Grade
11
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
QUARTER 3 – MODULE 4
Week 5 - 8
Learning from Others
and Reviewing the
Literature
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature
First Edition, 2020
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Development Team of the Module
Author:
Reviewers:
Daphne M. Magno
Julie G. De Guzman, EdD, Emelda T. Hernandez
Ritchie G. Macalanda, PhD, Lea C. Cacayan, PhD
Domingo T. Dismaya II, EdD, Rodrigo T. Domingo
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Daphne M. Magno
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11
Practical
Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 4
Week 5 – 8
Learning from
Others and
Reviewing the
Literature
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Practical Research 1 Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators
both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator
in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
3
For the learner:
Welcome to the Practical Research 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature!
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used
to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know
This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
What I Know
This part includes an activity that aims to
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
What’s In
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s New
In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of
the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More
This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
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Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
Assessment
This includes questions or blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in
to process what you learned from
the lesson.
This section provides an activity
which will help you transfer your
new knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to
evaluate your level of mastery in
achieving the learning competency.
Additional Activities
Answer Key
In this portion, another activity will
be given to you to enrich your
knowledge or skill of the lesson
learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.
This contains answers
activities in the module.
to
all
At the end of this module you will also find:
References
This is a list of all sources used in
developing
this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
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gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of inquiry and research. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
•
•
•
Lesson 1 - Review of Related Literature (RRL)
Lesson 2 - The Process of Review of Related Literature
Lesson 3 - Standard Styles in Review of Related Literature, Citation, or
References
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Selects relevant literature;
2. Cites related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual
of Style);
3. Synthesizes information from relevant literature;
4. Writes coherent review of literature;
5. Follows ethical standards in writing related literature; and
6. Presents written review of literature.
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What I Know
Multiple Choices: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It is taken from books or studies that were tested and proven so many times over a
long period of time.
A. Reviewer
B. Review of lesson
C. Review of literature
D. Synthesis
2. Which is NOT a statement about making a Literature review?
A. Concerned with adding new knowledge
B. A bibliography is necessary in a literature review
C. A good literature review uses clear line of argument
D. Researchers follow referencing styles
3. What does APA mean?
A. Association Psychological of America
C. American Psychological Association
B. America Psychological Association
D. American Physiological Association
4. What is the difference between APA and MLA format?
A. Use in citing a reference.
C. Follows a set of rules for formatting
B. MLA is easier than APA
D. The way the citations are formatted
5. What are the three main components consistent across literature reviews?
A. Introduction, Body, Summary
C. Introduction, Data collected, Summary
B. Introduction, Body and Conclusion
D. Introduction, Question, Recommendation
6. What should be included in a literature review?
A. A review of the area being researched
B. The review provides a description, summary and evaluation of each source.
C. Describes the broad philosophical underpinning to your chosen research methods
D. None of the above
7. A systematic review of related literature follows a certain __________.
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A. theory
B. method
C. instruction
D. model
8. Being honest, truthful, and grateful in doing the review of related literature is practicing
____________.
A. smartness
B. cut-and-paste
C. ethics
D. individualism
9. Which of the following is cited correctly in APA style?
A. H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel (C How to Program) define pointers as "variables that
contain as their values addresses of other variables" (p. 294).
B. H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel (1999) define pointers as "variables that contain as
their values addresses of other variables" (p. 294).
C. H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel define pointers as "variables that contain as their
values addresses of other variables" (1999, p. 294).
D. None of the above
10. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher
A. to become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest
B. to identify potential methodological problems in the research area
C. to develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest
D. all of the above
11. Which of the following is NOT an example of an ethical research?
A. Protect confidential communications
B. Strive to promote social good and mitigate social harms through research
C. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property
D. Manipulate the arguments in order to enhance your research
12. The following example of an APA in-text citation is incorrectly formatted, because
_______.
(Giugovaz 2008 p. 2)
A. the citation is missing commas to separate the elements
B. the citation is missing the author’s first name
C. the citation is missing the title of the work
D. None of the above.
13. Plagiarism can be avoided by:
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A. Copying the work of others accurately
B. Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words
C. Cut and pasting from the Internet
D. Quoting directly without revealing the source
14. Annabelle is planning a qualitative study regarding intermediate mathematics
classrooms. Which of the following is most likely be the primary source data for her
study?
A. Standardized test scores.
B. Instructional materials published by a textbook company.
C. Observations of an intermediate class using manipulative.
D. A large-scale teacher survey that addresses how teachers use manipulative.
15. For all paraphrased and summarized content, the citation must include
A. Author(s)’ last name(s) and the date of publication
B. Title of the document and the author(s)’ last name(s)
C. The date of publication and page or paragraph number
D. Author(s)’ last name(s) and the page or paragraph number
16. A systematic literature review is:
A. one which generates a literature review using a treasure hunt system.
B. a replicable, scientific, and transparent process.
C. one which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.
D. a manufactured system for generating literature reviews tailored to your subject.
17. You're doing a paper on death and dying and in the course of your research you have
talked to a family friend whose child recently died. You want to include something she
said to you, although it is not a quotation. Do you have to reference this, and if so, how
would you do it?
A. Put a parenthetical note as follows: (J. Doe, personal communication, April 1, 2004),
but do not put it into the reference list.
B. Since no one could check on this, and you are really putting it into your own words, it
is not necessary to cite it at all.
C. It is sufficient to mention in your text that a friend had experienced this situation.
D. None of the above.
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18. The benefits of using citation and the appropriate style are:
A. You are providing hard evidence or expert witnesses to support your argument.
B. You let your reader know that you are working within the academic tradition.
C. You avoid charges of plagiarism.
D. All of the above.
19. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source, is still
considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed the
author's exact words.
B. By not providing the exact words of the author in their entirety, you are attributing
to the author some words that he/she did not write.
C. You must never use the words of others when you are using their ideas.
D. You have failed to indicate, by means of direct quotation marks, which are the
exact words of the original.
20. You're worried that your paper will look as if all the ideas come from someone else
and appears to list one reference citation after another. You can avoid this by:
A. Having your own over-riding argument and thesis, being analytical, and presenting
your own interpretations of the evidence.
B. Omitting references when you are in doubt whether you need to reference ideas or
information.
C. Integrating quotes and ideas into the text so that they fit in with your own words
in a seamless web, and varying the way you introduce your references to the original
sources.
D. Both a and c.
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Lesson
1
Review of Related
Literature (RRL)
Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant
experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner. Embodied
in any literary work like essay, novel, journal, story, biography, etc. are
man’s best thoughts and feelings about the world. These recorded or
preserved world perceptions of man are expressed directly and indirectly.
Direct expression of man’s knowledge of the world are in books,
periodicals, and online reading materials. Indirect expressions are his
inferences or reflections of his surrounding that are not written or spoken
at all (Ridley 2012).
What’s In
Directions: List and rank sources that you would reference for your
research from the following potential sources of information. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answer.
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What’s New
A literature review is compose of information found in scholarly
articles, books, and other literature related to your area of study. Its goal
is to describe, summarize, evaluate and clarify the prior research on your
topic. A literature review goes beyond summing up the research of others
and explores the relationships within the literature, determines what has
already been investigated, identifies potential relationships between
concepts, defines and measures key concepts and relates to research
already completed in the field of study.
A review of related literature (RRL) is an analysis of man’s written
or spoken knowledge of the world. You examine representations of
man’s thinking about the world to determine the connection of your
research with what people already know about it. In your analysis or
reading of recorded knowledge, you just do not catalog ideas in your
research paper, but also interpret them or merge your thinking with the
author’s ideas. Hence, in doing the RRL, you deal with both formal or
direct and informal or indirect expressions of man’s knowledge.
Directions: Identify what kind of information (e.g. definition of terms,
history, survey results, etc.) you can get from the top 5 sources of
information that you have ranked from the previous activity.
Source of information
Kind of information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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What is It
Purposes of Review of Related Literature
1. To obtain background knowledge of your research
2. To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world.
3. To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge
4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies
5. To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or
concepts of your research
6. To explain technical terms involved in your research study.
7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered
to support the conclusion of your research.
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies.
9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic.
Styles or Approaches of Review of Related Literatures (RRL)
Traditional Review of Literature
To do a traditional way of review of related literature is to summarize
present forms of knowledge on a specific subject. Your aim here is to give an
expanded or new understanding of an existing work. This kind of review does
not require you to describe your method of reviewing literature but expects you
to state your intentions in conducting the review and to name the sources of
information.
Traditional review is of different types that are as follows:
1. Conceptual review – analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to some
national or world issues
2. Critical review – focuses on theories or hypotheses and examines meanings and
results of their application to situations
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3. State-of the-art review – makes the researcher deal with the latest research
studies on the subject
4. Expert review – encourages a well- known expert to do the RRL because of the
influence of certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him/her
5. Scoping review – prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of
project making about community development, government policies, and health
services, among others.
Systematic Review of Literature
A style of RRL that involves sequential acts of review of related literature.
Systematics review requires you to go through the following RRL steps (Ridley
2012):
1. Have a clear understanding of the research questions. Serving as the compass
to direct your research activities, the research questions tell you what to collect
and where to obtain those data you want to collect.
2. Plan your manner of obtaining the data. Imagining how you will get to where
the data are, you will come to think also of what keywords to use for easy
searching and how to accord courtesy and respect to people or institutions from
where the data will come such as planning how to communicate your request
to these sources of data.
3. Do the literature search. Using keywords, you look for the needed information
from all sources of knowledge: Internet, books, journals periodicals, government
publications, general references, and the like.
4. Using a certain standard, determine which data, studies, or sources of
knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the reasonableness of your decision to
take some data and junk the rest.
5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research studies. Use a
checklist or a certain set of criteria in assessing the ways researchers conduct
their studies to arrive at a certain conclusion.
6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data. To concisely
present a synthesis of your report, use a graph such as a table and other
presentation formats that are not prone to verbosity.
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A systematic review of literature is a rigorous way of obtaining data from
written works. It is a bias-free style and ensures objectivity in every stage of the
research. (Fraenbell 2012)
The following table shows the way several books on RRL compare and
contrast the two styles of RRL.
Standards
Purpose
Scope
Review Design
Choice of Studies
Nature of studies
Quality appraisal
Summary
Traditional Review
To have a thorough and
clear understanding of the
field
Comprehensive, wide
picture
Indefinite plan, permits
creative and exploratory
plan
Purposeful selection by
the reviewer
Inquiry-based techniques
involving several studies
Reviewers’ views
Narrative
Systematic Review
To meet a certain objective
based on specific research
questions
Restricted focus
Viewable process and paper
trail
Prepared standards for
studies selection
Wide and thorough search
for all
Assessment checklists
Graphical and short
summary
Structure of the RRL
The structure of the whole literature review indicates the organizational
pattern or order of the components of the summary of the RRL results. For the
traditional review, the structure of the summary resembles that of an essay
where series of united sentences presents the RRL results. However, this
structure of traditional review, the structure is based on your subject and area
of specialization. For the systematic review, the structure is based on the
research questions; somuch so, that, if your RRL does not adhere to a certain
method to make you begin your RRL with research questions, your RRL is
headed toward a traditional literature review structure
Regardless of what RRL structure you opt to use, you must see to it that
the organizational pattern of the results of your review contains these three
elements:
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✓ An introduction to explain the organizational method of your literature review
✓ Headings and subheadings to indicate the right placement of your supporting
statements and
✓ A summary to concisely restate your main point. ( Ridley 2013)
What’s More
Directions: Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore.
Enumerate at least three ways on how you will look for the information and data
needed about the chosen topic. Share important information that you would like
to probe on the chosen subject. Use separate sheet of paper for your answers.
Follow the given examples and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Introduction: What is the topic of my literature review?
Example: Gender Inequality among TVL Learners
Answer:__________________________________________________________
Topic Sentence:
Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of
PPE.
Answer:___________________________________________________________
My sources (works to be read, analyzed and cited)
Example: Bagale, S. (2016). Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in Technical and
Vocation
Education and Training. Journal of Training and Development, 2(Ii), 25–
32. https://doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v2i0.15435
Answer:
1._________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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2._________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3.____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Example:
Source 1: Bagale found out that more women are included in the traditional
technical vocational programs, whereas there is poor participation in nontraditional areas.
Source 2: Mustapha pointed out that there is gender imbalance in the technical
vocational field.
Answer:
Source 1:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Source 2:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Source 3:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha agreed that there are still gender inequalities in the
technical vocational field and that women are still concentrated in certain types of
area.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha disagree on the factors that contributes and are
affected by the gender inequality issues on technical vocational majors.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: Summarizing
Example: This literature review was conducted to analyze opposing perspectives
on gender inequality among technical vocational learners.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the
next step of this study?
Example: Further research is needed to examine recent statistics on gender
inequality among TVL learners in the senior high schools of this division as
compared to others in this region.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson Criteria in Selecting,
2
Citing, and Synthesizing
Related Literature
There are a lot of ways to bring in the flow of literature review that will help
learners develop their research. Frequently asked questions on how to proceed
in the conduct of literature review includes: how to look for sources, how many
sources should be cited, how to discuss ideas taken from the studies cited, how
to cite authors, and further. The aim of this lesson is to present a step-by-step
guide in undertaking a review of literature to facilitate your understanding.
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you learned the definition, importance and
purpose of literature review. An effective literature review selects the right and
specific write ups that give close information to an identified topic, scrutinize
and synthesize content about key themes or issues, cites properly authors of
information gathered, identify similarities and differences between chosen
literatures and a lot more. Selecting, citing and synthesizing related literature
needs a thorough development of skills in searching, reading, paraphrasing,
writing, and even creating your own page of article after reviewing a whole
bunch of related sources.
What’s New
I know by this time you have searched many literatures from the library or
from the internet. Have you used the different internet platform in searching
literature? Have you tried Google Scholar, Eric, Springer, ResearchGate, Elsevier,
or ProQuest? There are bunch of literatures waiting for you there. You are a true
researcher now that maybe even in your dreams you can now see the studies
around waiting for you to read. Well, I think you find it hard to organize them all.
Do not worry, this lesson is for you. You will not be dreaming of those again
because this lesson will allow you to arrange them properly.
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What is It
Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
What is your prior knowledge about your research topic?
What do you have to critically say about your prior knowledge on the topic?
What do you want to know more about your topic?
Did anyone do a similar research as yours?
What does your research have that other researches do not?
Who are these authors who have works which has more or less same ideas as
yours?
Exposed to a wide source of facts and conditioned by a limited timeframe during
the conduct of study, it is necessary that you have a guided approach in
reading or reviewing various literature works that are related to your research
topic.
Stage 1: Search for the Literature
The stage where you devote much of your time looking for sources of
knowledge, data, or information to answer your research questions or to support
your assumption about the topic.
Generally, there are three basic types of literature sources:
1. General references – direct you to the location of other sources
2. Primary sources – directly present a person’s own experience.
3. Secondary sources – report or describe others people experiences or worldviews.
This give the most number of materials such as internet, books, peer-reviewed
articles in journal, published literary reviews conference proceedings, leaflets
and posters, research studies in progress and other library materials
Sources of information that you can consult during this stage are
websites introducing materials whose quality depends solely on every
individual, social media networks like Twitter, Facebook, blogs,, podcasts,
Youtube, video, etc. and other online encyclopedia such as Wikipedia. However,
since any person is free to use Internet for displaying information that is peerreviewed or not, be careful in evaluating online sources.
The following are pointers you have to remember in searching for the best
sources of information or data. (Fraenbell 2012)
1. Choose previous research findings that are closely related to your research.
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2. Give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertis or authority in
the field of knowledge to which the research studies belong.
3. Consider sources of knowledge that refer more to primary data than to
secondary data.
4. Prefer getting information from peer-reviewed materials than from general
reading materials.
Stage 2: Reading the Source Materials
At this stage, reading, understanding, or making the materials
meaningful to will pre occupy you. Reading or making sense of source materials
permits you to modify, construct, or reconstruct ideas based on a certain
principle, theory, pattern, method, or theme underlying your research.
Stage 3: Writing the Review
You will deal with idea connection and organization to form overall
understanding of the materials by paraphrasing or summarizing. I doing
paraphrasing and summarizing, you need to change the arrangement of ideas,
structures of the language, and format the text using appropriate using
organizational techniques of comparison-contrast, chronological order, spatial
relationship, inductive –deductive order, and transitional devices. The changes
will make the quality of ideas incorporated into the summary or paraphrase
effective. This means that in writing the review, you are free to fuse your
opinions with the author’s ideas. (Corti 2014).Good literature writing shuns
presenting ideas in serial abstracts which means every paragraph merely
consist of article.
Juxtaposing or dealing with studies with respect to each other will prove
the extent of the validity of findings of previous studies vis-à-vis the recent ones.
By reading the source materials and writing the review analytically or critically,
you are giving yourself to express your genuine or opinionated knowledge about
the topic and increasing the enthusiasm of people in reading your work. (Radyler
2013)
Adopting good opening sentences of articles which chronologically appear
in the paper is a good approach in writing the review. Examples of better article
openings manifesting critical thinking through analysis, comparison and
contrast of ideas and findings are as follows:
One early work by (Magno, 2018) proves that …….
Another study on the topic by (Velarde, 2018) maintains that ….
The latest study by (Escosio, 2018) reveals that …
A research study by (Apostol, 2017) explains that …
Opening an article with bibliographic list that begins with the author’s
name like the following examples is not good.
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Alvarez (2015) said ….
Ramos (2016) stated …
Enriquez (2017) wrote ….
Roxas (2018) asserted …
Using correct words to link ideas will make you synthesize your literature
review in a way that evidence coming from various sources of data, will present
an overall understanding of the context or present circumstances affecting the
research problem.
➢ Transitional devices – also, additionally, again, similarly, however, conversely,
on the other hand, nevertheless, a contrasting opinion, a different approach,
etc.
➢ Active verbs – analyse, argues, assess, assert, assume, claim, compare,
contrast, conclude, criticize, debate, defend, define, demonstrate, discuss,
distinguish, differentiate, evaluate, examine, emphasize, expand, explain,
exhibit, identify, illustrate, imply, indicate, judge, justify, narrate, outline,
persuade, propose, question, relate to, report, review, suggest, summarize.
Directions: The following entries in each box are essential in writing references.
What’s More
The headings in each table are examples of correct format of referencing. Fill in
the table with the data provided in the headings as guide. Arrange the entries in
proper order, use appropriate format using APA writing style (i.e. underline or
italicize if necessary).
Print Sources
Book (one author) Example: Simban, J.H. (2012). Essentials of Hydroponics
Farming. Cebu City, Philippines: Digital Books.
Author’s
Last
Name
First
Initial
Middle
Initial
(Publication Book
Date)
Title
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Place of
Publisher
Publication:
Book (two to more than three authors) – print source
Example of two authors: Roble, M. J., & Johnson, L. (2010). India (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Marshall.
Example of three authors: Carreon, A., Marcos, M., & Genobaten, D. (2009). Work
Under Pressure. Chicago, IL: Wilcon Press.
Example of more than six authors: Benson, B., Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E.,
Ebiola, F., Flores, G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los Angeles, USA:
Paramoud Era Press.
Author1
’s Last
Name
Author5’
s Last
Name
Initial
First
Initi
al
Middl
e
Initia
l
First
Initia
l
Middl
e
Initial
Author2
’s Last
Name
First
Initi
al
Author6’
s Last
Name
Middl
e
Initia
l
First
Initia
l
Author3
’s Last
Name
Middl
e
Initial
First
Initi
al
Middl
e
Initia
l
(Publicatio
n Date)
Boo
k
Title
Author4
’s Last
Name
First
Initi
al
Place of
Publication
:
Middl
e
Initia
l
Publishe
r
Scholarly Journal Article – Internet
Example Scholarly Journal: Godlowska, 2016. Plant growth biostimulants based
on different methods of seaweed extraction with water . Hindawi Publishing
Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2016, Article ID 5973760,
11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5973760
Author
Last
Name
First
Initial
Middle
Initial
(Publication
date)
23
Article
Title
Magazine/Scholarly
Journal Title
DOI or
Article
URL
Encyclopedia Article - Internet
Example: Chulz, H. K. (2015). Phytoremediation. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/phytoremediation
Author Last
Name
First Initial
(Publication
date) if given
Article Title
Encyclopedia
Title
URL
Lesson Standard Styles in
3
Review of Related
Literature, Citation, or
References
The ethical standards of research establish the values and expectations of a
research so that information generated is written accurately and appropriately in
accordance to the highest moral principles of research. These ethical standards are
governed by core values of integrity, confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy through
informed consent, voluntary participation, beneficence, justice, and rights to review.
It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights
and welfare of research participants. These principles are honesty, integrity,
trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for intellectual property, and social
and legal responsibility. This lesson introduces you to the ethical standards of
research before, during, and after the conduct of study, conflicts that might arise
while carrying out the research, and possible solutions to address it.
24
What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned the different manners and styles of
referencing, or giving credit to owners of ideas borrowed within the span of
research. Such referencing acts will make your study reliable and acceptable in
the research community once evaluated by an ethics review committee which sets
out the standards for research in each forum or platform where you share and
present your study. This part will also give you an idea about the researcher’s
responsibilities towards participants or respondents, common difficulties in the
conduct of research, possible solutions to answer it or minimize risks, conflicting
values, and other ethical issues that might engulfed the research process.
What’s New
During the conduct of research, common difficulties may arise that will greatly
affect the result of your research. As a researcher, one must be adept enough to
foresee possible challenges to your research so that it will be resolved sooner.
Below is a summary of difficulties, challenges, and / or issues you may
encounter.
1. Unavailability of respondents
2. Non-cooperation or refusal of respondents to answer questions
3. Failure of respondents to remember data or give honest responses
4. Delayed or failure in returning questionnaires with responses
5. Incomplete documents and records
6. Unscientific data
7. No local data are available
8. Lacking instruments
9. Communication problems
10. Funds are tight
Activity: Situational Analysis
Directions: Choose three from the above summary of difficulties and try
resolving the conflict by filling-in the boxes below. An example is provided in
each box.
25
Identify the Facts
Issues / Challenges
Principle in Conflict
Options / Solutions
Example: Unavailability
of respondents
Voluntary participation
Write a letter in
advance to the head of
office of your sampling
area, asking permission
to conduct a survey.
Provide a letter of
consent of the
respondents
1.
2.
3.
What is It
Acknowledging or recognizing the owners of any form of knowledge that
you intend to include in your research is a cardinal principal in research. This
will not only show honesty and courtesy but also indicates appreciation to their
contribution. (Hammersely 2013)
The following are terms used to express appreciation or recognition of people’s
ownership of borrowed ideas. (Sharp 2012):
1. Acknowledgement – beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals
who have contributed something to produce the paper
2. References or Bibliography – complete list of all reading materials, including
books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from
3. Citation or In-text Citation – references within the man body of the text,
specifically in Review of Related Literature
26
Citation and Citation style
Citation is giving of credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual
works that you utilized to support your research. This can also be used to find
particular sources and combat plagiarism.
A citation typically includes the author's name, date, location of the
publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
A citation style tells the information necessary for a citation and how the
information is arranged, as well as punctuation and other formatting.
There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The
citation style use depends on the academic discipline involved.
➢ APA (American Psychological Association)
-
is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences
➢ MLA (Modern Language Association) style
-
is used by the Humanities
➢ Chicago/Turabian style
-
is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts
Purposes of Citation
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know
about the field
2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claims,
conclusions and arguments
3. To improve your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant
materials about your topic
4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
6. To save yourself from plagiarism
Styles of Citation
1. Integral Citation
Way of citing or referring to the author by using active verbs like claim, assert,
state, etc. Using these types of verbs somehow expresses the author’s mental
position, attitude, stand or opinion in relation to the information referred to.
27
Examples of Integral Citation:
APA
MLA
One study by Manalo (2015) reveals…
One study by (Manalo 70)
The latest work by (Lee, 2015) asserts…
The latest work by (Lee 123)
According to Abad et al. (2015) context is…
According to (Abad et al.:54)
2. Non-integral Citation
This citation style downplays any strength of the writer’s personal characteristics.
Stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas.
Examples of Non-integral Citation:
The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways by which people
from different cultural background can harmoniously relate themselves with one
another. (De la Cruz, 2015)
Knowledge is one component of not only Systemic Functional Grammar but
Intercultural competence as well. It is the driving force beyond any successful
collaborative activities to develop interpersonal relationships and communicative
competence. (Smith 2015)
Patterns of Citation
1. Summary – the shortened the version of the original text that is express
in your own language.
2. Paraphrase – in this pattern of citation, instead of shortening the
version of the original text, you explain what the text means to you
using your own words.
3. Short Direct Quotation – you can quote or repeat writing certain part
of author’s sentence, the whole sentence or several sentences not
exceeding forty (40) words.
4. Long Direct Quotation – this citation patterns, allow you to copy the
author’s exact words or sentence, from 40 to one hundred 100 words
only. Under APA style, the limit is eight lines and placed it in the middle
of the page with no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose
a stanza in a poem.
28
5. Tense of verbs for reporting – reporting author’s ideas using active
verbs are effective words to use. Presents their ideas in any of these
tenses: Past, present and present-perfect tense.
Example:
Present tense – Ramos explains….
Paste tense – Ramos explained….
Present perfect tense – Ramos has explained…
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and
passing the quoted words off as your own words. The leading act of plagiarism is
using the words of the original text in expressing your understanding of the
reading material. The right way to avoid plagiarism is to express the borrowed
ideas in your own words. (Ransome 2013)
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING
In writing the literature review, researchers must follow a set of ethical
standards or guidelines. Following the guidelines ensure credibility, academic
honesty, and integrity among researchers.
1. Always acknowledge the source of information, whether it is a primary
or secondary source.
2. Recognize the ideas, theories, and original conceptualizations of others.
3. Be critical in the studies you will include in the literature review.
What’s More
Directions: Analyze and do two things about each sentence or paragraph. First,
identify the citation style used; second, comment on the accuracy of each text
based on what you have learned about in-text citation. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
29
1. Many gave their comments about the medicinal powers of Ampalaya. For
instance, the latest study by Santos and Gomez revealed that the juice of this
vegetable can be a good cure against diabetes.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. De Jesus and Roces felt that one research study by (Collanto and Fernandez
p. 88) and Vallejo, 2015 validated Meneses findings on the Ebola virus.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. A number of medicinal plants can be found in one’s family’s backyard. Fruit
trees like santol, mango, guava, tamarind, atis, and guyabano, among others,
grow robustly in any spacious area in a yard. Needing no regular watering, these
plants always make themselves available to people believing in their medicinal
qualities. (Rafael Corpuz)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. One study by Laguardia (2015) has identified the seven components of
Intercultural competence that according to Florentino (2015, p. 45) are likewise
the leading elements of one “contemporary language theory called Systematic
Functional Grammar.”
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What I Have Learned
Summarize what you have learned in this lesson by supplying the
keywords missing in the paragraph.
The standard ethics for research is governed by the core values such as
(1)_________,
confidentiality,
(2)_________,
(3)________
that
is
evident
by
(4)_________, (5)_________, (6)_________, (7)_________, and right to review. It is
strengthened
by
principles
narrated
30
as
follows:
honesty,
(8)
_______,
trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for (9)_______ property, and
social and (10) ________responsibility. Once research ethics are not tagged, it may
give rise to scientific misconduct. For example, are falsification and fabrication of
data, (11) ________, and non-publication of data. To avoid these mishaps, the
following are required by the Ethics (12) ________ Committee: (in any order)
Research Abstracts, Human Participants Form, Student Checklist, Risk
(13)________ form, Parents
(14) ________ Form, Research Plan, and Research (15) _________.
What I Can Do
Continuing your research of interest, consider yourself as a researcher
following the ethical standards of research. Construct a letter for your target
participants, stating your agreement and their rights as respondents of your
study. Write your letter of informed consent in a separate paper. Below is an
example.
September 30, 2019
The Respondent
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
The undersigned is a Grade 11 student taking Practical Research I. As a
requirement, I am conducting a research entitled “Student Satisfaction on Food
Services Provided by the School Canteens of SQNHS”
In connection with this, I am asking for your time, and voluntary effort to
answer the questionnaire that are important for the completion of the study. Rest
assured that all data gathered from you will be kept in the highest level of
confidentiality. Your positive response will be valuable contribution for the
success of the study and will be highly appreciated. Thank you very much for
your cooperation.
31
Sincerely yours,
Juan Dela Cruz
Assessment
Multiple Choices: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is NOT a statement about making a Literature review?
A. Concerned with adding new knowledge
B. A bibliography is necessary in a literature review
C. A good literature review uses clear line of argument
D. Researchers follow referencing styles
2. What is the difference between APA and MLA format?
A. Use in citing a reference.
C. Follows a set of rules for formatting
B. MLA is easier than APA
D. The way the citations are formatted
3. What does APA mean?
A. Association Psychological of America
B. America Psychological Association
C. American Psychological Association
D. American Physiological Association
4. It is taken from books or studies that were tested and proven so many times over
a long period of time.
A. Reviewer
B. Review of lesson C. Review of literature D. Synthesis
5. What are the three main components consistent across literature reviews?
A. Introduction, Body, Summary
B. Introduction, Body and Conclusion
C. Introduction, Data collected, Summary
D. Introduction, Question, Recommendation
32
6. A systematic review of related literature follows a certain __________.
A. theory
B. method
C. instruction
D. model
7. Which of the following is NOT an example of an ethical research?
A. Protect confidential communications
B. Strive to promote social good and mitigate social harms through research
C. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property
D. Manipulate the arguments in order to enhance your research
8. What should be included in a literature review?
A. A review of the area being researched
B. The review provides a description, summary and evaluation of each source.
C. Describes the broad philosophical underpinning to your chosen research
methods
D. None of the above
9. Which of the following is cited correctly in APA style?
A. H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel (C How to Program) define pointers as "variables
that contain as their values addresses of other variables" (p. 294).
B. H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel (1999) define pointers as "variables that contain
as their values addresses of other variables" (p. 294).
C. H. M. Dietel and P. J. Dietel define pointers as "variables that contain as their
values addresses of other variables" (1999, p. 294).
D. None of the above
10. The following example of an APA in-text citation is incorrectly formatted, because
_______.
(Giugovaz 2008 p. 2)
A. the citation is missing commas to separate the elements
B. the citation is missing the author’s first name
C. the citation is missing the title of the work
D. None of the above.
11. Being honest, truthful, and grateful in doing the review of related literature is
practicing ____________.
A. smartness
B. cut-and-paste
33
C. ethics
D. individualism
12. Plagiarism can be avoided by:
A. Copying the work of others accurately
B. Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words
C. Cut and pasting from the Internet
D. Quoting directly without revealing the source
13. Annabelle is planning a qualitative study regarding intermediate mathematics
classrooms. Which of the following is most likely be the primary source data for her
study?
A. Standardized test scores.
B. Instructional materials published by a textbook company.
C. Observations of an intermediate class using manipulative.
D. A large-scale teacher survey that addresses how teachers use manipulative.
14. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the
researcher
A. to become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest
B. to identify potential methodological problems in the research area
C. to develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest
D. All of the above
15. For all paraphrased and summarized content, the citation must include
A. Author(s)’ last name(s) and the date of publication
B. Title of the document and the author(s)’ last name(s)
C. The date of publication and page or paragraph number
D. Author(s)’ last name(s) and the page or paragraph number
34
16. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source, is
still considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed
the author's exact words.
B. By not providing the exact words of the author in their entirety, you are
attributing to the author some words that he/she did not write.
C. You must never use the words of others when you are using their ideas.
D. You have failed to indicate, by means of direct quotation marks, which are the
exact words of the original.
17. A systematic literature review is:
A. one which generates a literature review using a treasure hunt system.
B. a replicable, scientific, and transparent process.
C. one which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.
D. a manufactured system for generating literature reviews tailored to your
subject.
18. You're doing a paper on death and dying and in the course of your research you
have talked to a family friend whose child recently died. You want to include
something she said to you, although it is not a quotation. Do you have to reference
this, and if so, how would you do it?
A. Put a parenthetical note as follows: (J. Doe, personal communication, April 1,
2004), but do not put it into the reference list.
B. Since no one could check on this, and you are really putting it into your own
words, it is not necessary to cite it at all.
C. It is enough to mention in your text that a friend had experienced this situation.
D. None of the above.
35
19. Paraphrasing too closely to the original text, even if you do credit the source, is
still considered as plagiarism because:
A. By changing a few words or the order of the original words, you have changed
the author's exact words.
B. Omitting references when you are in doubt whether you need to reference ideas
or information.
C. Integrating quotes and ideas into the text so that they fit in with your own words
in a seamless web and varying the way you introduce your references to the original
sources.
D. Both a and c.
20. The benefits of using citation and the appropriate style are:
A. You are providing hard evidence or expert witnesses to support your argument.
B. You let your reader know that you are working within the academic tradition.
C. You avoid charges of plagiarism.
D. All of the above
36
Additional Activities
Directions: In the video, you will be provided additional tips in writing a literature
review. You will need your cell phone or laptop with a Wi-Fi connection or internet
data to access the following link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIYC6zG265E
See the picture below.
37
Answer Key
WHAT I KNOW
1. C
6. D
11. D
16. B
2. C
7. B
12. D
17. A
3. C
8. C
13. A
18. D
4. D
9. B
14. C
19. D
5. B
10. D
15. A
20. D
ASSESSMENT
1. C
6. B
11. C
16. D
2. D
7. D
12. B
17. B
3. C
8. D
13. C
18. A
4. C
9. B
14. D
19. D
5. B
10. A
15. A
20. D
38
References
Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Quezon City, Rex Printing
Company, Inc.
Citing Sources. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from
http://libguides.wpi.edu/c.php?g=355469&p=7533997
Citation Styles. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from
https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp
Citing References. Retrieved April 27, 2020
fromhttps://www.coursehero.com/file/33475422/Citingreferencespptx/
Introduction to Literature Reviews. Retrieved April 25, 2020 from
https://www.monash.edu/rlo/graduate-research-writing/writethe
thesis/introduction-literature-reviews
Understanding a Literature Review. Retrieved April 25, 2020 from
http://libguides.wpi.edu/c.php?g=355469&p=2396739
39