.
Use
When an action is finished in the past, and often when there is reference to a precise moment :
The meeting started at 9 o’clock.
For describing a usual situation or an action occurring in the past :
Once there was a wolf which lived in a forest.
Every morning my dog hunted for food.
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22. Personal Pronouns : The Subject Personal Pronouns (SPP)
A personal pronoun replaces a noun.
Personal pronouns are used when one knows of whom or to what one refers.
The following pronouns are used as sentence subjects :
Singular
I*
You
He
She
It
Plural
We
You
They
Je
Nous
Tu
Vous
Il
Ils
Elle
Elles
Cela (il/elle)
* “I” is always written as a capital
Person
First
Second
Third
I’m May.
Do you see my parents?
That’s June.
She’s my Mum.
This is Augustus.
He’s my Dad.
They’re taking me to
Cornwall – we love Cornwall.
It’s broken!
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23. Personal Pronouns : The Complement Personal Pronouns (CPP)
Complement (or Object) Personal Pronouns are used instead of a direct or indirect object or
after a preposition.
Can you see him ? (direct object)
He gave me a book. (indirect object)
Come with me. (complement introduced by a preposition)
Subject PP
(SPP)
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
Complement PP
(CPP)
me
him
her
It
us
you
them
Help me please
Give it to him
They welcomed her
I saw it yesterday
Come and see us soon
I’m going to give you a lift
Let’s phone them later
Important Note:
The CPP is used instead of the SPP in three sentences forms (particularly in informal English) even
though the pronoun is nominally a subject one :
•
After than or as in comparatives :
•
You sing better than me.
.
In short responses without the verb :
I’m tired. Me too.
•
After the verb be (complement) :
Is that John? Yes, it’s him.
In all these three cases the SPP would sound very formal.
If you wish, you can use the SPP with an auxiliary verb (this would make the sentence more
formal than with CPP) :
You sing better than I do.
I’m tired. I am too.
©2019 Call International
You sing
better
than I do.
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24. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Forms
Personal Pronouns
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Possessive Adjectives
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Your
Their
Possessive Pronouns
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Difference between Possessive Adjective and Pronouns
The possessive adjective is placed before the noun, just like the article.
This is my briefcase.
The possessive pronoun replaces the noun as a subject or an object.
This briefcase is mine. Yours is not here
Note the differences in position :
Have you seen my book?
No, this one is mine. Yours is on the table.
Note :
In use with the object, The possessive adjectives his, her, its are used in an object phrase to
refer to the subject gender which is the owner.
Jennifer lended her pen. (Jennifer is the owner)
You should wash your hands before you eat.
My brother broke his leg skiing. (It is my brother’s leg)
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25. Possessive “ ’s ”
Form
•
Nouns have a possessive form : created by adding an apostrophe and s : ’s (singular) or ’
(plural) at their end. .
Girl → girl’s,
•
girls → girls’
This possessive form is added before another noun.
The girl’s toys,
•
the girls’ teacher
“X’s Y” means “the Y of X” or “the Y belonging to X”
The girls’ teacher = the teacher of the girls
•
Irregular plural nouns not ending with s receive an ’s just like singular nouns.
Woman → woman’s (singular) women → women’s (plural)
•
The possessive form of singular proper nouns ending with a s is also formed with ’s:
James’s mother
Mr Jones’s secretary
•
Classical or religious noun forms only use an apostrophe without s :
St. James’ Church
Socrates’ death
Synthesis :
Singular
The boy’s
The boss’s
The child’s
St-James’
Plural
The boys’
The bosses’
The children’s
Regular nouns
Nouns ending with s
Irregular nouns
Classical nouns
Notes
•
The possessive s can be attached to a whole phrase :
The Prime Minister of France’s visit to Australia
•
The noun following the possessive form has no article. In addition no article is used if the
owner is a proper noun.
The teacher’s book
Jack’s new job
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25. Possessive “ ’s ” (continued)
Use
In some cases, the possessive s is used (X’s Y) ; in other cases, the “of” form (the Y of X).
How to choose ?
The elephant’s tusks
The zebras’ stripes
“ X’s Y “ is generally used :
•
when X is a person, an animal, a group of people
My grandmother’s birthday
The dog’s tail
The club’s members
•
When X’s Y describes the relationship between a noun and another noun :
The train’s arrival (= the train arrived)
The country’s development (= the country developed)
•
When the noun is followed by a superlative or an ordinal number:
The world’s longest river
The nation’s first democratic elections
•
When X is a noun relating to a period of time
Friday’s meeting
This season’s new potatoes
Special Structures
a) “ Y of X’s “ is used when X is a person, Y is undefined, and when Y belongs to X.
A friend of my mother’s
Some books of Mary’s
b) Sometimes, when the context is obvious, the noun which would come after the possessive
noun is omitted.
My dog is older than Pete’s. ( = Pete’s dog)
c) A residence or workplace is also omitted following the possessive form.
Sally is at Julia’s
We’re having dinner at the Wilson’s.
I have to go to the doctor’s
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26. Prepositions of Place
The most common and useful prepositions of place are shown below :
Around
Near
Next (to)
Against
Above
Under
Below
Over
Through
In
Inside
Between
On
Onto
Towards
From
But …
where ?
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27. Present Continuous
Form
The auxiliary be + verb + ing form
C
+
-
Complete Forms
I am working
You are working
Contracted Forms
I’m working
You’re working
He is working
She is working
It is working
He’s working
She’s working
It’s working
We are working
You are working
They are working
I am not working
You are not working
We’re working
You’re working
They’re working
I’m not working
You’re not working (or you aren’t working)
He / She / It is not working
He’s / She’s / It’s not working
(or He / She / It isn’t working)
We / You / They are not working
?
You’re / We’re / They’re not working
(or You /We/They aren’t working)
Am I working?
Is he / she / it working?
Are we / you / they working?
What are
you doing
right now?
Use
For describing what is happening now :
I’m sleeping.
For describing planned activities :
When are you discussing the tender with RISCO?
I’m meeting them on Friday to discuss it.
Contrast
I work for Rolvo
= I am employed by Rolvo
I’m working for Rolvo = The situation is temporary, e.g. a short term contract.
Note : Some verbs are rarely used with the Present Continuous :
Verbs of perception : see, hear, taste, smell, recognize, seem …
Verbs of emotions and feelings: want, refuse, prefer, like, hate, dislike, love …
Verbs of réflection:
think, know, wonder, realize, suppose, believe, agree …
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28. Present Perfect
Form
has/have + past participle
I’ve spoken
You’ve spoken
He’s been
We’ve lived
You’ve seen
They’ve worked
Use
The Present Perfect describes an event in the past which is, in a way, linked to the present :
?
Past
A moment in the past
Now
Future
The Present Perfect is used for :
•
referring to an event which started in the past but has not yet ended (in particular with for
or since)
I have worked in Brussels since 1998. (and I am still working there)
•
referring to an experience in general, e.g. what you have done in your life up to now
(especially with ever or never)
I’ve been to Paris, but I’ve never visited the Louvre.
•
referring to recent events or recent situations (in particular with already, still et yet)
I still haven’t found what I’m looking for.
•
referring to very recent events (particularly with just) :
I’ve just had a brilliant idea!
•
referring to events of which the consequences are still
visible.
Have you been swimming? Your hair’s wet.
Please note that the Present Perfect is very frequently used in English and therefore we
recommend that you study its usages in detail.
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29. Present Simple
Forms
I work
You work
+
He / she / it works
+S at the 3rd person singular
We work
You work
They work
-
I do not work
You do not work
I don’t work
You don’t work
He does not work
She does not work
It does not work
He doesn’t work
She doesn’t work
It doesn’t work
We do not work
You do not work
They do not work
We don’t work
You don’t work
They don’t work
Do I work ?
Do you work ?
?
Subject + auxiliary do + not + verb
3rd person singular : do > does
Auxiliary do + subject + verb
Does he work ?
Does she work
Does it work?
3rd person singular: do > does
Do we work ?
Do you work ?
Do they work?
I live in
Waterloo.
Use
•
When mentioning general facts :
Where
do you
live?
•
When mentioning routines :
What do you do on Fridays? I go to the cinema.
4. When mentioning time :
What time does your train leave? It leaves at nine.
•
When mentioning desires, needs, wishes :
Do you like chocolates? No, I don’t, but I love bananas!
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29. Present Simple (continued)
Spelling
« es » is added to verbs ending with s, ss, sh, ch, x and o, to form the 3rd person singular :
He rushes to catch the bus.
She goes to the office on foot.
Pronunciation of the 3rd person singular ending
The normal spelling rules of nouns ending with s apply also to verbs.
There are three possible pronunciations : /iz/, /z/, and /s/
/iz/
Teach – teaches
•
/z/
Lead – leads
/s/
Work – works
Pronounce /iz/ after sibilant or unvoiced sounds ending with the consonants z, s, dz, sh, ztsh,
x
refuses, passes, bridges, wishes, catches, fixes
•
Pronounce /z/ after voiced sounds or vowels
needs, wins, plays, loves
•
Pronounce /s/ after an unvoiced sound
cuts, walks, tips, laughs
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30. Quantities (Much – Many – A Lot of – Plenty of)
“Much”, “many”, “a lot of”, “lots of” and “plenty of” mean : a large number, a large quantity .
Much and many are frequently used in questions and negative sentences.
Much is used with uncountable nouns, many with countable ones.
In affirmative sentences, a lot of, lots of ou plenty of are often used, and particularly in informal
speech.
How much money have you got? – Plenty
There isn’t much food left? – There’s lots of bread in the cupboard.
We’ve played a lot of matches this year, but we haven’t won many.
I’ve got plenty of friends in England, but not many in Belgium.
A lot of and lots of are similar : both are used with countable and uncountable nouns in the
plural. When a lot / lots of are used with plural nouns, the verb will also be in the plural.
When a lot / lots of are used with singular nouns, the verb will also be in the singular.
There’s lots of soup in the pot.
We haven’t invited many people, so we won’t need much food
There are a lot of shirts in the drier.
In a more formal style, much and many are often used in affirmative sentences.
Much research has gone into this question.
Many scientists believe this hypothesis.
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31. Question Tags
Question tags are mini-questions added to the end of the main sentence.
If the sentence is positive, the question-tag will be negative.
If the sentence is negative, the question-tag will be positive.
+ + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - That’s Nicole Kidman, isn’t it?
A B
B C A
Forming Question-tags
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A question tag is made of two words : an auxiliary (B) or
one of
the be forms followed by the subject pronoun (A) .
The subject (A) is a pronoun replacing the subject of the main sentence.
The auxiliary (B) (or the verb be) in the question tag corresponds to the auxiliary (or the verb
be) of the sentence, but :
If the sentence is positive, the question tag will be negative (C), and vice versa.
If there is no auxiliary in the main sentence ( nor verb be ), the auxiliary do is used in the
question tag.
Nicole comes from Australia, doesn’t she?
Notes
•
The verb have in British English sometimes acts as an auxiliary : therefore the two question
tags are valid :
They have a beautiful house, haven’t they? or
They have a beautiful house, don’t they? (less commonly used)
•
Indefinite pronouns such as “Somebody” use they as an equivalent in the question tag.
Somebody’s eaten the last chocolate, haven’t they.
•
Nothing makes a sentence negative; therefore the question tag must be positive.
There’s nothing more you want me to do, is there?
•
There acts as a pronoun, and is repeated in the question tag (See example above).
•
After an imperative, will you or won’t you is used in the question tag.
Don’t stay out too late, will you?
•
After Let’s, shall we is used in the question tag.
Let’s go to the cinema tonight, shall we?
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31. Question Tags (Continued)
Intonations and their Meaning
A question tag invites the other speaker to respond to the sentence. Negative question tags
expect a Yes and positive tags a No as an response .
The intonation can be either rising or falling.
We’ve met before, haven’t we? Yes.
We’ve met before, haven’t we? Yes.
We haven’t met before, have we? No.
We haven’t met before, have we? No.
Rising Intonation
If the speaker’s intonation is rising, he is not sure of the answer and is asking for confirmation.
It’s not dangerous, is it? (I doubt)
Descending Intonation
If the speaker’s intonation is descending, he is sure of the answer, and only expect a
confirmation.
It’s not dangerous, is it? (I know what I am talking about – I just expect your agreement.)
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32. Question Words
Interrogative words introduce open questions (as opposed to closed questions which usually
generate only a « yes » or a « no » as an answer).
Question words can be used alone.
Who
Whose
What
Which
When
Where
Why
How
Where did I put
my glasses?
?
What happened?
When did it happen?
Where did it happen?
Who did it?
Why?
Open Questions
1.
The question word can be either an interrrogative adverb (why), or a pronoun (who), or
finally an adjective used with a noun (third example).
Why didn’t you phone me last night ?
Who lives in this house?
What size is this jacket?
2.
If the question word is the subject or is part of the subject group, the word order is as
shown below:
Subject(1) + verb(2) + rest of the sentence :
Who(1) wants(2) to go to the cinema?
Subject phrase (1) + verb(2) + rest of the sentence :
Which hat(1) is(2) yours?
3.
If the interrogative word is neither the subject nor part of the subject phrase, then the word
order follows the interrogative sentence rule :
Interrogative word + be or an auxiliary(2), followed by the subject(1) :
How far is(2) the airport(1)?
Which hat do(2) you(1) want to wear?
Where does(2) Prince Charles(1) live?
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32. Question Words (continued)
4.
What or which ? What is used when the choice options are large or wide; which is used
when the choice options are relatively small :
What colour is your car ?
There are four umbrellas here. Which is yours ?
5.
How can be used alone or followed by an adjective or an adverb :
How do you say “bricolage” in English ?
How big is the house ?
How tall are you ?
big is the house ?
old is your mother ?
far is it from here to the airport ?
often do you use your car ?
long have you been married ?
much is it ?
I’m 1 metre 85.
Not very big.
She’s 60 years old.
10 kilometres.
Every day.
20 years.
5 pounds.
How often do you
use your car?
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Not very
often!
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33. Short Answers
Form
The short answer is most often used for answering questions. They are formed with the subject
and the auxiliary of the question or be (+ not), the rest of the sentence being omitted.
Are you having fun?
Do you like chocolate?
Yes, I am (having fun).
No, I don’t (like chocolate).
The auxiliary do is used for answering sentences without auxiliaries.
Does Poppy loveher new car? Yes, she certainly does.
Uses
Short answers are used because they are considered as more polite than a simple “yes” or “no”
answer to a question.
No, we
haven’t.
I’m Poppy.
Have we met
before?
They can also be used to answer requests or assertions :
Please sit down.
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Thanks, I will (sit down).
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34. Some, Any, No
Some, any and no indicate quantity.
Use
Some replaces a/an when referring to several examples of something.These may be either
countable or uncountable (See countable and uncountable nouns page 15)
There’s some sugar in the pot.
I painted some eggs for Easter.
Any replaces some in questions and negative statements.
Do you want any eggs?
No, I don’t want any eggs, thanks.
Note:
If you ask : “Do you want some eggs ?” some makes the request more positive because you are
expecting a “Yes.”
Use some rather than any in requests and offers :
Can I have some more tea, please?
Would you like some cake?
No is equivalent to not any.
There are no eggs in the fridge. (There are not any eggs in the fridge)
There is no orange juice in the jug. (There isn’t any orange juice in the jug)
Summary :
Statements
+
?
-
I painted some eggs for Easter.
There is some sugar in the pot.
Are there any eggs ?
Do you want some eggs ?
No, I don’t want any eggs.
There are no eggs in the fridge.
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Some : before plural and
uncountable nouns
Any in a question
Some for an offer or a request
Not any = no
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35. Some-, Any-, No- (Compound Nouns)
Compound Nouns Built Using SOME, ANY and NO
Some +
Any +
No +
-thing
-body
-one
-where
Compound nouns using some- and any- operate in the same way as some and any.
Statements
+
?
-
Someone is sleeping in my bed.
I left my glasses somewhere in the house.
Is there anything to eat?
Have you lost something?
She didn’t go anywhere last night.
We know nobody here.
Any- = real question
Some- = I am sure of myself
Not any- = no*
Note
* There is a difference in emphasis between nothing, nobody etc. and not ... anything, not ...
anybody, etc.
I don’t know anything about it. (= neutral, no emphasis)
I know nothing about it. (= more emphatic, maybe defensive)
I have
something
to tell you.
Other examples
SOMETHING, SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE
I have something to tell you.
He knows somebody in New York.
Keith is looking for somewhere to live.
ANYBODY, ANYTHING, ANYWHERE
Does anybody
have the time ?
Does anybody have the time?
Is there anything to eat?
He doesn’t have anywhere to stay tonight.
NOBODY, NOTHING, NOWHERE
There is nobody in the house at the moment.
I have learnt nothing since I began the course.
Homeless people have nowhere to go at night.
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36. There Is – There Are
Beginning a sentence with there + be + noun or noun group.
• There is, in this construction, is used to descibe or introduce a subject or noun. (as opposed
to the adverb of place there – opposed to here).
• There is is not stressed in this expression.
Look! There’s a monkey on that branch!
There are three children dressed up in this picture
Note
There are four of us in the family. (We count four members in the family)
If you wish to reserve a table at the restaurant, you should say :
There are six of us.
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37. Verbs + –ing
Here are the most commonly used verbs which are followed by a gerund form (verb + -ing) :
Accuse someone of
Insist on
Admit
Keep (= continue)
Avoid
Like/dislike
Be used to
Look forward to
Be worth
Love
Begin
Mind
Can’t bear/can’t stand
Postpone/put off
Can’t help
Prefer
Concentrate on
Prevent someone from
Contribute to
Remember (!)
Deny
Resent
Detest/hate
Risk
Enjoy
Suggest
Finish
Start
Focus on
Stop (!)
Forgive someone for
Think of
Imagine
I’m used to sleeping with the light on.
He risks losing his job if he keeps behaving this way.
It’s worth working hard to achieve your objectives.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Note
I remember coming here 5 years ago (memory), but :
Remember to give that letter to the teacher (Think of doing something in the future)
Stop biting your nails! (Stop doing what you are doing), but :
We had to stop to buy petrol (We stopped to do something
else).
Stop biting
your nails!
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38. Verbs + to …
Here are some of the most commonly used verbs which are followed by an infinitive (to + verb) :
Decide
Expect
Forget
Hope
Learn
Offer
Need
Plan
Promise
Refuse
Try
Want
Jennifer has decided to sell her car.
You forgot to switch off the light when you went out.
My brother is learning to drive.
Note
See Remember and Stop in the previous chapter.
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39. Verbs : Irregular Verb Table
Basic Form
Be
Beat
Buy
Come
Do
Drink
Drive
Eat
Feel
Forget
Get
Give
Go
Have
Hear
Know
Lie
Make
Meet
Put
Read /i:/
Ride
Rise
Run
See
Sell
Sing
Sit
Sleep
Speak
Stand
Take
Think
Wake
Wear
Write
Simple Past
Was, were
Beat
Bought
Came
Did
Drank
Drove
Ate
Felt
Forgot
Got
Gave
Went
Had
Heard
Knew
Lay
Made
Met
Put
Read /e/
Rode
Rose
Ran
Saw
Sold
Sang
Sat
Slept
Spoke
Stood
Took
Thought
Woke
Wore
Wrote
Past participle
Your translation
Been
Beaten
Bought
Come
Done
Drunk
Driven
Eaten
Felt
Forgotten
Got
Given
Gone
Had
Heard
Known
Lain
Made
Met
Put
Read /e/
Ridden
Risen
Run
Seen
Sold
Sung
Sat
Slept
Spoken
Stood
Taken
Thought
Woken
Worn
Written
To write or not to write,
that is the question.
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