CASE STUDIES – CLASS 9
TOPIC: POPULATION
(1)
A country which is over-populated
Name- Bangladesh
Bangladesh is situated in both the eastern and northern hemispheres and is
located on the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia.
Bangladesh has the 8th largest population in the world with 164 million.
However, the country only has the 92nd largest land area which means
population density is high.
1. With a high birth rate and a low death rate, the population growth
rate is around 1.04%.
2. 89 per-cent of the population in Bangladesh is Muslim. Some Muslim
leaders do not support the use of contraception meaning the birthrate is high, leading to rapid population growth.
3. Prejudices - people don’t believe that population will be a problem.
They want a male child.
4. Polygamy and early marriage. Superstitious.
According to UNESCO Bangladesh has an adult literacy rate of just 72.89%.
Meaning few people have qualifications. Illiteracy and ignorance means that
people are less aware of family planning.
5. Decline in death rate to 5.5/1000 while 2 million births take place
every day.
6.
poverty line. They are deprived from many opportunities of life and
need money. They believe, more children earn more money. So they
procreate more children in their married life.
7.
Economics of Bangladesh depends on agriculture. For helping in
agricultural activities farmers take more children. For this reason the
increasing rate of population is increasing.
Problems of overpopulation:
a) A significant number of people in Bangladesh are under-employed,
meaning they don’t work full time. Wages are also low. - The rate of
unemployment is 4.5 per cent. Number of day labour is 10.6 million,
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
unpaid family helpers are 11.8 million, and rate of under employment is
20.3 per cent. The labour force employed in agriculture suffers from
disguised unemployment and under employment.
There are often over 12 people that share a room in cities such as Dhaka,
and there is not enough space to safely build more accommodation due
to the flood risk in the delta landscape.
Load shedding in rural Bangladesh. Affects demand and supply of
electricity
On an average day it takes over 2 hours (sometimes even 3 hours )to
travel 7-9 km due to the severity of the traffic jams. As more people
migrate to Dhaka City, and buy new cars, the situation is getting worse
day by day.
Feeding problem- Rates of malnutrition in Bangladesh are among the
highest in the world. More than 54% of preschool-age children,
equivalent to more than 9.5 million children, are stunted, 56% are
underweight and more than 17% are wasted.
A second problem is a pressure on the economy of the country. The
government doesn’t have the money to look the entire population. This
leads to many people and children not getting basic services like
hospitals or going to school.
Overpopulation also causes a shortage of jobs. Many people are left
unemployed. There is constant competition amongst people. Those
without a job tend to enter poverty.
Finally, The pollution in Dhaka. Too many people living in one area
require some services like waste collection. However, the government is
already pressured and cannot adapt to the problems of overpopulation.
(2)
A country which is underpopulated
Name- Australia
Australia has one of the lowest population densities in the world. With a
low population of 23 million and a land area of over 7.6 million km² its
density is around 3 people per km².
 Australia is rich in natural resources with large reserves of natural
gas, oil, gold, uranium and metal ores. Uranium is important in the
development of nuclear power around the world. Shortage of workers has
led to lower optimum productivity. Not possible to exploit all resources and large
areas of outback undeveloped/under utilised
 Conflicts caused in major cities such as Sydney by need to attract foreign workers.
 Less people paying tax. 43% of the labour force will be due to retire in next 20 years.
Taxes will have to be raised to fund retirement.
 Schools and hospitals may close because there are not enough people to support
them. Less children.
 Public transport links might close because of less customers. It is unlikely that new
transport systems will develop as there is not enough people to support them. This
increases people’s reliance on cars.
 There may be less innovation and development.
 Hard to defend country.
 Shortage of workers- Due to low fertility and replacement rates and
aging population retiring this has led to lower production rates.
 Resources underused- Northern areas are rich with energy,
agriculture and other industries that are going underused.
 Higher taxes- Australia’s tax take from individuals is one of the
highest in the developed world. Since there are less people giving
taxes and 43% of the labour retiring, high taxes are put on the lower
and middle- class workers.
 Rising conflict With Australia’s labour shortage, it is likely to be more
attractive to foreign immigrants. If too many come in then locals may
feel their culture is threatened.

 Therefore, Australia attracts migrant workers to support the
exploitation of these natural resources. Australia has the 9th highest
immigrant population in the world with 6.7 million, which makes up
28.2% of its population.

Australia has more resources available than it uses, which means surplus
resources can be exported. Exports in 2017 we worth over $220 billion.
This contributes to Australia’s high GDP per capita of over $49,000 per
person. The unemployment rate in Australia is very low.
With low birth and death rates, Australia’s natural increase is low. Health
care provision is very good which contributes towards the low infant
mortality rates. Adult literacy is high at 99%.
Measures to increase population:
a. The Government will provide up to 4,720 scholarships
over four years for both domestic and international
students, studying at a regional campus of a university
or vocational education and training provider.
Changes will also be made to the Temporary Graduate
visa for international students who have completed
their studies at a regional campus of a university, to
ensure they can continue to live and work in regional
Australia.
b. connecting the major cities with our growing regional centres by
upgrading key road and rail corridors. This will connect sectors
such as agriculture, mining and tourism to transport hubs. Attract
more people
c. .
d. the Government will also provide points to
skilled migrants without dependants as well as those
migrants whose dependants have strong English
language skills.
e. the
Government continues to strengthen its engagement
with Australia’s diverse communities, to enhance
community-wide integration and social cohesion
outcomes.
f. humanitarian migrants and other eligible
migrants receive early, tailored and intensive settlement
support in the first five years of their arrival in Australia.
Government settlement services assist these migrants
with employment, education and training, housing,
health and well-being, community participation and
networking, family and social support, legal and
language services.
(3)
A country with high population growth.
Name- China
Many countries have introduced policies to promote or reduce population
growth. This usually involves encouraging people to have more or fewer
children.
China’s One-Child Policy is one of the most famous examples of a policy to
reduce rapid population growth.
WHY WAS CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY INTRODUCED?
* China’s population grew rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s.
* There were not enough resources to support the rapid growth in
population.
* In 1979 the Chinese government introduces the One-Child Policy,
designed to limit population growth.
HOW DID CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY AIM TO REDUCE THE RATE OF
POPULATION GROWTH?
* Couples were encouraged to have only one child in return for financial
and welfare benefits.
* Men could not get married until they were 22 and women 20.
* Couples had to apply to get married and have a baby.
* Couples received a 10% salary/wage bonus for only having one child,
along with free education, family benefits and priority access to housing.
* Couples who did not conform lost benefits and received fines.
* Women who became pregnant for the second time were forced to have
abortions. Some had forced sterilisation.
* Work-place bosses could grant permission for workers to have a child.
WHAT WERE THE SOCIAL IMPACTS OF CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY?
* There are few retirement homes in China, therefore most Chinese
children will have to care for four grandparents as well as their own
parents.
* There are not enough people to look after the elderly, so retirement
homes will need to be built.
* Men outnumber women in China as Chinese culture favours boys. This is
the result of baby girls being abandoned or aborted throughout the policy.
It will be difficult for men to find a partner.
WHAT WERE THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY?
* The increasingly ageing population will need financial support in the
future, including medical care and a pension.
* From 2025 it is estimated that there will be more elderly people in China
than children. This will result in elderly people having to work longer.
* Economic expansion and growth could be limited in the future due to the
declining size of the workforce.
* There will be a reduction in the tax-paying working population so the
government will need to increase taxes to provide services for the
population.
WHAT WERE THE POSITIVE IMPACTS OF CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY?
* The fertility rate in China has dropped, reducing future strain on
resources.
* The average number of children per woman in China dropped from 6 to
2.5 between 1950 and 2005.
* An estimated 300-400 million births were avoided.
* Over-population, particularly in south-east China, has been reduced,
relieving pressure on services and housing.
THE FUTURE OF CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY
Since 2013 the policy has been gradually reduced as concerns have risen
that China’s low fertility rates will lead to a demographic crisis and future
labour shortage.
Initially, the policy changed to allow couples to have another child if their
firstborn was a girl. In 2016 the policy was further relaxed to allow couples
to have two children regardless of the gender of the first-born.
(4)
A country with high dependent population
Name- Japan
Japan has a declining population. There is an increasing proportion of
elderly dependents in Japan. The proportion of elderly dependents is
increasing due to an increase in life expectancy. This is likely to cause a
number of problems for Japan, including:
* increased pressure on health and social care services
* financial pressure to provide pensions to a greater number of people
* increased pressure on public transport as elderly people are less likely to
drive
* the need to increase tax rates to cover the costs above
(5)
(6)
Decreased participation rates (no. of people in the workforce).
Changes in the skill sets of our health care providers (physicians,
nurses, etc.) that will be required to respond to the needs of the
elderly.
(7) Shifts in the delivery of formal health care services,
particularly increased long-term care.
(8) An increase in the number of informal caregivers (unpaid family and
friends) of the elderly in community settings and the need to provide
supports for those caregivers.
(9) Advanced Industrialized Societies Are Growing Older
(10) Decline in Working-Age Population- A rapidly aging population
means there are fewer working-age people in the economy. This
leads to a supply shortage of qualified workers, making it more
difficult for businesses to fill in-demand roles.
(11) Increase in Health Care Costs- Given that demand for health care
rises with age, countries with rapidly aging populations must allocate
more money and resources to their health care systems.
(12) Increase in Dependency Ratio. over 50 persons aged 65 and above for
every 100 persons aged 20 to 64.
For a named country which you have studied, describe the problems
caused by an increase in the percentage of the population over the age
of 65.
Name- Japan
Japan was the world's most aged population in 2017 (33 per cent aged 60
or over) and it is projected to remain so through 2050 (42 per cent aged 60
or over). The changing and ageing structure of our population is driven
primarily by two factors. Firstly, improvements in life expectancy mean
that people are living longer and reaching older ages. Along with this, there
has been a decrease in fertility, people are having fewer children and are
having children later in life.
PROBLEMS
a) Japan had a post-war baby boom between 1947 and 1949. This was
followed by a prolonged period of low fertility, resulting in the aging
population of Japan. The dramatic aging of Japanese society as a result of
sub-replacement fertility rates and high life expectancy is expected to
continue.
b) Decreased participation rates (no. of people in the workforce).
c) Increased dependency rates (ratio of older people to younger people)
d) Increased fiscal gap (amount of money being spent by government on
various sectors)
e) Less economic growth; the country's work force shrinks because of low
replacement rates.
f) Increases in diseases and disabilities associated with aging and
therefore the need to provide relevant care, especially in terms of
chronic physical and mental health problems.
g) Changes in the skill sets of our health care providers (physicians, nurses,
etc.) that will be required to respond to the needs of the elderly.
h) Shifts in the delivery of formal health care services,
particularly increased long-term care.
i) An increase in the number of informal caregivers (unpaid family and
friends) of the elderly in community settings and the need to provide
supports for those caregivers.
j) Advanced Industrialized Societies Are Growing Older
k) Decline in Working-Age Population- A rapidly aging population means
there are fewer working-age people in the economy. This leads to a
supply shortage of qualified workers, making it more difficult for
businesses to fill in-demand roles.
l) Increase in Health Care Costs- Given that demand for health care rises
with age, countries with rapidly aging populations must allocate more
money and resources to their health care systems.
m) Increase in Dependency Ratio.
(13) For a country which you have studied, explain why the
government is concerned by an ageing population
Name- Italy
Italy is currently the country with the second-highest number of older
people. In 2013, it was estimated that more than 12 million elderly people
were living in Italy – accounting for 21.2% of the whole population. An
increasingly ageing population in Italy, and across Europe, is leading to
higher numbers of age-related chronic conditions, such as dementia and
Alzheimer’s disease. In 2014, approximately 1 million people in Italy were
affected by dementia. This included 600,000 individuals that were
diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. These figures are expected to increase
over the coming years, as they are in other European countries, due to the
rise of ageing populations.
Main impacts of an ageing population:
a) Increase in the dependency ratio. If the retirement age remains fixed,
and the life expectancy increases, there will be relatively more people
claiming pension benefits and fewer people working and paying income
taxes. The fear is that it will require high tax rates on the current,
shrinking workforce.
b) Increased government spending on health care and pensions. Also, those
in retirement tend to pay lower income taxes because they are not
working. This combination of higher spending commitments and lower
c)
d)
e)
f)
tax revenue is a source of concern for Western governments – especially
those with existing debt issues and unfunded pension schemes.
Those in work may have to pay higher taxes. This could create
disincentives to work and disincentives for firms to invest. Therefore,
there could be a fall in productivity and growth.
Shortage of workers. An ageing population could lead to a shortage of
workers and hence push up wages causing wage inflation. Alternatively,
firms may have to respond by encouraging more people to enter the
workforce, through offering flexible working practices.
Changing sectors within the economy. An increase in the numbers of
retired people will create a bigger market for goods and services linked
to older people (e.g., retirement homes)
Higher savings for pensions may reduce capital investment. If society is
putting a higher % of income into pension funds, it could reduce the
amount of savings available for more productive investment, leading to
lower rates of economic growth.
(14) For a country you have studied explain why the government of a
country is concerned about its population growth.
Name- India
A report from the United Nations released in June 2019 had said that
around 2027 India is set to overtake China as the world’s most populous
country.
Excessive population has various adverse effects including undue pressure
on natural resources. More people mean more consumption which in turn
means more exploitation of fixed and exhaustible resources. Also,
population is not a universal challenge. It is specific to nations whose
economies have yet not achieved full potential and development. Along
with China and India, the African and some Latin countries also see an
extremely high population growth rate. Rather China, which is the most
populated nation, has achieved a very appreciative control over their
growth of population though their ways are highly autocratic and cannot be
replicated in other countries. India, with 1.37 billion people, is the secondmost populated country. We know that the birth rate is mainly responsible
for rapid population growth. The reasons the Indian government is
concerned about the growing population are:
a) Rapid population growth strains political institutions and increases
pressure on services, strains existing political, social, and economic
structures and relations between nations.
b) The increasing population numbers and growing affluence have already
resulted in rapid growth of energy production and consumption in India.
c) The environmental effects like ground water and surface water
contamination; air pollution and global warming are of growing concern
owing to increasing consumption levels.
d) There will be more young and old dependants.
e) Not enough resources
f) Traffic congestion which is already a problem in cities such as
Bangalore.
g) Unemployment. The rate is already quite high at 7.9%
h) Fewer places to live- proliferation of squatters
i) Environmental threats
j) Increased global warming
k) Uneven population distribution- more pressure on resources at one
place.
l) Higher Population requires more Investment.
m) Rapid Population Growth creates Food Problem
n) Rapid Population declines Social Infrastructure due to overuse or wrong
use.
Social Measures
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Minimum age of marriage increased
Raising the status of women
Spread of Education
Adoption
Social Security
Economic Measures
More employment opportunities
Providing incentives
Other Measures
Medical Facilities
k) Legislative Actions
l) Recreational Facilities
m) Spreading awareness
(15) Explain why the governments of some countries may be
concerned by a rapid growth of population. You may refer to
examples which you have studied.
Name- Kenya, Africa
Kenya is a country in East Africa. With the capital Nairobi it has a coastline
on the Indian ocean. It consists of Savannahs, Lakelands, The great rift
valley and mountain highlands. From the capital Nairobi tourists visit the
Maasai reserve, known for its annual wildebeest migration and Amboseli
national park offering views of the magnificent 5,895m mountain
Kilimanjaro.
Africa’s population is rising rapidly and may even double by 2050. Kenya
mirrors Africa’s population growth. Kenya’s population doubled over the
last 25 years to about 40 million people and is set to still continue. The
population here is said to increase by 1 million per year – 3,000 people
every day- for the next 40 years and the population will reach 85 million by
2050. Kenya has the highest birth rate of 54/1000 population in East
Africa.
The government is concerned by this population growth because rapid
population growth affects economic development negatively. The growth
and high fertility rates result in declines in GDP per capita food production.
Higher the population the higher number of people unemployed. More jobs
would have to be created in a very less time span. Around 45% of Kenya’s
labour force is unemployment. Rapid population growth is one of the major
contributing factors to poverty especially in African countries. Rapid
growth has also led to uncontrolled urbanization, which has produced
overcrowding and pollution.
(16) For a named country you have studied, describe the problems
caused by overpopulation.
Name: Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, one population as a result of overpopulation is the lack of
housing. There are often over 12 people that share a room in cities such as
Dhaka and there is not enough space to build more houses due to the risk
of floods in the region.
(17) For a country which you have studied, explain why the rate of
natural population growth is low.
Name- Japan
Japan was the tenth most populous country in 2018. Total population had
declined by 0.8% from the time of the last census five years prior.
Since 2010 Japan has experienced net population loss due to falling of birth
rates and less immigration, despite having the highest life expectancies in
the world, of 85 years.
Japans population is declining for a number of reasons:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Many Japanese women work in high-tech companies with long hours
of work.
Their careers may ger affected by becoming a mother.
Childcare costs are increasing and becoming more and more
expensive.
People are putting of having children to later in life so that they can
focus on their careers.
Japans declining population will result in a shortage of workers in the
future. There will be less children to support the aging population.
Industrial development will reduce as less people are available to
enhance the country’s high-tech sector.
To tackle this the Japanese Prime Minster Shinzo Abe wants to
prevent the population going below a 100 million by 2060. In 2017
the government announced a 2 trillion- yen (18 billion$) spending to
expand free preschool for children aged 3 to 5 and to cut waiting
lines at day-care centres.
(18) For a named country which you have studied, describe the
problems caused by under population.
Name- Australia
Australia has an average population density of 3.3 persons of square
kilometre of land area. This makes it the most sparsely populated countries
in the world. Underpopulation has let to many problems in Australia some
being
(19) For a named country which you have studied, explain why the
birth rate is high.
Name- Niger
Niger or the Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked
country in West Africa named after the Niger River.
The birth rate for Niger in 2020 was 45.4 births per 1000 people, a 0.9%
decline from 2019. The birth rate for Niger in 2019 was 45.9 births per
1000 people
REASONSBirth rates are high for a number of reasonsa) Lack of family planning education or contraceptives
b) In rural areas children are needed as labour on farms. In urban areas
they are needed to work in the informal sector to earn money for their
families.
c) Women have a large number of children as there is a high level of infant
mortality. 41/100
d) Culture/religion mean it is unacceptable to use contraception (muslims)
e) In rural areas children are needed as labour on farms. In urban areas
they are needed to work in the informal sector to earn money for their
families.
f) Vaccination data are questionable
g) Old Age Social Security- very fw old age homes in niger
EFFECTS: a) Because of the extreme poverty most mothers in Niger will have to
watch their children get sick and most likely die of malnutrition.
b) health problems
c) low life expectancy
d) low living standards
e) low social status for women affects education and family planning
f) Low educational levels.
SOLUTONS or MEASURESa) The 2011-2015 HDP is comprised of eight (8) strategic intervention
areas. The 2nd area pertains to the development of reproductive health
services, which will be achieved through these four intervention
packages:  Improving family planning
 Improving Adolescent and Youth Health (AYH) services
 Improving the management of children’s health
 Improving the management of mothers and new- born children.
 This action plan for repositioning family planning is based on the
strategic directions of the 2011-2015 HDP.
(20) , explain why the rate of population growth is high.- Niger
Name- India
CAUSES:
a) Widening Gap between Birth and Death Rates: The average annual
birth rate in India which was 42 per thousand populations in 195161 came down to 28.7 per thousand in 1993. The death rate also
came down from over 27 per thousand populations in 1951-61 to 9.3
in 1993. Thus, since birth rate has shown a small decline and the
death rate has gone down rather sharply, the widening gap has
increased our population rapidly. The total fertility rate (average
number of children born per woman) came down from about six in
the fifties to 3.5 in 1992-93.
b) Child marriages have been very common in our country. According to
the 1931 census, 72 per cent marriages in India were performed
before 15 years of age and 34 per cent before ten years of age. Since
then, there has been a continuous increase in the mean age of
marriage among both males and females.
c) Family planning has a direct link with female education, and female
education is directly associated with age at marriage, general status
of women, their fertility and infant mortality rate and so forth.
According to the 1991 census, the overall literacy percentage in India
is 52.11 as compared to 43.56 ten years ago. The male literacy
percentage is 63.86 while the female literacy percentage is 39.42.
POPULATION DENSITY
(1)
For a country or area that you have studied, describe and
explain the variations in the population density.
Name- Canadian northlands
The USA has an average population of 35 persons per km2, while
Canada has only 4 per km2. In both the countries population is highly
concentrated in some areas, while some areas are sparsely
populated. The Canadian northlands comprise that part of Canada
lying north of 55 degree north. The whole area has a population
density of less than one person per km2.
Variations in Canada northlands population density was because of:
a) The temperature plays a huge role as to where people prefer to live.
The influence of low temperature in the northlands explains why
75 percent of Canadians live within 160km of the main border in
USA. Winters are extremely cold, almost impossible to live in the
northlands. Due to this a large depletion in the population density
can be seen as many people move during the winters to different
places.
b) Another main reason for a sparse population is the low amount of
agriculture or farming being performed. The climate in the
Canadian northlands is beyond the limits of agriculture, which
leads to the very low rural population.
c) Much of the northlands are affected by permafrost. Here the ground
is permanently frozen to a depth of about 300 metres. During the
summer some of the ground thaws, resulting in a marshy,
waterlogged landscape. Due to this travelling is extremely difficult.
d) The great distances separating the generally small communities in
the northlands and the severe environmental conditions in this vast
region have created substantial economic, engineering, and
maintenance difficulties for transportation development.
e) There is no proper route for travelling.
f) The largest settlement in the northwest territories is the
Yellowknife town which has a population of only 19000.
g) Due to the freezing weather conditions water transportation routes
are frozen for much of the year.
(2)
For a named country which you have studied, describe the
distribution of its population and draw a labelled sketch map to
show this distribution. (Collect more material for this)- Canada
3. A densely populated country or area (at any scale from local
to regional). Bangladesh
Name- China
With a population of 1.37 billion people (set 2016; source CIA World
Facebook), China remains the world's most populous country. The growth
rate in 2017 was estimated by the UN to be 0.43%, significantly lower than
a world average of approximately 1.11% pa. The removal of the One Child
Policy in 2016 may lead to an increase in this rate of growth in future years
as China changes policy to tackle its ageing population.
Although China has the world's largest total population, it has a land area of
almost 9.6 million km sq.; China's population density, at 141 people per
square kilometre means that it ranks 79th in the world in terms of overall
population density.
China's population is unevenly spread. This is a result of both human and
physical factors which will be explored below.
Human ReasonsWhile all areas of the country have benefited from this economic growth,
most growth has been focused in the east, especially in the coastal
provinces. It is estimated that more than 700 million people have moved
out of poverty in the last 30 years with hugely improved access to
education, health care, electricity and running water. The focus of this
growth remains in the east and the gap between the richest and poorest in
Chinese society has grown. This has led to massive, often state sponsored
migration to regional cities and from poorer to richer provinces.
Coastal provinces therefore tend to be more outward looking, have much
greater access to world markets, education and expertise and have
benefited greatly from Foreign Direct Investment. This has enhanced the
benefits these provinces already have through physical characteristics of
relief, soil, rainfall and temperatures as well as their coastal locations.
Physical factors1.Relief
2.Precipatation
3.Temperatures
4. A sparsely populated country or area (at any scale from local
to regional) Canada Northern Highlands
TOPIC: MIGRATION
(1) For an example of international migration which you have
studied, explain why many people made the decision to
migrate. Choose any example of migration and name the
areas between which people moved. You should name the
countries between which people migrated and refer to
both pull and to push factors. US and Mexico
(2)
Name an example of a country which has attracted large
numbers of international migrants. Explain the pull factors
which have attracted people to your chosen country.
Name- from Mexico to USA
The pull factors that attracted the people of Mexico to migrate to USA
are listed below:
a) Job availability in the US is generally considered the main
determinant of short-term immigration
b) The wages that the people of USA receive were much higher
than that of what the Mexicans would get.
c) Mexico suffers from an unemployment problem, which leads to
people becoming fruit vendor, worker etc, so with the many job
opportunities in USA many people choose to migrate than face
unemployment.
d) Many people want a more qualified and good education for
their children which USA provides much better than Mexico.
e) The overall quality of life: on virtually every aspect of the
quality of life, conditions are better in the USA than Mexico.
f) The faster growth of the labour in Mexico, with significantly
high significantly higher population growth in Mexico than in
the USA.
TOPIC: SETTLEMENTS AND SERVICE PROVISION
(1)
For a named urban area which you have studied, describe the
main features of its Central Business District (CBD). [7]
Name- Midtown Manhattan, New York
Midtown Manhattan is the central portion of the New York City
borough of Manhattan. Geographically, the northern boundary of Midtown
Manhattan is commonly defined to be 59th Street; Midtown spans the
entire island of Manhattan along an east–west axis, bounded by the East
River on its east and the Hudson River to its west.
a) It is home to some of the city's most eminent buildings, such as
the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, the Hudson Yards
Redevelopment Project, the headquarters of the United
Nations, Grand Central Terminal, and Rockefeller Centre.
b) The largest central business district in the world; main intercity
transit hubs at Penn Station, Grand Central Terminal and the Port
Authority Bus Terminal, offering very good access to the
metropolitan area.
c) Majority of New York City's skyscrapers, including its tallest hotels
and apartment towers, are in Midtown. The area hosts commuters
and residents working in its offices, hotels, and retail establishments,
tourists and students.
d) Times Square, the hub of the Broadway Theatre District, is a major
centre of the world's entertainment industry.
e) It offers a wealth of restaurants, shops, theatres and nightlife options,
making it attractive for employees after work.
f) Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan has the world's
highest retail rents, with average annual rents at US $3,000 per
square foot in 2017.
(2) In many urban areas there are problems of housing shortages.
Name an urban area which you have studied where there is a shortage
of houses. Describe:
• The causes of this problem
• Attempts which have been made to solve the problem. [7]
Name- Jakarta, Indonesia
Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia is on the northwest coast of the world's
most-populous island of Java. It is the centre of economy, culture and
politics of Indonesia. Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres,
the smallest among any Indonesian provinces, its metropolitan area covers
6,392 square kilometres, and is the world's second-most populous urban
area after Tokyo.
CAUSES: (Any 3 statements)
a) The first cause of housing shortage in Jakarta is overpopulation
phenomenon. Jakarta with a population of 10,770,487 as of 2020, just
like any other capital city in any country around the globe, is a
favourable city considering the economic factor. With better wages
or fee many people come to the city each year, making it the highest
populated area in the country.
b) In Indonesia much of the land is still owned by government and on
long-term lease to private investors. Members of the public are not
able to access the information about who rents it and when the lease
period ends. Hence no push to the government to make those lands
available for uses more in line with the public interest.
c) A belief known as ‘Merantau’ tells any man that they should go to
better place for better fortune for both himself and his family. With
that thought in mind, the waves of people coming from villages
around Java island and the other islands in general couldn’t be
barricaded.
d) Jakarta’s density is sprawling horizontally with low-rise single-family
houses instead of houses being built upwards. Such development
swallows excessive land area and leaves little space for affordable
housing and parks.
SOLUTIONS:
a) The “One Million Houses” (OMH) programme reduced the 7.6m
shortfall in housing to 5.4m by the end of 2019. In 2017 904,758
homes were built. The following year saw 1.13m built, of which 70%
were aimed at low-income households.
b) In early 2019 the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH)
revealed that it is targeting the construction of 635,361 units, with
state funding of Rp17.6trn and by the end of the year 2019 it was
able to achieve this.
c) One move undertaken in this regard was the signing in January 2019
of an operational cooperation agreement between financial services
provider Sarana Multigriya Finansial (SMF) and the MPWH to reduce
the financial burden of subsidised loan programmes on the state by
25%.
(3) In all towns and cities there have been changes in land use in
recent years. These include the development of transport, areas of
housing, industries, leisure and shopping facilities. Briefly describe
one recent change in land use in or close to a town or city which you
have studied. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of this
change in land use for the people who live in the town or city. [7]
Name- Warsaw, Poland
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on
the Vistula River in east-central Poland with a population of 1.8 million
residents. Warsaw is a major international tourist destination, and a
significant cultural, political and economic hub.
The Arkadia Shopping Mall, one of the most popular shopping malls
in Warsaw covers a total area of 287,000 m2 this five- floor leviathan stands
out as one of the biggest shopping malls in Central Europe, receiving
approximately 45,000 - 70,000 visitors a day. Due to its popularity a major
expansion was done in 2017.
ADVANTAGES:
a) It is very popular among the Polish people because of a wide range of
stores available such as Lacoste, Gant, Peek and Cloppenburg,
Tommy Hilfiger as well as high street chains like Zara, Espirit and
Kappahl etc.
b) Travel by tram is convenient and comfortable. Tram 35 at ul.
Marszalkowsksa and Trams 33 and 17 at the Central Station are most
convenient. Since it is located on a major tram junction, many other
trams also go there.
c) In the mall are retail and service outlets, including boutiques, large
stores and restaurants and cafes. The centre of its entertainment
centre is a 15-screen Cinema City multiplex.
DISADVANTAGES:
a) Many tourists who visit the Arkadia Shopping Complex cause traffic
congestion by the usage of private transport.
b) The development of this shopping centre has caused a lot of
generation of waste including food waste, packaging waste and
general waste. Energy is also wasted through heating loss where
doors are left open, non-LED lighting on unnecessarily bright levels
during the day and staying on through the night.
c) It also causes more traffic and an increase in emissions from vehicles
in the local area of Warsaw. The construction of such large centres
causes a visual intrusion and the resulting noise pollution is also
unpleasant to local residents.
(4) Describe the hierarchy of settlements in a named country or area
which you have studied. [7]
Name- United Kingdom (Wales, England, Northern Ireland and
Scotland)
A hamlet is a small settlement that has no central place of worship and no
meeting point, for example, a village hall. These are a handful of houses
dotted along a road or a crossroads, perhaps separated from other
settlements by countryside or farmland.
Given the vastness of Yorkshire’s rural landscapes, it's unsurprising that
the county boasts some of the prettiest hamlets in the country such as
Barnside and Cackleshaw in West Yorkshire, England.
To be classified as a village in the UK, a settlement must have both a place
of worship and a central meeting point. In the UK, there are more small
villages than large towns, especially in rural areas such as Norfolk. For
example, the village of Wroxham lies on the bank of the River Bure, about
8 miles northeast of Norwich and others such as Killin, Scotland and
Tintern, Wales.
Nowadays in England and Wales, ‘town’ usually refers to market towns,
settlements with a town council, and larger settlements which can’t be
classified as cities. Take Harrogate in North Yorkshire for example; the spa
town is peppered with Victorian splendour and Tenby, a harbour town and
resort in southwest Wales.
A city will typically be larger than a town and have multiple places of
worship and several meeting points. There are several large cities in each
part of the country for example Birmingham and Norwich in England,
Cardiff in Wales, Glasgow in Scotland and Belfast in Northern Ireland.
The largest city is the capital of London, with a population of 8.96 million in
2019.
A conurbation is an urban area which encompasses a number of cities or
towns. For example, in the South East of Great Britain, the area around
Greater London can be thought of as one gigantic conurbation and/ or a
metropolis.
(5) In many towns and cities there have been changes in shopping
facilities in recent years. Describe one recent change in shopping
facilities in a named town or city which you have studied. Describe the
advantages and disadvantages of this change for the people who live
in the town or city.[7]
Name- Arkadia Shopping Mall, Warsaw
The Arkadia Shopping Mall, one of the most popular shopping malls in
Warsaw covers a total area of 287,000 m2. This five-floor leviathan was the
biggest shopping mall in Europe at the time of its construction, and still
stands out as one of the biggest shopping malls in Central Europe, receiving
approximately 45,000 - 70,000 visitors a day. Due to its popularity, a major
expansion was done in 2017.The advantages and disadvantages of the
change for the people in the city are as followsAdvantages
a) It offers people great shopping choices including Lacoste, Gant,
Peek and Cloppenburg and Tommy Hilfiger as well as high street
chains like Zara, Esprit, and KappAhl.
b) It is easily accessible as it is served by 15 bus routes and 10 tram
lines. It also has 4000 free parking spaces for cars and shops are
not cramped – providing relief to customers.
c) Developments are very attractive as new technology and ideas
have been used. Bright light attractions such as cafes, restaurants
as well as pubs also play important role in attracting people from
across the city.
d) Due to being big in size, having a large sphere of influence, and
large threshold population, shops can sell large volumes of
goods often at slightly lower prices. Individual shops also provide
greater range of goods as they are large. This benefits many
people as they get a wide range of goods and services easily.
e) Such shopping malls sell a range of high order as well as low order
goods – thus everyone is able to afford them and use them.
f) Many new jobs are created for people of the city.
Disadvantages
a) Increase in transportation has increased traffic congestion on roads
to centre.
b) Large amounts of undeveloped greenfield sites destroyed.
c) Valuable habitats destroyed and lead to pollution and environmental
problems during construction and development.
d) Increase in impermeable surfaces (shops, cars, parks) may lead to
increase in flooding and decrease in water quality.
e) Many of the jobs created are unskilled
f) Small businesses and family firms may not be able to compete with
the large multinational companies which overpower them. – Loss of
‘personal touch’.
g) Large shopping centres like these take away trade and sales from
small and isolated shops as well as city centres and CBD shops.
(6) Many settlements have grown into large urban areas. For a
named urban area which you have studied, explain the reasons
for its growth.
Name- Woodstock, Cape town
Woodstock is an inner-city suburb of Cape town, South Africa.
Woodstock covers an area of less than 5km2 and has a population of
over 11,500. This gives it a population density of approximately 2300
per km2.
In the middle of the 19th century, notably after the arrival of the
railway line, Woodstock became a fashionable seaside suburb with a
beach that stretched widely. Woodstock started growing rapidly due
to ease of access to the harbour, improved transport and increased
industrialisation. Eventually, Woodstock had ceased to be a seaside
resort. Many people even started to move there, therefore starting
the urban renewal. Woodstock had some issues, but due to some
young professional workers took advantage of the affordable
Victorian semi-detached homes, many of these being renovated and
restored. Now, many fashionable restaurants, ICT and other
businesses and offices have been sprung up in converted
warehouses, abandoned buildings etc. the neighbourhoods of
Woodstock attracted students, young professionals and artists in
search of cheap accommodation. This declared as the area safe and
more economically viable, many property dealers targeted the area.
As more and more people emerged, the prices of rent and land also
rose. Shopping malls, grocery stores were also constructed so that
the people have a quality of life at Woodstock.
(7)
Many settlements have grown over the years into large urban
areas. These include towns and cities with main functions such
as: – Ports, – Industrial towns, – Tourist resorts, –
Administrative centres. – Capital cities. For a named example of
a large settlement which you have studied, identify its main
function and explain the reasons for its growth.
Name- Piraeus, Greece
Piraeus is the urban settlement next to Athens in Attica. It was the port of
the ancient city of Athens and was chosen to serve as the modern port
when Athens was re-founded in 1834. Piraeus remains a major shipping
and industrial centre.
Reasons suitable as port function:
It consists of a rocky promontory, containing three natural harbours
a) The large port on the north-west is an important commercial harbour
for the eastern Mediterranean Sea as it is very deep and allows large
vessels to shelter there
b) Two smaller ports Zea and Mikrolimano also provide good shelter and
are used for naval purposes.
c) Pireaus location is able to link Athens with every island in the eastern
portion of Greece, the island of Crete, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, and
much of the northern and the eastern Aegean.
d) The land was vast when the port was constructed so it could be built
with large areas for docking cargo. Much of that part of the harbour is in
suburban Drapetsona and Keratsini.
e) Close to oil refineries at Elefsina and other industrial production areas
f) Rail, bus, road and metro links for transporting either passengers or
cargo
g) Workers available as the population of Piraeus is 175, 000,697 (2001).
h) Piraeus now also has commercial, educational, administrative and
residential functions too.
(8)
An urban area or areas (Problems, solutions, Govt Initiatives for
solutions)
Name- Tokyo
ABOUT
Urban development has significantly changed the landscape of societies. At
present, majority of the world’s population resides in cities. The case of
Tokyo is of interest because it is one of the biggest megacities in the world.
Tokyo’s urban development sheds light on the successes and challenges
urban areas face through the years. The evolution of the Tokyo
Metropolitan Area is seen as an example of how urban centres could
proceed to address people’s needs. Nonetheless, Tokyo’s development is
also seen as a non-optimal path because of the issues related to
urbanization. These issues emphasize the challenges urban planners and
administrators face as cities become more densely populated. While cities
like Tokyo have experience and expertise needed to ensure a well-planned
approach to urban development, the nature, complexity, and scale of the
development creates new problems that administrators or urban managers
have not yet encountered in the past. Thus, it is of critical importance to
maintain flexibility in addressing emerging challenges, while remaining
effective in fulfilling the current needs of the urban population.
CHALLENGES A challenge facing Tokyo today is the very high population of the city
and its metropolitan area. Tokyo remains the most populous city in
the world. This is a challenge because of limited land that can be used
in the area. The result of this high population is overcrowding.
Tokyo’s roadways, pedestrian lanes, and other public spaces
experience daily overcrowding as people flock to the area during
peak hours.
 Tokyo’s high population density also affects safety of the area.
Disasters in the region can readily endanger the lives of millions
living in the city. A single earthquake, tsunami or storm can easily
impact many millions of people in the megacity.
 This high population also significantly impacts the economy of Japan,
especially in terms of land prices. Real estate in Tokyo is one of the
most expensive in the world. High prices of real property are due to
limited land combined with high demand due to high population
density. Thus, the high population of Tokyo is a major challenge for
the city government.
MAJOR PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS(DETAILED) INCLUDING GOVT
INTIATIVES
a) Waste disposal is a big problem in Tokyo. Every day, about 1 kg of
waste is produced per person, and because there is not enough space
to put all of that rubbish into landfill, as much of it is incinerated as
possible. This creates dioxin, one of the deadliest poisons known,
which has been linked to cancer. Burning rubbish also makes the air
around Tokyo dirty and full of greenhouse gas which is also bad for
the environment.
Solution
To fix this problem, Tokyo Metro Government has put in place a
Super Eco-Town project to dispose of industrial waste more
efficiently and encourage the development of environment-related
industries. So far, 8 waste treatment and recycling facilities have
been built and are being used and another 4 will be established.
In Tokyo, they have up to 20 different categories for waste in some
areas, whereas in Australia, we only have 3. Surely people living
there couldn’t be bothered to sort everything out into their different
bins all of the time, so if they made it simple and easy for people to
sort out their rubbish, probably with less bins and specific groups,
more rubbish could and would be recycled rather than incinerated.
b) In Tokyo, almost 57% of travel is done on public transport, which
means that most metro subway lines are overcrowded and running
at 199% capacity. During rush hour, people have to be packed and
forced into trains which is why the term for traveling in the
subway - tsukin jigoku – literally translates to commuter’s hell. There
are people “pushers” whose job it is to help squeeze everyone into
the train cars so the doors can close. Because there are so many
people traveling on the subway at once, as soon as the doors open
people spill out of the cars from the pressure of everyone else around
them. For up to an extremely uncomfortable hour, people in Tokyo
can be stuck squashed up with other commuters on their ride to
work.
Solution
The only solution, it seems, would be to have more trains running at
once – so many and so close that they nearly rear-end each other – so
the passengers don’t all have to either squash together on one train
or wait for the next one.
At the moment the only thing that has been done to make subway
riding more comfortable is to make seats flip up so they don’t take up
as much space and there is more space to stand in.
c) Tokyo is an aged society, and becoming a super-aged society. This
means that there are less people working and paying tax and more
elderly people who receive money from the government and need
healthcare. The government is slowly losing money and can’t
improve the city as much. Tokyo’s population has been in decrease
for the last few years so the percentage of the elderly population will
only get bigger.
Solution
By encouraging immigration from other countries, Tokyo’s younger
population will increase because it is generally young people that
would immigrate. Though this could cause other problems, the
government could raise the retirement age so more people are still
working, especially as the life expectancy age increases. Or, a much
simpler but riskier solution, they could just wait it out until the
population demographic evens out.
d) Technology plays a big part in the lives of everyone around the
world, but all this technology has to be powered by something. One of
Tokyo’s problems is that it relies on coal as its main source of energy.
This is not a sustainable resource as it is non-renewable, so it will run
out one day, and burning it pollutes the air. This fact is not helped by
the millions of cars that travel through Tokyo every day, spilling out
greenhouse gasses.
Solution
80 kilometres north-west of Tokyo is Japan’s first solar city, Ota. Ota’s
local government has invested in solar panels for three quarters of
the town’s houses. These were distributed for free and supply power
to the whole area. Other areas in and around Tokyo should also adopt
this idea and other renewable energy used around the world. It is
windy up high in mountains and Japan is very mountainous so they
could build some wind farms.
e) Japan’s position means that it is subject to natural disasters. It’s on
a fault line so there is always the danger of an earthquake, but it is
also prone to typhoons and tsunamis. Japan’s worst tsunami was in
1993 and 202 people were killed.
Solution
Throughout Tokyo there are open spaces in the form of parks that
would be used to accommodate people rendered homeless in the
event of an earthquake. Schools have drills for natural disasters as
well as for fires in case of an emergency during school hours.
(9)
A rapidly growing urban area in a developing country and
migration to it.
Name- Mumbai
ABOUT:
Mumbai has been christened with n number of titles and addressed in a
variety of ways. It is the subject of many novels, the muse of many
directors, the object of fascination of photographers and painters. If you
don’t live in Mumbai, chances are you dream about visiting this city of
dreams and some of you may even wish to settle there.
In all honesty, living in Mumbai is tough, expensive and at times even
daunting. But it is a one-of-a-kind experience, one that beckons to be lived.
REASONS AND OPPORTUNITIES
a) The Opportunities
The one thing that this city offers in abundance (apart from pollution and
traffic snarls) is opportunities. No matter what you want to do or who you
wish to be – a DJ, a hairdresser, a financial analyst, a Vada pav vendor –
there is room and opportunity for all and then more.
b) The Cheap and The Expensive
his city offers dishes that can please every palette, every taste and every
pocket. Right from the Rs 10 sev puri at the local hawker to a stomachfilling south Indian meal at any Udupi, from delectable offerings at
budgeted restaurants to indulgent spreads at fine-dine restaurants, there is
something for everyone.
c) The Help
Mumbai is one of the few cities in the world where a common man with an
ordinary job (you don’t have to necessarily be CEO) can afford to hire a
chauffeur and maid. These services are rather affordable and make living in
this urban jungle a bit more comfortable and easier.
d) Schools
If you are young parents looking to carefully design your kid’s future, then
Mumbai is the place for you. While the city may not offer public parks and
open spaces, it sure offers multiple world class education facilities. Be it
international schools or well-established local institutions, there are
options one too many for you to choose from.
e) Friendly Neighbourhood
No matter how time-pressed Mumbaikars are, they are friendly. There will
always be someone who’ll give you the right directions and/or someone
who will stop to help you fix your punctured car tyre.
f) Health care
While the public health care system is questionable, there are world class
private health facilities in the city that offer world-class medical services.
The best care, the best doctors, the best hospitals - all are well-equipped to
deal with the most complicated of cases. Yes, health care is expensive but
you can be sure of getting the best treatment possible.
g) The Mumbai Vibe
The Mumbai vibe is intoxicating and it is addictive. It takes time to get insync with the vibe and the fast pace, but once you are hooked you will find
it almost impossible to detach and move away.
PROBLEMS
a) Traffic Congestion
With trains arriving at the station every 3 minutes and transporting
approximately 6 million people a day, the trains in Mumbai are heavily
packed each day. Not only are the trains packed, but the roads are
commonly seen excessively congested in peak hour traffic.
b) Pollution
There is approximately 7,000 metric tonnes of rubbish being disposed of
each day by Mumbaikars. With no mandatory recycling system in place by
the government to date, Mumbai's waste is accumulating each day, and
rubbish dumps are already filling up, polluting the area. On top of that,
700,000 cars are travelling on the roads of Mumbai each day. Creating air
pollution with the rest of the manufacturing companies.
c) Poor Sanitation
It is said that most preventable diseases are spread through poor
sanitation. This is due to there not being running water facilities in many
houses or lavatories. As a result of poor sanitation in slums, many children
suffer from preventable diseases.
d) Overpopulated Slums
Approximately 60% of Mumbai's population live in slums with no running
water, electricity and gas. The shelters are made out whatever materials
that can be sourced for a cheap price. The living standards in slums are
very low and rubbish pollutes the area.so much that, large pipes are used as
footpaths because the actual footpaths are too littered to walk on.
(10) Settlement and service provision in an area
Name- London
By any standard the United Kingdom is among the most urbanized of
countries, for towns not only typify the national way of life but are
unusually significant elements in the geography of the country. The
greatest overall change in settlement was, in fact, the massive
urbanization that accompanied Britain’s early industrial
development. The increasing percentage of employees in offices and
service industries ensures continued urban growth. Of every 10
people in the United Kingdom, about eight live in towns—more than
three of them in one of the country’s 10 largest metropolitan areas.
The Greater London metropolitan area—the greatest port, the largest
centre of industry, the most important centre of office employment,
and the capital city—is by far the largest of these. The need for
accommodating business premises has displaced population from
Inner London, and this outward movement, in part, has led to the
development of new towns outside the 10-mile- (16-km-) wide Green
Belt that surrounds London’s built-up area.
Large metropolitan areas also formed in industrial areas during the 19th
and early 20th centuries. Although coalfields or textile manufacture
underpinned the initial growth of many of these urban areas, coal
mining had virtually ceased in all of them by the end of the 20th century,
and the economic predominance of heavy industry and textile production
had given way to a more diverse blend of manufacturing and service
activities. Birmingham dominates the extensive built-up area of the West
Midlands metropolitan area, but the industrial Black Country—named for
its formerly polluted skies and grimy buildings—also has several large and
flourishing towns. In Greater Manchester, with a similar number of
inhabitants, urbanization accompanied the mechanization of the cotton
textile industry. Across the Pennines similar mechanization of wool textiles
created the West Yorkshire metropolitan area, with Leeds and Bradford as
its twin centres. The metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear (centred
on Newcastle upon Tyne) and the Greater Glasgow metropolitan area are
also located on coalfields. Greater Glasgow houses about one-third
of Scotland’s people. Merseyside (centred on Liverpool) has traditionally
served as a seaport and distribution centre for Greater Manchester and the
rest of Lancashire. Other large metropolitan areas in Great Britain
include South Yorkshire (centred on Sheffield), Nottingham, and Bristol.
About one-fifth of Northern Ireland’s population live in Belfast. In addition
to these large metropolitan areas, there are many other minor urban
agglomerations and large towns, several of which line the coast.
With so much urban and suburban concentration, the problems of air,
water, and noise pollution have attracted much concern in the United
Kingdom. Clean-air legislation has brought considerable progress in
controlling air pollution, partly by establishing smoke-control areas in most
cities and towns, and there has been a shift from coal to cleaner fuels.
Pollution of the rivers remains a large problem, particularly in the highly
industrialized parts of the United Kingdom, but vigilance, research, and
control by the National River Authorities and general public concern for
the environment are encouraging features of contemporary Britain. Several
statutory and voluntary organizations support measures to protect the
environment. They aim to conserve the natural amenity and beauty not
only of the countryside but also of the towns and cities.
(11) In all large urban areas attempts have been made to solve the
problems faced by the people. These include problems such as:
Traffic congestion, Squatter settlements, Housing shortages,
Urban sprawl. Choose either one of these problems or any other
problem faced by people who live in urban areas. For a named
urban area, describe the attempts which have been made to
solve the problem which you have chosen.
Name- Kibera
a) Practical Action, a British Charity, has been responsible for low- cost
roofing tiles made from sand and clay and adding lime and natural fibre
to soil to create blocks used for building that are cheaper than concrete.
These allow self-help schemes to progress.
b) The United Nations’ Human Settlement Programme (UN Habitat) has
provided affordable electricity to some parts of the slum at 300 Kenyan
shillings per shack.
c) There are two main water pipes – one provided by the council and the
other by the World Bank – at a cost of 3 Kenyan Shillings per 20 litres.
d) Improving sanitation is more difficult and progress is slow. Charities
such as the Red Cross are supporting the improvements. Gap year
students are encouraged to go to Kibera to oversee the spending and to
help coordinate efforts.
e) On a larger scale. A 15- year project that began in 2003 plans to rehouse thousands of residents of Kibera. In the 1st year of this project,
run by the government and UN Habitat, 700 families were re-housed in
new blocks of flats with running water, toilets, showers and electricity.
Residents have been involved in plans and funding of 650 million
Kenyan shillings had been set aside for the first year. Funding is now
provided by charities and cheap World Bank loans.
f) Parts of Kibera, one of the largest shanty towns in Africa, were
demolished by the Kenyan government recently (The Guardian, 20 April
2004). Bulldozers tore through the slums surrounding Nairobi in
preparation for the construction of a new road. Plans for the area were
not unknown but land is now in such short supply - population density
reaches 80,000 per square kilometre in parts of Kibera - that shanty
dwellings had been built there. While Kenya, like Brazil, has given
legitimacy to some of its slums, the government must also press on with
plans to develop national infrastructure and modernise. Unfortunately,
large parts of Kibera are now a physical obstacle to this plan. This
reminds us of the fundamental difference between poor areas of housing
in MEDCs and in LEDC shanty towns – the latter are usually illegal.
Housing is constructed on land that is not being used. However, rights of
ownership do not pass to the slum dwellers. Their homes remain
vulnerable should the true owner make claim to the land.
(12) In many towns and cities there have been changes in shopping
facilities in recent years. Describe one recent change in
shopping facilities in a named town or city which you have
studied. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of this
change for the people who live in the town or city.
Name- Trafford Centre in Manchester. Out-of-town shopping
As suggested in the question, there has been significant changes in
shopping facilities in recent years which include out of town shopping and
internet shopping. The following text discusses more about out- of- town
shopping.
In order to sell goods, shops need to be located where people can get to
them easily. They need a large sphere of influence that guarantees a steady
flow of customers and increasing profit. Building large shopping centres
near good transport routes and motorway junctions can help. Shoppers
frequently come in cars and out-of-town shopping centres or retail parks
can offer large, free car parks, example, Cribbs Causeway near Bristol,
Bluewater in Kent and the Trafford Centre in Manchester.
Advantages of out-of-town shopping centres
a) More accessible than city centres, which are often congested.
b) Large and free car parks.
c) Larger stores - meaning there is a good range of products benefiting
from economies of scale.
d) Indoor shopping malls - so not affected by the weather.
e) Purpose-built shopping and leisure experience with cafes, bowling
alleys and cinemas.
Disadvantages of out-of-town shopping centres
a) Create more traffic, especially at weekends and bank holidays.
b) City centres lose trade because people go to the out-of-town shopping
centres.
c) Harder for smaller shops and independent stores to be successful.
d) May not be as accessible to some members of the community, e.g., the
elderly.
TOPIC- URBAN SPRAWL
(1)
Many towns and cities are growing rapidly. With reference to
a named urban area which you have studied; describe the
problems in its rural-urban fringe which are being caused by
its growth. [7]
Name- London, UK
London is located in South East England on the River Thames. It is one
of the major cities in the world. Has a diverse population with different
cultures and beautiful visual beauty. Highly Increasing population over the
years. Urban sprawl taking place.
a) Edge of city called rural-urban fringe. Main expansion due to housing
developments, new industries and business districts.
b) Number of new homes given planning permission in London’s rural
fringe has tripled since 2013.
c) Increasing building in these areas due to housing pressure.
d) The growth outwards into these regions is known as urban sprawl and
has had several impacts on these arease) Extra cost to tax payer – public pay for infrastructure like roads and
water to allow buildings to develop.
f) Increased traffic – Cars used more often due as a result of more
people in these areas. Therefore, more traffic on roads, as well as more
air pollution and accidents.
g) Health issues- People travel by car which can have negative impacts
on health like high blood pressure. Air pollution can also have negative
impacts.
h) Environmental Issues – Sprawling cities consume land, displacing
animals and precious plants from their habitats.
i) New buildings, homes and transport facilities cause loss of land
j) Increased light pollution
k) Noise pollution
l) Traffic congestion and air pollution in once countryside areas
m) Impact on Social Lives – People in sprawling communities live far
from neighbours and relatives – can cause isolation
n) Increased cost of housing in earlier cheaper areas. Locals suffer loss
and feel pushed out.
o) Resentment between newcomers and locals.
p) Traffic in local areas.
(2)
The building of new housing, roads and services often results
in urban sprawl. Name an example of a town or city which
you have studied where urban sprawl has taken place.
Describe its effects on people and the natural environment.
[7]
Name- Atlanta
Atlanta is the capital city of Georgia state. It is the largest
metropolitan area in the Southeast of Asia. Its urban land expanded
47 percent between 1990 -1996. Experts believe that trends likely to
continue and population could double by 2050. Fastest growing
metropolitan city in USA. Population grown from 2 million in 1970 to
over 6 million in 2013. Recent growth in population caused by
newcomers from cities around the Great Lakes and north-east. Has
resulted in urban sprawl and expansion into rural areas.
This has had severe impacts on people and the natural environment.
a) Air and noise pollution – 4th worst in the US – 90% residents drive to
work- respiratory illnesses 9 bronchitis, asthma). Air quality- very
poor.
b) 50000km of roads in Atlanta. People experience 68 hours of delays
per year.
c) Water quality and quantity-Suburbs along Chattahoochee river
increase run off contaminating drinking water with pollutants. –
sanitation systems unable to cope. Over 1 million people use septic
tanks which mostly leak.
d) Increased water demand for industry and irrigation – uses excess
supplies and affects fishes and marine life.
e) Loss of green space and ecosystems-Between 1982 and 2002 – over
38% green space built on.125 hectares trees lost per day by
deforestation in city – destroy nature, ecosystems and destruct
nature cycles.
f) Agricultural land - Farmland bought up and replaced with shopping
malls – farmer’s life destroyed and livelihoods taken
g) Impermeable surfaces - Concrete and asphalt replacing soil means
water cannot drain - can cause flash floods and contamination
h) Cultural loss- Civil war battlefields around Atlanta- like the
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield in north – under danger
from suburban houses.
i) ‘Hotlanta’– concrete and removal of trees lead to heating effect and a
‘Heat Island’ over city– temperature 10 degrees higher than
countryside.
j) Traffic congestion and lack of affordable housing
k) Socioeconomic division between local people-Most sprawl in northwhite middle class suburbs developed. Inner city-less investment.
Most black population stay here.
(3) For a named town or city where urban sprawl has occurred,
describe how the land-use has changed in the area surrounding the
city. In all large urban areas, there have been changes in land use in
recent years. These include the development of: Road networks,
Residential areas, Industrial areas, Leisure and shopping facilities. [7)
TWO CASE STUDIES FOR THIS TOPIC AS OF NOW.
1st Case Study
Name- Monks Cross
Monks Cross is located 3km Northeast of York City Centre, UK, north of
A1036 Malton Road and inside York outer Ring Road. Its land use has
changed over the years.
a) Agricultural use - Prior to late 1990, it was rural in nature. Lies East
of Huntington, a free- standing village in the past, now being
absorbed by York’s eastern Urban sprawl. Area was mostly farmland,
had arable fields, gentle slopes and hedgerow boundaries.
b) Poorly drained areas near streams were used by livestock or nature –
Now most woods gone.
c) Brockfield Park is site of housing and development of Monks Cross.
d) Residential Use – New houses south of Huntington-like Geldof Road
e) Loss of green space due to development of Monks Cross
f) Recent Developments - Residential and Commercial Use–
Continued population growth led York to follow trend of
geographical expansion – urban sprawl
g) New housing and residential facilities like schools and clinics built in
Huntington as population increased by 3000 in 10 years. First phase
began in 1998, well known chain stores of goods and clothing opened
up. Accompanied by building fast food outlets, petrol stations,
roundabouts, car parks. Attractive in nature.
h) Vanguard Shopping Park, opened in 2014. Costs Euro 90 million.
Expanded to 31 outlets with 100,000 visitors in peak weeks.
i) Reorganising of existing stores done in 2016, to create large Primark.
(45,000 square feet)
j) At Present – Vanguarde shopping centre- 339,000 soft is among
highest ranked developments in UK. Shopping centre as the North’s
first flagship – John Lewis and the region’s largest M&S with 30,000
square feet Next and 1340 parking spaces. Illustrates a fascinating
Community Plaza for shoppers to relax, uses trees and plants to make
sure park is environmentally friendly and sustainable. The New York
Community stadium also provided an 8000- seat stadium for football
and rugby league, swimming pool and new cinemas.
2nd Case Study
Name- Barcelona, Spain
Barcelona, located on the Mediterranean coast, has many features typical of
a city, in Western Europe. Its traditional manufacturing industries have
been declining, and are being replaced by service industries and high-tech
industrial parks. Urban Sprawl is taking place.
a) Heritage remains – In the centre of city, part of medieval city remains,
with narrow streets, alleyways and small squares.
b) Area to south of medieval city is El Raval. It was the area where factories
and high-rise tenement blocks were constructed during Industrial
Revolution. Now, Improvement has taken place. During 19th century, city
grew with planned housing developments in gridding pattern. This
connected Barcelona to a nearby town (Gracia), which became part of
main city.
c) To north, on slopes of hills, number of big villas built in late 19th and
early 20th centuries. These formed a high-class residential zone.
d) Between 1945 and 1975, large areas of high-rise apartments were built
along major routeways and on edges of the city (La Mina) for migrants
from other parts of Spain wanting work in city.
e) In last 20 years, two events – the 1992 Olympic Games and Universal
Forum of Cultures 2004 – have led to huge changes. In the Poblenou
district, area of old manufacturing industry, an Olympic village was built
on an abandoned factory site. Remaining factories and workshops in
Poblenou district being changed into zone for new and better
technologies.
(4)
For a named example of a town or city in an MEDC which you
have studied, describe the problems which occur in the ruralurban fringe as a result of urban sprawl.
Name- Atlanta
 Atlanta is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeast of USA.
 Atlanta's urban land area expanded 47 percent between 1990 and
1996. These trends are likely to continue. Some experts believe that
the region's
 population could double by 2050.
 Fastest growing metropolitan city in USA. Population increase from
1.4m to over 5m in 36 years – results in urban
Sprawl (expanding into rural areas – RURAL-URBAN FRINGE)
Problems created
 Air + noise pollution is the 4th worst in the US – 90% of residents
drive to work respiratory illnesses are common (bronchitis, asthma
etc.)
 Suburbs along Chattahoochee river increase run-off and contaminate
drinking water septic tanks are necessary
 Farmland has been bought up and replaced with shopping malls etc.
– farmers’ livelihoods taken
 125 hectares of trees are lost per day by deforestation in the city
Solutions
 Steps are being taken in response to the environmental problems
created by rapid growth in the state. For example: The Georgia
General Assembly established the Georgia Regional Transportation
Authority in 1999 to oversee transportation and land use in the
metropolitan Atlanta region.
 Georgia's Community Green Space Program is designed ultimately to
protect 20 percent of Georgia's land as greenspace.
 Atlanta has begun to promote "smart growth" projects in which
homes and businesses would be within walking distance of one
another.
 In addition, residents are starting to move back inside the city limits.
The 2000 census shows that population densities are rising, and the
actual city of Atlanta reversed its long population decline by adding
22,000 people during the 1990s.
(5)
For a named urban area, describe the impacts of its growth on
the environment.
Name-Atlanta
Atlanta is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeast of USA.
a) Atlanta’s urban land area expanded 47 percent between 1990 and
1996. These trends are likely to continue. Some experts believe that
region’s population could double by 2050.
b) It is the fastest growing metropolitan city in USA.
c) Population increase from 1.4m to over 5m in 36 years – results in
urban
d) sprawl (expanding into rural areas – RURAL-URBAN FRINGE).
Impact on the environment due to its growth.
This sprawl development of the region has come at the expense of habitat
integrity and poses complex environmental conservation issues for the
metro Atlanta counties.
a) Air and Noise pollution is the 4th worst in the US due to 90% of
residents driving to work as a result of urbanization and this makes
the respiratory illnesses more common (bronchitis, asthma etc.)
b) Suburbs along Chattahoochee river increased run-off and
contaminated drinking water.
c) Farmers’ lost their livelihoods as the farmlands were bought up and
replaced with shopping malls, etc.
d) Due to urban growth 125 hectares of trees are lost per day by
deforestation in the city.
e) Concrete and asphalt mean that surface water cannot drain away,
with new bridges and roads being built this increases the chance of
flash floods and contamination.
f) The deforestation and loss of vegetation, coupled with increased
pavement and rooftops, creates a "heat island" effect (temperatures
can be up to twelve degrees higher in heavily paved areas of Atlanta)
and contributes to the region's air pollution problems as well.
TOPIC- TRAFFIC CONGESTION
(1)
In many towns and cities there have been changes in
shopping facilities in recent years. Describe one recent
change in shopping facilities in a named town or city which
you have studied. Describe the advantages and
disadvantages of this change for the people who live in the
town or city.
Name- Trafford Centre in Manchester.
Out-of-town shopping
As suggested in the question, there has been significant changes in
shopping facilities in recent years which include out of town shopping and
internet shopping. The following text discusses more about out- of- town
shopping.
In order to sell goods, shops need to be located where people can get to
them easily. They need a large sphere of influence that guarantees a steady
flow of customers and increasing profit. Building large shopping centres
near good transport routes and motorway junctions can help. Shoppers
frequently come in cars and out-of-town shopping centres or retail parks
can offer large, free car parks, example, Cribbs Causeway near Bristol,
Bluewater in Kent and the Trafford Centre in Manchester.
Advantages of out-of-town shopping centres
f) More accessible than city centres, which are often congested.
g) Large and free car parks.
h) Larger stores - meaning there is a good range of products benefiting
from economies of scale.
i) Indoor shopping malls - so not affected by the weather.
j) Purpose-built shopping and leisure experience with cafes, bowling
alleys and cinemas.
Disadvantages of out-of-town shopping centres
e) Create more traffic, especially at weekends and bank holidays.
f) City centres lose trade because people go to the out-of-town shopping
centres.
g) Harder for smaller shops and independent stores to be successful.
h) May not be as accessible to some members of the community, e.g., the
elderly.
(2)
Name an urban area which you have studied where there is
traffic congestion in and around the Central Business District
(CBD). Describe the attempts which have been made to solve
the problem.
Name- London
London in the UK has tried a number of different things to reduce the
problems of congestion. They include:
a) Congestion charge: Drivers are now charged to drive into the centre of
London. The charge is about $15 a day. The idea is to encourage people
from cars and onto public transport.
b) Barclays bike hire and bike lanes and work showers: There is now a bike
hire scheme in London sponsored by the bank Barclays. People can now
borrow bikes for a short period at minimal cost. Bike lanes are being
create using bikes cheaper and workplaces have been encouraged to
install showers, so people can cycle to work and wash when they get
there.
c) Reintroduction of trams: Trams which are like buses that run on train
tracks in the road have been reintroduced to South London. Trams were
an early form of public transport common in most British cities.
Unfortunately, most were removed as car ownership increased. They
are environmentally good because they run on electricity and don’t
release greenhouse gases.
d) Extension of the underground: New lines have been recently built or
upgraded. The Jubilee Line was the latest big extension which goes from
Central London out to East London (near the site of the 2012 Olympic
Games).
e) Pedestrianisation: Some areas of London including the north side of
Trafalgar Square, Leicester Square and much of Covent Garden have
been pedestrianised to make it safer for people walking and to
discourage car use. Pedestrianisation means removing cars from the
roads and making them walking only areas.
f) Improved rail links (Crossrail and East London Overground and
Docklands Light Railway): London is currently undertaking one of the
biggest engineering projects in Europe by building a railway from east
to west London under the city. This railway will decrease travel times
and is called Crossrail. London is also improving or extending railways
in the East of London near the site of the Olympics.
g) Bus lanes and priority traffic lights: The number of buses has been
increased and old ones renewed. Also, some bus lanes have been created
to avoid the traffic lights and also bus lanes are given priority at lights.
h) Park and ride: This system is not used widely at the moment but will be
used a lot during the Olympics. Car parks will be built on the edge of
London next to train stations and bus routes. People will then park their
cars on the edge and transfer to public transport to reduce traffic.
i) Re-urbanisation: This means the movement of people back in the centre
of urban areas (near the CBD). By encouraging people back into the
centre then commuter times and traffic jams should decrease.
TOPIC- SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS
(1) Another urban problem is the growth of squatter
settlements. Name a city in an LEDC and describe what has been
done to improve the quality of life for the people who live in
squatter settlements there. [7] (same location as in c))
Name- Kibera Shanty Town in Nairobi, Kenya
Kibera is the largest slum in the whole of Africa and is situated on the
outskirts of Nairobi, Kenya. It is home to around 1 million people, out
of which 100,000 are orphaned children and under age of 18. It does
not have sewers and has extremely poor levels of sanitation. Disease
is one of the main killers in Kibera due to terrible levels of dirt and
filth. On an average, 60% of Nairobi lives in slums and 30% of those
live in Kibera.
Attempts made to improve the quality of life of the people living in
Kibera are as follows-
a) Practical Action- A British Charity – helping in low-cost roofing
tiles made from sand and clay and adding lime and natural
fibre to soil to create blocks used for building which are
cheaper than concrete. Allows self-help schemes to progress.
b) United Nations’ Human Settlement Programme (UN Habitat) –
provided electricity to some parts of the slum at 300 Kenyan
Shillings per Shack.
c) Two main waterpipes-one by the council and another by the
World Bank – at a cost of 3 Kenyan Shillings per 20 litres.
d) Charities like Red Cross – supporting in improving sanitation.
e) Gap Year students – encouraged to visit Kibera and help
coordinate efforts.
f) A 15-year project began in 2003- to rehouse thousands of
residents of Kibera. -700 families rehoused in flats with water,
toilets, showers and electricity in the first year.
g) 2003- Kenyan government and United Nations Agency, also
known as UN Habitat signed a memorandum- led to Kenya
Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) – aim to improve
infrastructure and housing of 5 million slum dwellers in Kenya
and other areas of Sub-Saharan Africa by 2020.
h) Some shacks replaced with modern-high rise buildings.
Apartments inside are facilitated with water, sanitation and
electricity- Flagship of KENSUP in Kibera is a number of
concrete buildings called “The Promised Land” by local
residents.
i) Proper flats reduce crime. Gives people pride in themselves.
Will be available at very low process for the slum dwellers.
Funded by – Government, charities, loans
j) NGOs like Maji na Ufanisi making inroads to improve
infrastructure and transport.
k) Farmers of Kibera countering the challenge of food insecurity
with an unusual form of urban farming- sack gardens. Use
series of sacks that are filled with manure, soil and small stones
to grow kale, spinach, onions, tomatoes, vegetables and
arrowroot.
(2) In many LEDCs squatter settlements have grown up. For a named
example of an LEDC city, describe the main features of one of its
squatter settlements. [7] (same location as in b)
Name- Kibera Shanty Town in Nairobi, Kenya
Kibera is the largest slum in the whole of Africa and is situated on the
outskirts of Nairobi, Kenya. It is home to between 800,000 and 1
million people, out of which 100,000 are orphaned children and
under the age of 18. It does not have sewers and has extremely poor
levels of sanitation. Disease is one of the main killers in Kibera due to
terrible levels of dirt and filth. Kibera divided into 13 villages and two
estates. Neighbourhood of Kibera divided into many villages like
Kianda, Soweto East, Laini Saba and Mashimoni. On an average, 60%
of Nairobi lives in slums and 30% of those live in Kibera. The main
features are –
a) As an estimate, there is only 2 metres squared per person.
b) Over 100,000 children orphaned due to HIV/AIDS
c) Flying toilet idea (Idea of collecting human faeces in plastic bag
due to lack of toilets) against basic human needs
d) 1 fifth of people- lack toilets, showers, running water and
electricity – Many only have 1 of these things.
e) Most people earn less than $1 per day. Unemployment rates
are high.
f) Crime is widespread. Assault and rape common.
g) Area is around 255 Ha (around size of 255 football pitches)
h) High population density
i) Houses made from any available material – (Corrugated iron,
wood, card board)
j) Paths between houses are irregular, narrow and usually have
ditches running down the middle that have sewage in them
k) One pipe generally provides 40 inhabitants. Private companies
own hosepipes which leads them to charge double than
standard rate for water.
l) Very few schools – very few people able to afford education
and healthcare. Most people have no access to basic services.
m) Rubbish scattered on the floor as not collected. Area is smelly
due to open litter and human waste.
n) Community service is there – individual homes are kept clean
and local people welcome visitors.
TOPIC: CORAL REEFS
(1)
A) For a named area of coral reef which you have studied,
describe the conditions which led to its formation.
&
B) The problems in a coral reef and their solutions.
PLEASE NOTE THAT THE B) QUESTION ON CORAL REEFS
HASN’T BEEN ASSIGNED BY MA’AM. HOWEVER, IT IS A VITAL
QUESTION AND THUS HAS BEEN INCLUDED.
Name - Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef
system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs
stretching for over 2,300 kilometres. The reef is located
in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.
The Great Barrier Reef is a barrier reef, which borders
along the coast, separated from Australia by a lagoon of
open water. Since 2014, Cairns, Port Douglas and the
Whitsundays have remained the highest use areas for
marine tourism.
FORMATION
a) Great Barrier Reef: Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions. Central
and shield volcanoes erupted and basalt flows took place. Some of these
volcanoes became high islands. After the Coral Sea Basin formed, coral
reefs began to grow in the Basin.
b) The Great Barrier Reef's development history is complex:
 After Queensland drifted into tropical waters, it was influenced by reef
growth and then decline as sea level changed. When Queensland edged
into tropical waters 24 million years ago, some coral grew, but a
sedimentation started with erosion of the Great Dividing Range. This
created unsuitable conditions for coral growth as salinity was above the
required limit.
c) Coral polyps: Help make reefs. Coral reefs form when pre-existing reefs
release a burst of larva into the water.
PROCESS (Coral polyps):

Free-swimming coral larvae attach to submerged rocks or other hard
surfaces along the edges of islands or continents.
 The larva will drift until they hit a hard surface such as submerged
rocks, or edges of islands.
 As the corals grow and expand, reefs take on one of three major
characteristic structures — fringing, barrier or atoll.
B) PROBLEMS:
As is the case for most coral reefs, the main threat is global warming. Coral growth
here has declined more in recent years that at any time over the past 400 years. If sea
temperatures rise, bleaching could decimate the coral. Deposition of sediment and
pollution from the run off of pesticides, fertilizers and detergents from the land are
also causing problems. In terms of wildlife, two species in particular are causing
concern. Loggerhead turtle numbers have fallen by 90 per cent in the past 50 years,
many getting caught in fishing nets. Dugongs (a large marine mammal) have fared
even worse, declining by 97 per cent over the same period, also the victim of fishing
nets, but also through hunting or being hit by boats.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
The main threat is global warming.
Biodiversity affected
If sea temperatures rise, bleaching could destroy the coral.
Deposition of sediment and pollution from the run off of
pesticides etc.  increases salinity and sedimentation.
Toxicants are released from many urban activities and
products.
Rubbish thrown by people.
Boat/ship anchor damaging corals
Tourists take coral as a souvenir.
SOLUTIONS:
a) Having special diving zones
b) Giving the divers a lesson before entering the coral reef.
(awareness and education)
c) A little port is situated 50 meters from the coral reef so
that the big boats can be there and then the tourists go to
the reef in rowing boats.
d) Only certain boats companies can go there.
e) The Australian government has declared a large part of
the reef as protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park,
which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing
and tourism.
f) The Marine Park Authority gives out permits for fishing,
diving and more and has boats patrol the area to prevent
illegal activity.
g) Tourists are not allowed in certain sensitive areas.
h) Fines of up to US$ 1 million can be forced on companies
that pollute the ecosystem.
TOPIC: THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT + COASTS
(1) An earthquake is an example of a natural hazard. Choose an
example of one of the Following: a tropical storm, a drought.
For a named area, describe the causes and effects of your
chosen hazard.
Name- Kenya, Africa
Acute drought conditions are severely affecting over 11 million
people in the horn of Africa in countries like Somalia, Kenya and
Ethiopia. This has created conditions for famine and mass
displacement.
Some causes of droughts are:
a) Severe shortage of water in a particular location. A lack of water in
stores such as rivers and lakes can lead to a drought.
b) its dependence on rainfall for its economic and social
development. Agriculture, the mainstay of the economy, is almost
entirely rain-fed. Water for human consumption and other uses is
derived from rivers whose recharge depends on rainfall.
c) Deforestation. People do not understand that without trees there
would not be any rain which means no farming hence drought and
famine. Cutting down trees for fuel, firewood or charcoal, is one of
the biggest reasons why there is no rain in many parts of the country.
This continues even after the government has made other sources of
energy such as gas more affordable. Deforestation leads to less water
being stored in the soil. So, the land dries out quicker.
d) Due to growth in population on most areas of the country, people
have encroached on wet areas and forests to create space for living.
This leads to drying out of the water bodies or wetlands as people
bring in concrete and other solid construction material that isn't so
good at conserving wetlands.
e) There is a need to regulate population growth in the country since it has
led to overuse of many resources that affect the climate of the country.
There is more need for water now and more rivers, dams and even lakes
are being drained out rapidly. However, since a lot of the areas are
already affected by drought, these sources of water do not recover in
time hence leading to a more severe drought.
Some effects are of droughts are
f) Farmers may lose money if a drought destroys their crops. and
livestock- more than half cattle dead latest drought. Lack of food and
drinking water for wild animals- diseases. Cattle get thinner. May
have to slaughter their own cattle for food.
g) In Kenya an estimation of 2.7 million people will require relief
assistance; the areas most affected are the north-west and the areas
along the coast. Loss of human life- 2.1 million starvation.
h) The country is highly reliant on hydro- energy (17%) and when drought
strikes, the dams end up not having adequate water to produce power.
This leads to power rationing and increased bills with prices rising from
2.85 shillings to 3.52 shillings
i) Many of the people leaving in areas affected by drought are pastoralists
but due to the climatic conditions, they end up migrating a lot more and
hardly ever get back to their homes. This causes families to separate
Because of all the migration, children also do not get a good education
since they have to move to look for pasture and water for animals and
themselves. This causes disorientation of children and they are unable
to progress beyond the situation that they find themselves. Other
affected parties are women and the elderly who are left at homes and
are forced to fend for themselves and their young children. Causes
stress, anxiety and an overall unhealthy psychological state
j) Wind and water erosion. Deforestation and overgrazing of pasturesdesertification
2. Coastal features formation
Jurassic coast: In the English Channel coast of southern England. It
stretches from Exmouth in East Devon to Studland Bay in Dorset, a distance
of about 96 miles. Through its geology, cliffs, arches, stacks and stumps the
coast represents 185 million years of the Earth’s history. Prevailing wind
direction- south- west and east north east.
Its coastline has examples of many erosional and depositional landforms. The coastline is
marine erosion dominant. For example:

Swanage is an example of a headland and bay.



Old Harry Rocks is an example of caves, stacks and stumps
at Chesil Beach there is a bar
Swanage Bay
The area around Swanage is made up of bands of hard and soft rock. The soft rock is made
of clay and sands, and the hard rock is chalk and limestone. The bands of soft rock erode
more quickly than those of the more resistant hard rock leaving a section of land jutting out
into the sea, called a headland. The areas where the soft rock has eroded away, next to the
headland, are called bays. A beach is formed here. This process created Swanage Bay,
Studland Bay Ballard Point and Durlston Head. Coastlines where the geology alternates
between bands of hard and soft rock which are perpendicular to the shore are called
discordant coastlines and Jurassic Coastline is an example of this.
Lulworth Cove, Dorset
Old Harry Rocks
Old Harry Rocks are located on the headland between Swanage and Studland Bay. The cliffs
are eroded when waves undercut the land causing the rock above to collapse. Caves are
formed where cracks in the chalk are expanded due to hydraulic action. Caves can open up
through the cliff to form arches, and the collapse of arches results in stacks The headland of
the Dorset Coast is made out of chalk, a hard rock. The headland juts out into the sea, so it is
more vulnerable to high-energy waves. This caused the formation of Old Harry, a stack. Over
time Old Harry will collapse to form a stump.
Chesil Beach
Chesil Beach is an example of a shingle beach. Chesil Beach is 18 miles (28 kilometres) long.
It is a pebble and shingle tombolo connecting Portland to Abbotsbury and then continuing
north-westwards to West Bay near Bridport. It is the largest tombolo in the UK. It initially
formed from predominantly sandy deposits in Lyme Bay as water levels rose rapidly at the
end of the last ice age 20,000-14,000 years ago. These deposits were eroded and the sand and
gravel driven onshore as a barrier beach. As the barrier beach was driven further east by
rising sea levels it overrode existing sediments and the Fleet (marsh) was formed starting
about 7000 years ago. Sea levels stabilised 4000-5000 years ago and at that time Chesil
Beach stood close to its present position. It was predominantly sandy with layers of shell and
coarser material indicating over-washing by the sea. Now Chesil Beach must now be
regarded as a closed shingle system with no replenishment from outside.
2. Concordant coastline
3. Resistant Limestone coastline
4. Seaward dip
5. Folding
6. Discordant coastal features
7. Clay coastline unconsolidated. not resistant)
8. Natural Arch
9. Sedimentary chalk headland
10. Stack & stump sequence
11. Jointing
12. Cliff formation
13. Rockfall at St Oswalds bay
Located on the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site (awarded by
UNESCO in 2001)
Mouth of the cover has strong seaward dipping Portland limestones
Easier to erode Wealden sediment (deposited c.124 million years ago)
around can be found either side of the bay.
Steeply dipping chalk forms that back of the cove (73 million years ago)
Sea eroded through limestone creating a cave through which you can
see the Lulworth crumple, an excellent
example of folding (limestone and shale strata folded due to African and
European Plate colliding 30
million years ago)
At Kimmeridge Bay, unconsolidated Kimmeridge Clay (exposed at low
tides) erodes easily
Comprised of layers of mudstones, thin shales and resistant yellowbrown dolomites
Natural arch (Durdle door) hard Portland Limetone exploited by erosion
of weaknesses between vertical
layers of rock
Wealden beds behind more easily eroded
The Foreland is a sedimentary chalk headland, South of Studland
Erosion and weathering (chalk is a limestone vulnerable to weathering)
formed features including Old Harry a stack , as well as a cave, arch and other features.
Durlston Head - made of Portland and Purback limetone. Created steep
cliffs (e.g Peveril Point)
The limestone is jointed, and so is more easily exploited
3.
Hazards of a coast.
i) Lyme Regis is a town in West Dorset, England. It lies at Lyme Bay on the
English Channel coast and the Dorset Devon border. The cliffs of Lyme
Regis are unstable and especially open to landslides and slumps. Many
properties have already been destroyed or damaged due to the
foreshore erosion over the years. Coastal erosion with longshore drift with
a fetch of 5000 km is a huge factor in increasing landslide and rockfall
hazards as there is very little protection along the beach.
j) There are many landslides where waves are undercutting the cliff.
Landslides induce mudslides. Mudslides present dangers of soft mud (like
quicksand) into which people can become stuck. Lyme Regis lies on
slipped land that is made up of unstable soft clays and sands which
move over stronger limestone and clay rocks. The limestone and clay
rocks slope down towards the sea, making it easier to slip and cause
landslides. More than 20 people have been killed and many more have
been injured by landslides here. Particular danger in Black Ven Spittle
`
Complex. Coastal erosion and foreshore lowering (The area
between the high tide and the low tide mark is decreasing) have
.
made the area more prone to landslides
k) Tide problems can occur near Lyme Regis. The beach route from Lyme
Regis to Charmouth can be hazardous on a rising tide, and about 400
people accidentally drown every year here. High tides here are more
than 3m high, and are rough.
l) Rockfalls happen frequently, especially after severe weather. Geologically
this is mostly due to erosion from the sea or the weather, but it can be
down to hard engineering too close to the cliff edge, where excess
weight destabilises the rock structure and cause it more strain. There
have been a number of significant rock falls over the past year(2020),
with sections of cliff falling down at Hive Beach, West Bay and between
Seatown and Eype. Sections as high as 300m can fall without a warning
almost every month.
TOPIC: VOLCANOES
(1)
Volcanic eruptions are another natural hazard. For a named
example of a volcanic eruption which you have studied,
describe its effects. [7]
Name- Soufrière Hills, Montserrat
Montserrat is a small island in the Caribbean. It is a British Overseas
Territory. In 1995, the Soufrière Hills volcano, became active after
almost 400 years. In 1996, it erupted and continued its activity till
1997. Even after great damage people continue to live in Montserrat.
 Positive effects (Any 3 or 4):
a) There was much and better redevelopment with facilities such as
football stadiums, a school for hazard studies, a new airstrip etc.
now in Montserrat.
b) There was a short- term requirement for labour which led to the
rise in population too.
c) There was a short- term population boom in the early 2000s in
the country.
d) There was a sudden surge in the number of tourists to visit the
“Modern- Day Pompeii” thus kickstarting the economy. (though
now the economy isn’t good)
e) Development of better volcanic activity monitoring systems.
 Negative effects (Any 4 or 5):
a) 2/3rd of the settlement including the largest settlement Plymouth
was covered in ash and had to be abandoned. All the public
services had to be shifted from the south to the north of the
country.
b) Much of the agricultural land was destroyed.
c) Damage to infrastructure through both the eruption and fires.
(fire is a secondary effect)
d) Healthcare and sewage systems affected due to instability.
e) Respiratory diseases increased due to an increase in the
percentage of harmful gases and ash.
f) Acid rain caused further damage.
By 2009, the short- term gains had vanished and now Montserrat,
an LEDC, is in a precarious situation with its aids from both the US
and the UK dried up and its tourist industry in a continuous
decline.
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1. An area where economic development is taking place causing
the environment to be at risk. (any kind of economic activity)
Name- Lesotho Highlands
Water activity is in the East, where areas right near the coast have over
1000mm of rainfall
Description of economic activity
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
growing 5% annually
75% are subsistence farmers
15% unemployment
45km Katse Dam
South Africa pays Lesotho £20m a year and is royalty based, but has lots
of corruption where large companies have offered bribes
plan to build more dams as the Mohave Dam was successful
costs about $8bn, important assistant from the World Bank
uses HEP to generate more money
tourists visit the Katse Gardens, where people can learn about the 140
species along the Senqu river and stay in the Katse Lodge, overlooking
the water
Ways at which the environment is at risk - local
a) houses in 7 villages by the Katse Dam in the reservoir were damaged by
an earthquake
b) tremors have been created due to increase in water pressure
c) Ash river upstream from the Katse Dam has its biodiversity affected e.g
water levels too low for the Maluti Minow fish.
d) Of the 175 species of medicinal plants growing in the flooded area—
many were wiped out completely.
e) LWHP moved communities and 2000 households, and 100ha arable land
was lost
f) the dam threatened the important alpine flau of the Lesotho Highlands.
g) Loss of trees Vulnerable to drought: water not used
to irrigate their fields
h)
Loss of life and animals through drowning bridge collapsing
solutions to manage the risk
a) 20ha of Katse Botanical gardens, established in 1995 to reserve 150
species
b) the Katse Botanical gardens try to promote enjoyment and knowledge of
the alpine flat
c) the garden has a unique collection representing the dry Senqu River
vegetation
d) the environment unit coordinated programmes on natural resource
management e.g., areas of archaeology, flora and fauna
e) promoting sustainability by stopping communities using these
resources
f) fish numbers are being monitored
TOPIC: WATER
1. Reliable Water supply in a country or area
Name- The Marunda project
Jakarta in Indonesia has a rapidly growing population and water companies do not have the
resources to supply reliable and safe water to everyone. Only 42% people have access to
piped water. A large proportion of the population are drinking contaminated water and are
vulnerable to disease. In addition, salt water is also contaminating groundwater, which is
making the problem worse. This is a particular problem in shanty towns such as Marunda.
Marunda lacks basic services such as water supply, sanitation and electricity. People there
have a poor standard of living and a low quality of life. Conditions are crowded and disease
spreads easily, contributing to low life expectancy and high infant mortality rates.In the past,
people have relied on water from tankers or street sellers who charged high prices.
The Jakarta city authorities tried to invest in basic services but there was a lack of funding.
They then sought investment from abroad. In 1999, Thames Water began a £60,000 project to
bring piped water to Marunda. The project involved local people from the early stages to
ensure that their needs would be met appropriately and that the project was sustainable.It
allowed the poorest households to pay the connection fee in 12 monthly instalments through
the water bill
By the year 2000, over 1,600 homes in Marunda had piped water. Water can now be obtained
more cheaply, allowing money to be spent on food, clothes and education which is vital for
the country's long-term prospects. There have also been health benefits because the risk of
disease from contaminated water has been reduced.
This scheme was a success as it was sustainable and worked with the people to meet their
needs.
2. Impacts of water shortages
Name- Kenya
Similar to many African countries, parts of Ethiopia face water shortages,
poor sanitation, and a lack of access to clean water sources. Ethiopia is
located in Africa's Horn where drought and politics are two leading causes
of water shortage.
Impacts:
a) Education hampered- many Ethiopian children, especially girls, face
problems with school. Statistically only 45% of kids attend primary
school. The others are put to work collecting water each morning and
helping their families earn money. The ability for Ethiopia’s
economy to recover or even make
progress is directly related to an educated population, if the
population is not becoming more
educated, then Ethiopia has no hope in a better future.
b) Poverty in Ethiopia has turned into an overwhelming effect of
the water crisis. As mentioned, there is 85 percent of the
population living in rural areas and virtually everyone in these
areas maintains a lifestyle directly intertwined with the droughtstricken agricultural sector.
c) The country is highly reliant on hydro- energy (17%) and when
drought strikes, the dams end up not having adequate water to
produce power. This leads to power rationing and increased bills
with prices rising from 2.85 shillings to 3.52 shillings
d) having access to water could be just as detrimental.
Water quality and sanitation in Ethiopia is an effect of the water
crisis that causes multiple
complications in a variety of ways. The biggest problems relate
to disease and sickness. Diseases sucha s cholera, skin infections,
shigella, dysentery and worm- based infections.
e) Farmers may lose money if a drought destroys their crops. and
livestock- more than half cattle dead latest drought. Lack of food and
drinking water for wild animals- diseases. Cattle get thinner. May
have to slaughter their own cattle for food.
3. Water supply in country
TOPIC: ENERGY
(1)
Energy supply in a country or area (Firewood,
hydroelectricity, tidal, solar, wind, thermal, geothermal,
nuclear)
Name: Germany
Location of the largest power stations: river Ems, river coast Elbe and the
river Neckar
a)
they are located next to rivers, coasts and coalfields. This saves
transport costs in coalfields as the resource is nearby. Rivers
supply cooling water and can also transport coal. They are near
coasts to release air pollution away from settlements. The land
there is large and flat for construction.
Germany’s energy consumption
a) largest consumer of electricity in Europe
b) main sources of non- renewable power production are brown coal
(17%), nuclear (12.5%) and gas (8%), which are non-renewable.
c) Renewable energy- The world's third country by installed total wind
power capacity, 64 GW in 2021
how Germany produces energy
- coal fired power stations e.g., Schwarze Pumpe Power Station
•uses brown coal (lignite) mined in East Germany using
open cast method
•bituminous coal is also imported cheaply from abroad
e.g., to Brokdorf
- Wind power made up 27% of total generation, and solar made up
10.5%. Biomass made up 9.7%, and hydro power made up 3.8%
- 27% of the energy produced in Germany comes from wind turbines
located both on shore and off-shore (in the North Sea and Baltic Sea).
More than 21,607 wind turbines are located in the German federal
area and the country has plans to build more.
- Biomass used for the production of biogas and biofuels are some of
Germany's most important sources of renewable energy.
-
a) The government fostered the production of onshore wind energy, as
technical challenges prevented off-shore farms. The onshore farms were
recognised as a cheap form of renewable energy, which does not
contribute to air pollution, global warming or acid rain.
b) In 2010, biomass accounted for 30% of renewable electricity generation
and for 70% of all renewable energy
c) Hydropower meets 3.8% of the electricity demand
d)
•advantages
•nuclear disasters avoided
•security of nuclear weapons decreased
•disadvantages
•electricity relies on neighbouring countries
•releases more emissions
•2020 ends nuclear power, investing in renewables
•Germany might be able to get all its electricity from renewable
sources by 2050
wind turbines in the Black Forest
•employs 300,000 jobs in renewable energy
•Black Forest provides biomass and its height is suitable for wind
turbine.
 nuclear power station
a) Isar 2 Nuclear power plant, 15km away from Landshut
b) it produces 15% of Bavarian electricity
advantages
a)
b)
c)
d)
very little uranium needed to make lots
no greenhouse gases mean no acid rain
highly regulated
no global warming
disadvantages
a) decommissioning costs are very high
b) security as it can be used as weapons
c) capital costs are very high
d) radioactive waste is hard to dispose
e) large disasters could happen
Case study
Location-Mali, africa, at the west side of the sahara.
facts:
- About 80% of the families in Mali use fuel wood and charcoal.
- 13 million of hectares were lost by 2005 but the country is losing
around 100,000 hectares of forest a year for fuelwood, making it
easier to wind and water to carry out soil erosion which would
eventually make the area into a desert.
- Cheaper than other sources of energy cost $7 a bag of fuel wood
for a whole month.
- No fossil fuels in the country.
- To deal with the problem, the government in 2011 launched a fiveyear programme to reduce dependence on fuel wood, in an attempt
to protect the country against ongoing climate change and get rid of
the air pollution generated by the smoke of the burning woods, with
the help of other countries.
How it affects peoples lives
people in Mali are being affected by fuel wood in positive and
negative ways:
positive: People wouldn't be able to have any kind of energy as they
don't have the money to pay the electricity builds, so they need a
cheap kind of energy that also easy to acquire. people can use this
kind of fuel to provide heat in cold nights and a fire to cook their
food or any other basic need for living.
negative: The negative aspects of this source of energy is that it
causes lots of indoor pollution (air pollution inside houses),
generating lots of lung problems to kids or even adults. people have
to waste time going to cut down the trees from the forest and
bringing them to their home, this affects their personal life as they
have less time to do their homeworks, jobs, etc. also this kind of
energy is a non-renewable energy meaning it can only be used once,
so people will always have to cut down trees to get this kind of
energy.
TOPIC: DEVELOPMENT
(1)
A transnational corporation and its global links.
Name- Walmart
a) operates discount department and warehouse stores
b) total $500 bn revenue and $20 bn profit
c) employs 2 million people in 11,000 different outlets in 28 countries
d) operates under different names e.g., ASDA in the UK and Seiyu in
Japan
e) world’s biggest retailer
f) 130 million shop each week
g) global links
h) it was set up in Arkansas, with rapid growth in the USA and was
first abroad in Mexico
•expanded to China, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan and Britain in the 90’s
•it has 500 ASDA stores in the UK, employing 175,000 people
•African countries for cheap production
•China is its largest producer, shipping $18 billion to the USA in 2011
•finds its cheapest labour in Bangladesh
TOPIC: INDUSTRY
2.An industrial zone or factory
(locational factors, role in country’s economy, impact on
environment)
Name- International Industrial Business Zone, Bangalore
a)
b)
c)
d)
located in the SE of India, and is known as the ‘Silicon Valley’ of India
has a wet season monsoon with a tropical savannah climate
generally flat land, especially at West at the Mysore Plateau
temperature between 36 and 16 degrees, and is 900m above sea
level
e) population of 9.6 million - x4 in only 30 years
How factors have influenced:
 scale of production
a)
very flat land - the city is surrounded by mountains West and North
b)
received large-scale foreign investment in high technology when
Texas Instruments chose the city
c)
land allows room for expansion, with 25 companies close around the
International Industrial Business Zone
d)
located as there is a high number of skilled ICT staff, with 80 million
speaking English
e)
International Tech. Park was assisted by Singapore
f)
cheaper labour means quick expansion was enabled from foreign
outsourcing companies
Benefits of the growth of Bangalore’s industry
a) increasing employment rate 10% annually in these technological
centres as India is attractive due to its cheap labour and tax breaks
b) more jobs are being created due to outsourcing, improving wealth
(13.6% increase yearly)
c) 20% rental value increase in the first quarter of 2013, contributing to
34% of the GDP
d) changed its skyline, with new skyscrapers e.g., UB Tower 120m,
attracting westerners.
e) led to an increase demand in apartments, in Whitefield and
Electronic City
Negatives of the growth of Bangalore’s industry
a) •draws many from the countryside to the city - 60% population
increase in the last decade
b) •20% rental value increase in the first quarter of 2013, forcing some
to live in slums
c) •the ‘Dalits’ (untouchables), are still discriminated against
d) •5 million vehicles block roads and cause traffic jams due to its
poorly laid out roads
e) •large garbage problem - generates 3000 tonnes of solid waste but
only 1/3 is composted
f) •clean sanitation water isn't still completely in place as 43% live in
multidimensional poverty
b)FACTORS ATTRACTING MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY.
CASE STUDY: NIKE manufacturing in Indonesia
Nike trainers and clothes are sold and worn throughout the
world. Nike is a typical transnational corporation (TNC). Its
headquarters are in the USA, where all the major decisions and
research take place, yet its sports shoes are manufactured in many
countries around the world.
Nike’s main activities are in South-East Asia, and up until recently it
manufactured many of its trainers in South Korea. In the late 1980’s
labour costs in South Korea rose, so Nike decided to move its
manufacturing units to Indonesia where costs were lower. Nike
employs 171,000 employees across several manufacturing factories in
Indonesia including factories in its capital Jakarta.
Why is Indonesia an ideal location for Nike’s manufacturing
industry?
– Cheap labour costs (workers in Indonesia will work for relatively
low pay). Even with its minimum wage policy, that minimum wage (then)
was low enough to become an attractive incentive rather than a turnoff in
their cost calculations. Nike found labour in almost inexhaustible supply
especially in poor urban areas around the island of Java. The typical cost
is $3.50 per day.
– Easy transport to large markets in Asia (Malaysia, China, Japan and
India.) Major ports and harbours include Bitung, Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta,
Kupang, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, and Makassar. They ship the
export products all over the world. Jakarta's Soekarno–Hatta International
Airport serves as the country's main air transportation hub.
– Flat land in Jakarta and other locations such as Bandung & West
Java to build large factories
– Raw materials Rubber needed for trainers available in Indonesia and
cotton needed for textiles is available from other Asian countries
near-by such as India, China, Malaysia and Thailand. Polyester easily
imported from China and India. EVA foam imported from China.
Synthetic leather imported from China and Taiwan.
– Government incentives- The government of Indonesia has made it
easier for large TNCs to set up in Indonesia , by offering grants to set
up in locations with high unemployment. The government wants
labour- intensive companies to invest in Indonesia. Nike is a
labour- intensive and has, therefore, many incentives, such as:
ease of licensing, provision of supporting infrastructure, guarantee of
energy availability, guarantee of availability of raw materials, immigration,
employment. Tax incentives include:


Reduction of import duty tariffs
Tax Allowance

Investment Allowance
c) FACTORS LEADING TO THE GROWTH OF A
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Name- Textile industry in Maharashtra.
Maharashtra accounts for about 65 million kg of cotton production. Textile
industry of the State holds a strategic importance in the country as it is the
single largest employer and contributes around 27% of India's total
exports. Also, the state accounts for 10.2 per cent of the country's
employment in the sector. It produces 12 per cent of India's total cotton
yarn production. Major Indian textile brands such as Raymond’s, Bombay
Dyeing and Siyaram Mills have their manufacturing units in Maharashtra.
1.Location of port facilities for the export of finished goods in Mumbai. The two
key ports – Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT), and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
(JNPT) collectively account for 22 per cent of the total traffic handled at 13
major ports across the country.
2. Mumbai is well connected through rail and road links with cotton
growing areas in Maharashtra such as Aurangabad, Amravati, Nagpur,
Akola, Yavatmal, Wardha, Chandrapur, Nashik, and Ahmednagar etc.
The Mumbai- Nagpur Expressway connects the two cities, passing
through several destinations, such as Wardha. Also significant is the
NH-930D highway, connecting the entire state. There are also many
state highways. Shakuntala Express (now converted into broad gauge)
has been transporting cotton across the state. More than 500 trains
pass these regions.
3. Humid coastal climate makes growing cotton easier with temperatures
ranging from 22-43 degree Celsius . Cotton needs a long frost-free period, a
lot of heat and plenty of sunshine. It prefers warm and humid climate.
During active growth, the ideal air temperature is 70 to 100°F (21-37°C).
The climate also favours yarning. Maharashtra is also a region of black
cotton soil where cotton grows the best. This encourages cotton production
here which in turn leads to growth of textile industries.
4. Availability of capital goods and finance. Subsidies upto 40% are
available for the various processes of cotton production. Additional
subsidies of upto 10% are available. Upto 60% subsidy for garmenting.
5. Availability of skilled and unskilled man power, at lower prices.
d) BENEFITS OF A HIGH- TECH INDUSTRY
Name: Bengaluru, India. Location and background:
o Located in the South-East of India
o Has a wet season monsoon with tropical savannah climate.
o Generally flat land, especially at west at the Mysore Plateau.
o Temperatures are between 16 °C in the winter and 36°C in the summer.
o Population of 12 million, increased four times in the last 30 years.
Benefits:
a. Increasing employing rate (10% annually) in these technological centres as
India is attractive due to cheap skilled labour and tax breaks. 1.3 million
employed in Bangalore’s IT industry.
b. More jobs are being created due to outsourcing improving wealth (13.6%
increase yearly).
c. The presence of a large number of software companies and IT
professionals has given rise to a unique culture of mentorship and
networking in the city – making it the biggest technology start-up hubs
in India.
d. 10 years ago, there were only 2 types of buses for intra-city travelling.
In the past decade, there's been a gradual change for positive in the
Bengalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation buses. Firstly, the Vayu
Vajra buses are playing a major role in Bangalore connecting Ring
Roads, IT Hubs and BIAL. Also, they make the long hours journey
comfortable, assuming you get a seat in those buses. The number and
frequency of buses has been increased to every area of the city.
e. New roads- the inner and outer ring roads along with flyovers and
highways have come into existence. The Bengaluru Kodagu highway
along with 12 radial roads with localised benefits have been made. Also,
the width of the roads will be widened from 60 ft to 200 ft.
f. Better education as overall fiscal situation of the city and its residents
has improved. IISc Bangalore, NLSIU, NIMHANS, Research &
Development Centres of various IT industries along with schools that
offer International Curricula.
g. New facilities such as apartments have developed. Malls such as Grand
Majestic Mall and Phoenix City with international brands such as Versace,
Armani Jeans and MontBlanc.
TOPIC: AGRICULTURE (FOOD PRODUCTION)
(1) Name an area where small scale subsistence farming
takes place. Explain why the farmers are subsistence
farmers. [7]
Name- The Ganges, India
The warm, wet climate in India is perfect for subsistence rice
farming. Subsistence farming means that food is grown only to
feed the family, with no surplus remaining to sell for a profit. There
is a low level of mechanisation as farmers cannot afford high-tech
equipment, so they use water buffalo to plough the fields and manual
labour to harvest the crop. As rice requires a constant supply of water,
fields are often constructed beside water, example: The River Ganges.
Subsistence agriculture is still practiced by the farmers in the Ganges due
to following reasons:
a) Farming practised by certain tribal communities because they do not
have the resources to go in for investment in better inputs like
fertilizers, irrigation, high yielding varieties seeds etc.
b) In India till date agriculture is dependent on monsoon rains where
sufficient irrigation facilities are not available.
c) Land holdings in India are of very small size. Due to the increasing
population the availability of land is very low and scarce. The
landholding is also believed to be quite scattered.
d) Most of the farmers have large families, so only a small quantity of
output is left to sell in the market after the harvest has been
consumed by the family members.
e) Some farmers’ forefathers were into subsistence farming and
cultivated paddy and rice so now the tradition is being followed by
the following generations as well.
(2)
For a farm in a named area which you have studied, describe
and explain the land use. You should refer to physical and
human factors. [7]
Name- Pontic- Caspian (Ukrainian) Steppes, Europe.
Major regions- Heniches’k city, Kherson region, Donetsk Oblast
region and Odesa city.
a) Ukraine’s black soils, Chernozem, among the most fertile soils in the
world, helps with agriculture. It has 25% of the world’s black soil
reserve. (physical)
b) The weather conditions are attractive for the production of a large range
of crops including cereals and oilseeds. Also, the conditions are perfect
for the growth of both winter and spring crops. (physical)
c) Annual precipitation ranges from 20- 20.3 inches per year which too
helps in agriculture. (physical)
d) "Grain base of Ukraine", are certified grain warehouses, which procure
and store grain from all over Ukraine. (human)
e) Association with European Union (EU) has helped to improve logistics.
(human)
f) The country’s location on the Black Sea, also allows it to ship grain to
major European, Asian and African markets. (human)
TOPIC: TOURISM
(1) Name an area which you have studied where the tourist
industry is important. Describe the benefits and problems of the
tourist industry for local people.
Name- Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Agra is a major tourist city with many historical attractions. Taj mahal,
Agra fort, Buland Darwaza among others. Agra boasts of 48 ASI
protected monuments. (ASI- Archaeological Survey of India)
 Benefits: divided into two- Direct & Indirect.
1. Direct benefits (4 or 5):
a)
b)
c)
d)
Employment
Income of locals increases
Opening of small businesses.
Opportunity to exhibit their skills. Marble inlay work, zardozi work,
mirror work, leather craft, embroidery, zari and glass inlay work.
e) Locals can exhibit their art. Example: They can show their skills at
various art shows organised in many monuments. Example- In the
Mohabbat d’ Taj show at the Taj Mahal.
f) Increases pride in their culture.
2. Indirect benefits (3 or 4):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Better transport
Better recreational facilities
Better accommodation
Industrialisation
Provision of jobs due to labour requirement in factories
Better sanitation
 Problems (4 or 5):
a) Locals have to do petty and menial jobs
b) Economic leakages; decreased gains
c) International hotel chains- example-Radisson and Marriott- do not
allow local chains to prosper.
d) Traffic congestion
e) Aftermath of tourism (garbage, pollution etc.)
f) Lack of resources for locals
g) Environmental concerns (air and water pollution, global warming
etc.)
Tourism has therefore, both positive and negative impacts on the
locals of Agra.
) For a named area which you have studied, explain how tourism is
damaging the natural environment.
Name- Arachova, Boeotia (also spelt as Viotia), Greece
Arachova is a mountain town in the western part of Boeotia, Greece.
Arachova is a beautiful tourist town. It has a panoramic view; uphill
small houses and the cobbled streets show a picturesque architecture.
Arachova is famous for its black wine, its "brusque", the colourful
textiles, carpets and rugs, handicrafts and woodcut creations.
a) The most popular activity is skiing due to the closeness to the three
ski centres of Mount Parnassus. Skiing and snowboarding are largely
practiced in the ski centres. Erosion of ski slopes by up to 20cm on
the centre of the piste (a ski run of compacted snow) due to a lot of
people skiing results in soil compaction underneath the trail and
decreased infiltration.
b) Mediterranean vegetation, such as oregano, water-thyme, cedar,
laurel, and arbutus, is grown there. There are pine forests too.
However, loss of vegetation on the slopes –reduced vegetation height
and diversity and increased bare ground and exposure of rocks in the
area is increased due to tourism as the vegetation may have to be
removed to build new roads.
c) Arachova has the biggest ski resort. Its landscape was quarried and
hacked apart to install the ski lifts all over the Mount Parnassus for
tourists. Little consideration was given to the environmental impact
when they were installed back in the 1970s and 1980s. This caused
damage to the environment
*** END OF CASE STUDIES***