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 Cellphones are not allowed while the class is on-going unless it is
needed in the session
 Loud discussions are not allowed while the class is on-going
 Questions will be entertained after the discussion
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 Late submissions will only be accepted with valid and proper
excuses
Grading System & Requirements
WRITTEN WORKS
PERFORMANCE TASKS
QUARTERLY ASSESSMENTS
-
25%
50%
25%
100%
NOTEBOOK
COMPILATION OF OUTPUTS
INDEX CARD
CLASS MONITOR (Attendance)
PRESENTATION OF MISSION, VISION AND CORE VALUES OF
DEPED
MISSION
To protect and promote the right of every Filipino to quality, equitable, culturebased, and complete basic education where:
Students learn in a child-friendly, gender sensitive, safe and motivating
environment.
Teachers facilitate learning and constantly nurture every learner.
Administrators and staff, as stewards of the institution, ensure an enabling and
supportive environment for effective learning to happen.
Family, community and other stakeholders are actively engaged and share
responsibility for developing lifelong learners.
VISION
We dream of Filipinos who passionately love their country and
whose values and competencies enable them to realize their full
potential and contribute meaningfully to building the nation.
As a learner-centered public institution, the Department of
Education continuously improves itself to better serve its stakeholders.
CORE VALUES
MAKA-DIYOS
MAKA-TAO
MAKAKALIKASAN
MAKABANSA
What is Philosophy? How do you define Philosophy?
Often times we philosophize in order to understand life.
Philosophy aims to profoundly understand our self and the world
around us by exploring the fundamental questions and issues
about our current situations.
DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy begins from a sense of wonder. Whenever we are
confronted with an experience, we always wonder how it came
about. Man’s curiosity drives him to ask questions. Some of these
questions have no definite answers. Where did we come from? Why
do we exist? What should we do with our life? For what purpose
were we created?
This is why Philosophy is defined as the “love of wisdom.” This
definition originated from the two Greek words: philos (love) and
sophia (wisdom). They soon applied it to the study or discipline
that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes,
reasons, and principles which govern all things. Thus, philosophy
aims to seek for answers and truth. It is our aid to find answer in
life’s big questions.
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
Ancient Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are
the most notable figure who established the foundation of Philosophy
as a field of study.
Socrates
Socrates was considered the foremost philosopher of ancient
times. He was credited with formulating the Socratic Method – a
means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions that let
the learner examine and analyze his knowledge and views regarding
the topic. For instance, a teacher asks questions to students about
how the Covid-19 pandemic affected the income of their parents.
Some students might answer that a number of them lost job
resulting to financial challenges. With this, teacher leads the
answer of the student to a broader issue of unemployment in the
Philippines as effect of the pandemic. Further, Socrates was also
famous for his saying “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Plato
Meanwhile, Plato’s teachings and writings were considered
the foundation of Western philosophy. Plato was a student of
Socrates who had influenced his philosophical thoughts. Plato’s
most significant ideas included his Theory of Forms, which
proposes that everything that exists is based on an idea that can
only be perceived in the mind. These nonphysical ideas are eternal
and unchanging. For example, I have an idea of what a chair is long
before I see a physical chair. This means that the ideas we have
are already within us since birth.
Aristotle
Aristotle is a student of Plato. Aristotle, however, disagreed
with Plato’s theory of forms and took a different stance in
interpreting reality. For him, all ideas and views are based on
perception and our reality is based on what we can sense or
perceive. Example of this is before we get the idea of a chair in
our mind, we have to see first a physical chair.
Branches of Philosophy
There are major branches of Philosophy that serve as lens to
answer our fundamental questions depending on the context.
Each branch will focus on a specific area of philosophy.
1. Metaphysics explores the fundamental nature of reality and
being. In this branch of philosophy, the central concern is to study
causes and effect and properties of things. Where did the
universe come from? Is it governed by laws? If so, what laws?
Metaphysics can aid in explaining these questions.
2. Epistemology explores the nature and limitation of knowledge.
It investigates how knowledge is obtained. How do I know it? This
means that it concerns the nature of human knowledge and the
way to obtain it. How do we obtain knowledge? There are
questions that we sometimes ask ourselves like why do we have a
concept of a chair? We need epistemology to guide us in knowing
this concept since we make mistakes from time to time.
3. Ethics is a philosophical study about morality (goodness or
badness) of human actions. This is our guide on how we will
perform our actions as human being. Among the questions discuss
in ethics are: What is good and evil? Is right and wrong the same in
every place in the world or different? How do we live a good life?
These are fundamental moral questions that ethics tries to study
and answer.
4. Logic is a philosophical study on the correct process of
thinking. A systematic study of argument. How do we determine
which arguments are valid or false claims only? This means that
we distinguish valid from invalid arguments.
5. Aesthetics explores the nature of beauty, art, and taste with
the creation and appreciation of beauty. Questions like what is
beauty? What is art? How should art and beauty be judged?
These are just one of the many questions in the study of
aesthetics.
PHILOSOPHY AS BROADENING PERSPECTIVE IN LIFE
These major branches of philosophy aid us to broaden our
perspective and see things at a larger-scale. Through constant
reflection, an individual is able to think and analyze problems at a
wider perspective. Constant reflection enables us to make wiser
choices in life by considering possible implications and
consequences.
This is the role of Philosophy in life where one is able to have a
holistic thinking. When we say holistic thinking, we have to
have an open mindset and an ability to get the general sense
regarding a situation. For instance, a person’s experience of a
stomach ache. A doctor may prescribe the appropriate medicine
that will address the physical causes of the problem.
A holistic perspective, however, requires the doctor to look at the
“big picture” and view the patient illness as an aspect of his or her
lifestyle and personal circumstances. When using this perspective, a
doctor may be able to identify other underlying causes of illness.
Partial thinking, on the other hand, focuses on specific aspects of a
situation. The partial view is an important component of analytical
thinking, as an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a
problem in order to understand it. For example, a teacher conducts
a study about the effectiveness of a particular learning material used
in distance learning. Once analyzed, the study helps to supplement
the wider concern of distance learning.
Though partial thinking is useful, philosophy utilizes holistic
thinking in making sense of problems and issues related to the
human experience. Adopting a holistic approach in thinking
encourages us not only to be more critical but also to be more
appreciative about the different vantage points of life as a whole.
With this kind of attitude given by Philosophy, we learn to
appreciate to look at life in a meaningful way.
Practice Task 1
Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False.
________1. Philosophy originated from the two Greek words philos
meaning love and sophia meaning wisdom.
________2. Plato argues that all our ideas and views are based on
perception and our reality is based on what we can sense or perceive.
________3. Logic is a branch of Philosophy that studies about
morality (goodness or badness) of human actions.
________4. Epistemology is a branch of philosophy which explores
the nature and limitation of knowledge. It investigates how knowledge
is obtained.
________5. Holistic perspective enables us to see the bigger picture.
What can you say about the quotation below? Do you agree
with this? Express your answers on the space provided