Anatomy & Physiology Systems depend on other systems Hormones are chemical messengers, signal different functions 1. Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body & it’s parts 2. Physiology is the study of how the body & it’s parts work Gross Anatomy - Large structures in the body / Easily identified Micro-Anatomy - Very small structures in the body / Viewed via microscope SKIN 1. 2. 3. 4. External body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury & drying out Synthesizes Vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors SKELETAL 1. 2. 3. 4. Protects & supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Storage of minerals Osteo-conditions relate to bones Myo-conditions relate to muscles MUSCLE 1. Allows for locomotion / Movement 2. Maintains posture 3. Produce heat NERVOUS 1. Fast-acting control system 2. Responds to internal & external change 3. Activates muscles & glands ENDOCRINE Releases regulatory hormones 1. Growth 2. Reproduction 3. Metabolism CARDIOVASCULAR Transports materials in body by the blood pumped by the heart 1. Oxygen 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 3. Nutrients 4. Wastes LYMPHATIC 1. Returns fluids to the blood vessels 2. Dispose of debris 3. Destroys bacteria & tumor cells RESPIRATORY 1. Keeps blood supplied with oxygen 2. Removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) DIGESTIVE 1. Breaks down food 2. Allows for nutrient to absorb into the blood 3. Removes indigestible material URINARY 1. Removes nitrogenous waste 2. Maintains acid / base balance 3. Regulation of materials a. Water b. Electrolytes REPRODUCTIVE 1. Production of offspring BODY CAVITIES Hole in the body where something lies ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS Dorsiflexion: Toe upwards, heel down Plantarflexion: Toe down Protraction: Shoulder & arms come forward Retraction: Shoulder & arms come backward SKELETAL SYSTEM Osteo: Bone Myo: Muscle AXIAL SKELETON - Protects Vital Organs; brain, heart, lungs, etc. Skull: Cranium Upper Jaw: Maxilla Lower Jaw: Mandible (Manual moves) Breast / Chest bone: Sternum (Where ribs are attached at front; anterior) Ribs: Thoracic Cage Spine: Vertebrae Column - C7 T12 L5 APPENDICULAR SKELETON - Shoulders, hips, arms & legs Collar Bone: Clavicle Shoulder Blade: Scapula Upper Arm: Humerus (Funny bone) 2x Lower Arm Bones: Radius (Thumb side), Ulna (Little finger side) 8x Wrist Bones: Carpals 5x Hand Bones: Metacarpals 14x Finger Bones: Phalanges Hip Bone: Pelvic Girdle* Thigh Bone: Femur (Longest bone in the body) Knee Cap: Patella Shin Bone: Tibia Behind Shin Bone: Fibula Ankle Bones: Tarsals Foot Bones: Metatarsals 4x Toe Bones: Phalanges RIBS Known as the Thoracic Vertebra 12 pairs, 24 altogether Ribs attach to the spine at the back & also to the sternum 7 true ribs which attach at the back & the sternum 3 false ribs which attach the the back but come together to attach to the sternum 2 ribs are floating ribs which don't connect directly to the sternum. Clavicle is the collar bone Scapula is the shoulder blades Humerus is the upper arm Ulna in the bone under the radius, both form the bottom arm Carpals is your wrist bone Metacarpals are your hand bones Phalanges are your finger bones FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON Supports the body Allows & enables movement Protects delicate organs Forms blood cells Form joints Provides attachment for muscles Provides a store for calcium salts & phosphorus Joint is where two bones meet Bone is attached to bone by ligaments MAKE UP OF BONE Special cells called Osteoblasts Varies in density & compactness Closer to surface of bone more compact Central cavity containing marrow TWO TYPES OF BONE TISSUE Compact: 1. Honeycomb appearance under microscope 2. Haversian canals 3. Lymph capillaries 4. Blood vessels 5. Outside of most bones Cancellous: 1. Looks like sponge 2. Ends of long bones 3. Flat bones 4. Sesamoid bones 5. Marrow only exists in cancellous bone STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETON Five different types according to their shape 1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular 5. Sesamoid LONG BONE Body’s levers Allows movement Examples: ● Femur ● Tibia ● Metacarpals ● Metatarsals ● Phalanges SHORT BONE Strong & compact Little movements Examples: ● Tarsals ● Carpals FLAT BONE Protective bone Broad flat surface Examples: ● Frontal ● Nasal ● Scapula ● Pelvis ● Sternum IRREGULAR BONE Bones that don’t fit other categories Irregular shape Examples: ● Vertebrae ● Sacrum ● Maxilla ● Temporal SESAMOID BONE Bones with tendons Only two in the body Examples: ● Patella ● Hyoid Every bone is attached to a bone by a ligament bar a sesamoid bone HAVERSIAN CANALS 1. Runs lengthways through compact bone 2. Contains blood / lymph capillaries & nerves 3. The larger the canals the less dense & compact the bones AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON 206 bones in skeletal system Goal: Identify bones & their prominent surface features Kyphosis: Upper curvature of spine, shoulders & head forward. Seen in: ● Old age ● Crutches ● Improper training Lordosis: Lower lumbar curvature of the spine. Seen in: ● Irish dancers ● Pelvis is tilted forward ● Tight hamstrings, weak abdominals Scoliosis: Inherited, not gained from improper training VERTEBRAE Typical vertebrae has 7 processes Atlas & axis (Special joint) C1 is a specialized joint Atlas: Top Axis: Bottom Invertible discs in between THORACIC CAGE Sternum: Manubrium 12 pairs of ribs True: 7 False: 3 Floating: 2 LOWER BODY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Pelvis Hip joint Femur Patella (Knee) Fibula Tibia (Front of Fibula) Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges POSTURAL DEFORMITIES Postural deformities are the exaggerated curvature of the spine. The spine naturally curved but various factors may give rise to the following deformities: KYPHOSIS This is where there is outward curvature of the spine causing the person to have a hunchback LORDOSIS This is where there is an inward curvature of the spine causing the person's belly to protrude SCOLIOSIS This is where there is an S-shaped exaggeration of the spine Factors contributing to postural deformities: ● Congenital: The deformity was present at birth ● Environmental: Physical stress on the spine as a result of everyday activity ● Traumatic: Injury or trauma from surgery ARTICULATIONS / JOINTS Classification of Joints: 1. Fixed, or Fibrous: Fibrous tissue between the ends of the bones such as structures in the skull & innominate bone (No movement): 2. Slightly Moveable: Pad of white fibrocartilage between bones such as the spine (Little movement) 3. Freely moveable: Five types of freely moveable joints (Free movement) Fixed: Fused bones / No ligaments Slightly Moveable: No excessive movement of each bone over one another Ligaments* Connects two or more bones together to form a join (Freely moveable) 5 Types of Freely Moveable Joints: 1. Gliding Joint 2. Hinge Joint 3. Pivot Joint 4. Saddle Joint 5. Ball & Socket Joint GLIDING JOINT Articulating surfaces flat ● ● Also, found between carpals & tarsals Only slight movement Carpals: Wrist Bones Tarsals: Ankle Bones Clavicle & Sternum: Collar Bone & Breast Bone HINGE JOINT Convex surface of bone 1 fits into concave surface of bone 2 Example: ● Elbow ● Knee PIVOT JOINT Rotation Projection of bone 1 articulates withinnring of bone 2 Also found in proximal ends of ulna & radius: Pronation & Supination Pivot: 1. 1 Stable Bone 2. 1 Rotates around C1: First vertebrae in the neck Proximal End: Closest to the body of the Ulna & the Radius; Lower arm bones. Just below the elbow joint Pronation: Facing palm down Supination: Facing palm up SADDLE JOINT Articular surface shaped like saddle & rider ● ● Extensive angular motion without rotation Also between Malleus & Incus BALL & SOCKET JOINT Ball like surface of bone 1 fits into cuplike depression at bone 2 Example: ● Shoulder ● Hip ● Allows for flexion, abduction, adduction & rotation Shoulder Joint: Humerus & Scapula Hip: Femur & Pelvis Greatest movement of all joints R.O.M.: Range of Movement DISEASES & DISORDERS Arthritis 1. Inflammation of the joints 2. Mono-articular arthritis in one joint 3. Poly-articular arthritis in many Acute ● Heat ● Redness ● Visible Inflammation Chronic ● Loss of Cartilage ● Deposition of Bone ● Less Pain & Inflammation Gout ● ● ● ● ● Form of arthritis Can occur in any body part (Big toe) More common in men Deposition of uric acid crystals Chronic destruction of the joint Osteoarthritis ● Chronic arthritis of degenerative type ● Cartilage of the joint breaks down ● Affects weight-bearing joints ● Knees, feet & back Rheumatoid Arthritis ● Type of polyarthritis ● Autoimmune disease ● Attacks articular surface of bones ● Deformity within joints Osteoporosis ● Brittle bone disease ● Calcium deficiency ● Accelerated bone loss ● Effects mainly post-menopausal women ● Porosity & brittleness of bones CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart; Propels blood, maintains blood pressure. Blood Vessels; Distribute blood around the body. Arteries; Carry blood from heart to capillaries Capillaries; Permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids. Veins; Return blood from capillaries to the heart. Blood; Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood cells, delivers nutrients and hormones, removes waste products, assists in temperature regulation and defense against disease. Protein; Broken down into Amino Acids - circulated in the blood. Carbohydrates; Broken down into Glucose - circulates in the blood. Fats; Broken down into Fatty Acids - circulates in the blood. Blood Content; Hormones, water, waste, enzymes & gases (O2 & CO2). Arteries; Blood away from heart oxygenated blood (Good blood). to Arterioles; Smaller arteries to Capillaries; Smallest tubes - go to 1 cell thick. to Venules; Carry (Old) deoxygenated blood to the veins. to Veins; Brings deoxygenated blood to the heart. Cardiovascular system, sometimes called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Heart; Your heart pumps blood through two major pathways - Pulmonary Circulation & Systemic Circulation. Pulmonary Circulation; Transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where blood picks up a new oxygen supply. - from heart (Deoxygenated blood) to the lungs (Where it becomes oxygenated) & travels back to the heart. Systemic Circulation; It returns oxygen rich blood and nutrients to the left atrium and is pumped out all over the body. It also picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products. - brings this deoxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body (Systems). When used it carries deoxygenated blood & waste back to heart. ARTERY (Arterioles) ● ● ● ● Systemic circulation (From heart to systems). Carry oxygenated blood. Pulmonary circulation (From heart to lungs & back again). Pulmonary arteries (Carry deoxygenated blood). Pulmonary arteries are the only arteri e that carry deoxygenated blood. VEINS (Venules) ● ● ● Systemic circulation (Carries deoxygenated blood). Pulmonary circulation (Carries oxygenated blood). Pulmonary veins are the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood. ARTERIES Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart. Arteries gas the force of the heart behind the blood, so the heart pumps blood into the arteries. No valves. Lumen is the space where the blood flows. Small lumen (Hole), thick walls. Arteries are 3 layers thick. Layer 2 consists of a muscular layer. Arteries dilate lumen. Therefore the demand for blood gets bigger. This causes an increased blood flow to areas such as muscles. Arteries can also constrict. The lumen then gets smaller to restrict blood flow. VEINS Veins carry blood TO the heart. Veins, venous returns which in return brings blood back to the heart. There's no pump, therefore muscle contraction brings the blood towards the heart. Veins have valves to stop backflow. Large lumen, thin walled.
