Principles of Medical
Laboratory Science 1
Benitez, Dumaoal, Estrella, Mortel and
Nava.
C&E Publishing Inc. 2019
Lesson 1: History of Medical Technology
Profession
History of Medical Technology in a Global
Context
300 BC to 180 AD – Hippocrates and Galen
instigated a rudimentary and qualitative
assessment of disorder through
measurements of body fluids [blood,
phlegm, yellow bile, black bile (four
humors)]
Hippocrates – advocated the tasting of
urine, listening to the lungs, and observing
outward appearances in the diagnosis of
disease.
-
-
concluded that the appearance of
bubbles, blood, and pus in urine
indicated kidney disease and chronic
illnesses.
“father of medicine”; author of the
Hippocratic Oath
11th century – medical practitioners were
not allowed to conduct physical
examination of the patient’s body thus, they
relied solely on patient’s description of
symptoms and their observations.
18th century – mechanical techniques and
cadaver dissection were used to provide a
more objective and accurate diagnosis and
to understand the insides of the body.
19th century – physicians began using
machines for diagnosis or therapeutics
spirometer – used for measuring the vital
capacity of the lungs
-
sphygmomanometer – measuring blood
pressure
-
-
established the relationship between
fluid intake and urine volume
a Greek physician and philosopher
Medieval Europe – diagnosis by “water
casting” (uroscopy) was widely practiced
900 AD – first book detailing the
characteristics of urine (e.g., color, density,
quality) was written
invented by Jules Herrison
stethoscope – used to acquire information
about the lungs and heartbeats
-
first diagnostic medical
breakthrough invented by Rene
Laennec in 1816
microscope – developed for medical
purposes due to advances in lenses and
lower costs
-
Galen – described diabetes as “diarrhea of
urine”
-
invented by John Hutchinson in 1846
the first practical microscope was
devised by Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek in 1840
opthalmoscope – first visual technology
invented by Hermann von Helmhoiz in
1850
laryngoscope – uses two mirrors to observe
the throat and larynx
-
devised by Manuel Garcia in 1855
X-ray – allows physicians to view the inside
of the body without surgery
-
invented by Wilhelm Roentgen in
1859
-
discovered as safe method in humans
by Coumand in 1941
Mid-1800s – laboratories designed for
analyzing medical specimens were
organized by chemical experts
Electron microscope – gave way to the
visualization of small cells including tumor
cells
Mid-1900s – technical laboratories
regulated by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) began to be
used for medical diagnostics
History of Medical Technology in the United
States
Early 20th century – improvements in basic
sciences and integration of scientific and
technological discoveries marked the
advances in medical technology
Electrocardiograph – measures electrical
change during the beating of the heart
-
developed by William Einthoven in
1903
Kenny method – devised by Elizabeth
Kenny in 1910 for the treatment of polio
using hot packs and muscle manipulation
-
prompted the invention of a new
stretcher called Sylvia stretcher in
1927, intended for transporting
patients in shock
Drinker respirator – invented by Philip
Drinker in 1927 to help patients with
paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover
normal respiration with the assistance of
artificial respirator
Cardiac catheterization and angiography –
made seeing the heart, lung vessels, and
valves possible through inserting a cannula
in an arm vein and into the heart with an
injection of radiopaque dye for X-ray
visualization
-
first operated by Forsmann in 1929
developed by Moniz, Reboul,
Rousthoi between 1930 and 1940
1895 – University of Pennsylvania’s
William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical
Medicine was opened to highlight the
service role of clinical laboratories
1918 – John Kolmer called for the
development of a method that would certify
medical technologists on a national scale
 John Kolmer – published The
Demand for and Training of
Laboratory Technicians that included
a description of the first formal
training course in Medical
Technology
 state legislature of Pennsylvania
enacted a law requiring all hospitals
and institutions to have a fullyequipped laboratory fit for routine
testing and to employ a full time
laboratory technician
1920 – administrative units of clinical
laboratories in large hospitals were
directed by a chief physician
 clinical laboratories consisted of 4 to
5 division including clinical
pathology, bacteriology,
microbiology, serology, and
radiology
American Society for Clinical Pathology
(ASCP) – founded in 1922 with the
objective of encouraging the cooperation
between physicians and clinical
pathologists as well as maintaining the
status of clinical pathologists
 established the code of ethics for
technicians and technologists
American Society for Clinical Laboratory
Science (formerly American Society for
Medical Technologists) – helped in the
recognition of non-physician clinical
laboratory scientists as autonomous
professionals
1950s – medical technologists in the US
sought professional recognition from the
government of their educational
qualifications through licensure laws
History of Medical Technology in the
Philippines
1565 – Hospital Real in Cebu was moved to
Manila to cater military patients
1578 – the Franciscans built San Lazaro
Hospital for the poor and lepers
1596 – the Hospital de San Juan de Dios
was founded for poor Spaniards
1641 – the Hospital de San Jose was
founded in Cavite
1611 – the Dominicans founded the
University of Santo Tomas
1871 – UST established the first faculties of
pharmacy and medicine
1886 – Boletin de Medicina de Manila
1893 – Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas
1895 – Cronicas de Ciencas Medicas
1806 – the central board of vaccination
started producing and distributing vaccine
lymph
 had 122 regular vaccinators
(vacunadores) in Manila and other
major towns by 1898
1876 – provincial medical officers were
appointed to provide healthcare services
throughout the ountry
1883 – the Board of Health and Charity was
established and later expanded in 1886
1887 – Laboratorio Municipal de Manila
was established by the Spanish authorities
General Antonio Luna – employed as a
chemical expert in Laboratorio de
Municipal de Manila; pioneered water
testing, forensics, and environmental
studies
1989 – the Spanish Military Hospital was
converted into the First Reserve Hospital
by Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott
Lt. Col. Lipincott – chief surgeon of the
Division of the Pacific and Eighth Army
Corps.
Philippine Commission Act No. 156 – the US
government established a Bureau of
Government Laboratories in 1901
Paul Freer – first director of the Bureau of
Government Laboratories
June 1927 – the UP College of Public Health
formally opened its Certificate in Public
Health program with the aim to provide
proper training to the Philippine Health
Service’s medical offers
Manila Public Health Laboratory – the first
clinical laboratory in the Philippines that
was established during World War II by the
6th Infantry Division of the US army
1954 – the Bureau of Private Education
approved a four-year course in Bachelor of
Science in Medical Technology
 Manila Sanitarium Hospital (MSH)
opened the first School of Medical
Technology in the Philippines under
the leadership of Mrs. Willa Hedrick
Loma Linda University in California –
affiliate of MSH for the medical internship
and residency training program
1954 – the Philippine Union College (PUC)
now Adventist University of the Philippines
absorbed MSH’s School of Medical
Technology
Dr. Jesse Umali – first graduate of the
medical technology program
1957 – UST initially offered the Medical
Technology course as an elective for
pharmacy students
1961 – UST recognized the Medical
Technology as an official program
History of Medical Technology in CEU
1960 – CEU offered BS Medical Technology
 Initiative of the 2ns CEU President
and university registrar
1962 – first batch of graduates
Deans of CEU – CMT
Ms. Purification Suaco (1960-1963)
 Organized and monitored the proper
implementation of the Medical
Technology curriculum
Porfirio de Guia, MD (1963 – 1969)
 Former University Medical Clinic and
the Dean of the College of Liberal
Arts
 Credited for the steady growth in the
enrollment
 Responsible of hospital affiliations
Velia G. Trinidad, MD (1969-1984)
 During her term, additional hospital
affiliations for the training of the
increasing number of interns were
established
Fe N. Martinez, RMT, PhD (1984 – 1989)
 Review class inside CEU was
established to monitor closely the
students preparation for the board
exam
Priscila A. Panlasigui, CLS, PhD (1989 –
2006)
 Curriculum enrichments to meet the
demand of globalization
 1993 and 2001 MT program
accreditation
 Integration of the ff.:
o EMT
o Pharmacology
o Cytology
o Medical Transcription
o Reasearch
Dr, Charito M. Bermido, RMT, PhD
 Level III re-accreditation in 2007
 Reforms were made especially in the
areas of teaching, research,
curriculum and board exam review