WELCOME ADVANCEMENT OF PNEUMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM Presented by ABHIMANYU HP REG. NO. 2101021305 S5 Mech CONTENT INTRODUCTION AIR BRAKING SYSTEM DIAGRAM PNEUMATIC BRAKE SYSTEMS BLOCK DIAGRAM WORKING OF PNEUMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM DIAGRAM OF HARDWARE IN THE LOOP MERITS APPLICATIONS DESIGN & CALCULATION: CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Pneumatic air brakes are vital for heavy vehicles, replacing hydraulic brakes and utilizing compressed air to apply pressure for effective deceleration. This paper focuses on advancements in pneumatic braking systems, specifically automatic pneumatic braking systems and sensors, to enhance collision avoidance, reduce accidents, and improve passenger safety. The main objective is to develop an electronically controlled automotive bumper activation system called the "automatic pneumatic braking system" that employs IR sensors, receivers, and solenoid valves to detect obstacles and activate brakes, especially at speeds of 30-50 km per hour. The aim is to reduce accidents caused by human error and delayed brake pedal response by implementing automated braking systems using sensors like ultrasonic and IR sensors, along with automatic emergency braking systems for large vehicles in case of pressure loss. Air Braking System Diagram Air Braking System Diagram Pneumatic Brake Systems Pneumatic brake systems, derived from "pneumatics" (Greek: "pneuma" for air), are vital in industries like automotive and machining, functioning with compressed air or inert gases. Historical Development George Westinghouse pioneered pneumatic brakes, securing a patent for the air brake in 1872, which has since evolved into modern automatic brakes, enhancing safety in braking systems. Functionality of Pneumatic Brakes Pneumatic brakes rely on compressed air to operate, with a Pneumatic Brake System managing the process. Compressed air pressure activates a piston, engaging the brake pad to create the required friction for vehicle deceleration. Controlled air release is key to this technology's fundamental principle, establishing its reputation for reliability and effectiveness in ensuring safe and efficient braking across various industries. Block Diagram COMPONENTS OF PNEUMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM Air Compressor: Converts atmospheric air into high-pressure source for brake actuation. Connected to the vehicle's engine for constant air supply. Essential for the effectiveness of the entire braking system. Air Compressor Governor: Regulates air compressor operation to maintain precise air pressure limits. Monitors real-time air pressure and adjusts compressor output. Prevents over-pressurization and under-pressurization in the braking system. Air Dryer: Removes moisture from compressed air to prevent brake system issues. Ensures dry air for optimal braking performance. Air Storage: Stores compressed air for immediate use in brake operations. Allows for cooling and condensation of oil and water vapor during compression. Brake Pedal: Dirt Collector: Installed in the brake pipeline to prevent foreign particles from entering the braking system. Prevents blockages and damage caused by contaminants. Brake Cylinder: Driver interface for applying brakes. Increased pedal pressure results in higher air pressure in storage tanks and stronger braking force. Activates brake rigging to apply and release brakes. Converts air pressure changes into mechanical force for brake engagement. Triple Valve: Orchestrates brake application and release in pneumatic braking systems. Acts as an intermediary between the brake pipe and brake cylinders. Reduces brake pipe pressure to initiate brake actuation. Increases brake pipe pressure to release brakes smoothly. Controlled by the driver's brake valve for precise brake operation. WORKING OF PNEUMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM Pneumatic braking system utilizes compressed air to activate brakes, commonly used in heavy vehicles and trains. An air compressor pressurizes air, storing it in a reservoir until needed for braking. When the brake pedal is pressed, air flows into brake chambers, pushing against diaphragms and engaging the brakes. Releasing the pedal vents the air, releasing brake pressure, and allowing the brakes to disengage. A servo mechanism maintains proportional braking force, ensuring effective and safe braking. Designing and testing an advanced pneumatic Braking System for Heavy Vehicles Enhanced braking control algorithms and high bandwidth brake actuators improve emergency braking performance in heavy vehicles. Research focuses on reducing wheel slip with a modified control algorithm, enhancing braking force throughout stops. Previous research lacked experimental validation, while this study combines binary-actuated valves and sliding mode control, showing 10-27% reduced stopping distances. Tests on a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) rig demonstrate improvements on various road surfaces, including reductions of 10-27% on high friction surfaces and 23-25% on low friction surfaces. These advancements aim to address braking challenges specific to heavy vehicles, enhancing their safety and performance. Diagram of hardware in the loop Automatic Bumper System: IR sensor-controlled pneumatic bumper for accident prevention. Automatic Pneumatic Braking System: Advanced bumper circuit with IR and proximity sensors for vehicle collision protection. Hysteresis Study on Pneumatic Braking System: Investigating hysteresis effects in multi-axle vehicle braking. Vehicle Braking Force Distribution: Hierarchical control for electronic pneumatic braking in commercial vehicles. Automatic Bumper System: IR sensor-based system to activate brakes when obstacles are detected in front of the vehicle. MERITS low in cost as compared to other systems Storage of compressed air is easy Simple in design and control Easy to control Can apply a lot of force from a small and light package The speeds and forces are infinitely variable Force is limited by air pressure and cylinder diameter Simple Free resources so no refilling or changing required Air pressure is quick to act and hence air brakes are immediate Air brakes can effectively stop loads of over 14 tons A little feather would apply the same pressure Air does not corrode the metals, so the life of pneumatic brake is more Air is available everywhere in atmosphere so the brake can never run out of its operating APPLICATIONS Air brakes on busses and trucks Air compressors Air engines for pneumatically powered vehicles Compressed air engine and compressed air vehicles Air brakes on trains Lego pneumatics can be used to build pneumatics models Pneumatics actuator Pneumatics bladder Pneumatics cylinder Pneumatics tools Pneumatics tire Pneumatics motor Advancements in Pneumatic Braking System Mini Vehicle Integration: Pneumatic braking system now applied to mini cars and autos through IR sensors for enhanced safety. Compact Components: Reducing the size of pneumatic braking system components for mini vehicles. Accident Reduction: Implementation of IR sensors to detect obstacles and activate pneumatic brakes, leading to fewer accidents. Design & Calculation: Abbreviations and Units: DBraking = Braking distance (meters) v = Final velocity (m/s) u = Initial velocity (m/s) a = Acceleration (m/s²) s = Braking distance (meters) F = Force (Newtons) Formula: DBraking = v² / (2 * μ * g) Where: V = Velocity before applying brakes μ = Coefficient of friction g = Acceleration due to gravity Conclusion This research paper underscores the significance of tailoring braking systems for different vehicles. ABS is pivotal for vehicle control and safety, particularly on slippery roads. Pneumatic systems offer simplicity and reliability, complemented by IR sensors. Electrically powered compressors and solenoid valves provide costeffective, flexible power. The optimized control strategy enhances regenerative braking with ABS. Monitoring pressure aids in accident prevention. Pneumatic systems allow for smooth operation and adaptability. Implementing this project could reduce high-end car costs. It also introduces an eight-axle vehicle pneumatic braking system and a test bench for real-time analysis. References Ketan H. Mhatre “Electro-pneumatic braking system “VIVA Institute of Technology, Virar, Maharashtra International Journal of Emerging Research & Development ISSN: 2454-132X Impact factor: 4.295 (Volume 4, Issue 3). Quantifying the potential impacts of regenerative braking on a vehicle’s tractivefuel consumption for the U.S., European, and Japanese driving schedules. SAE paper 2006-01- 0664, 2006. Miller J and Cebon D. A high performance pneumatic braking system for heavy vehicles. Vehicle SystDyn 2010; 48(1): 373–392. Salaani M, Rao S, Every J, et al. Hardware-in-the-loop pneumatic braking system for heavy truck testing of advanced electronic safety interventions. SAE Int J Passeng ? Thank You
