Lecture
Highlights
Chapter 5 & 6
Toddlerhood and Early School Age
Physical:
Healthy Toddler
Development (ages 13)
2 years of age: Toddler perfects the gross and fine motor
skills; develops balance, coordination, and stability.
3 years of age: Toddler increases body strength and is
able to master challenges such as tricycles and
appropriate playground equipment.
Between 2 and 3 years of age: The child should be
developmentally ready to begin toilet training.
Sensory and perception: begin to use senses to change
how they interact with the world
Language development: after 24 months, has a
vocabulary of about 50 words and after 3 years has a
vocabulary of 50 to 250 words
Cognitive:
Awareness of cause and effect and will test the
caregivers response
ex: throwing objects to see what caregiver does
Social and Emotional:
establishes a sense of autonomy
Has a basic self concept: pride for showing good
behavior, experience embarrassment and shame
social relationship develop and trust in others
engage in parallel play and imaginative play
Risks to healthy toddler development:
Child maltreatment and abuse (sexual and emotional)
Neglect (physical, emotional, medical, parental
substance abuse, abandonment)
Discovery of learning disabilities (early intervention
programs)
Counseling connection:
anxiety appears around this age (often separation
anxiety)
Gender identity development and questioning
Discussion of sexual development and abuse prevention
(knowing different body parts, discussing sexual abuse)
Parental education on discipline during childhood and
understand temper tantrums
Social skills with children
Physical:
Healthy Preschool/
Early School Age
Development (ages 36)
enhanced motor skills, climbing, jumping, and increased
activity
Child should get plenty of sleep and nutrition to balance
activity and development
Cognitive:
Changes in cognition, more egocentric thinking
development of symbolic thought
Zone of proximal development and scaffolding until
mastery are important in this stage
structure and routine
Moral development: understand right from wrong, has a
self point of view
Moral development: Kohlbergs stages of moral
development
Preconventional thought: Obeying the rules is
important because it means avoiding punishment and
Self-interest.
Conventional thought: Interpersonal accord and
conformity and Respect for authority and social order
through obedience.
Postconventional thought: Laws are regarded as
social contracts where individuals can hold different
opinions and Moral reasoning is based on abstract
reasoning using universal ethical principles.
Begin developing perspective taking skills
Allow children to experience moral conflict and problem
solve
Social and emotional:
Want to see themselves as successful and capable
Changing of emotional state
Develop healthy emotional behaviors is important in this
stage
Teach: cooperative play skills and positive relationship
building
Play is very important in development at this stage, play
become more imaginative, social, role playing, and can
foster language development and healthy social skills
Risks to Healthy Development:
Resilience begins to develop at this stage, foster positive
resilience by teaching self regulation, problem solving
skills, coping skills, and positive thinking. Along with
developing healthy attachments with caregivers and
friends
Poor social skills: may need skills training or early
intervention
Counseling Connection:
Identification of neurodevelopmental disorder such as
autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, oppositional defiant
disorder, conduct disorder
Parent training programs: be consistent with parenting
and consequences, do not attack or criticize child, etc.
Early intervention programs
Management of behavioral issues with children, behavior
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