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cardiovascular qa

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HEART QA
Questions
a muscular organ that is essential for life because it pumps
blood through the body
heart is a member organ of the
cardiovascular system, which consists of the
The heart of a healthy adult, at rest, pumps
approximately ________ of blood per minute
For most people, the heart continues to pump at
approximately that rate for more than
the heart’s right side pumping to the lungs and back to the
left side of the heart through vessels of the
left side of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the
body and back to the right side of the heart through vessels
of the
double-layered sac that anchors and protects heart
membrane around heart’s cavity
membrane on heart’s surface
space around heart
extends around the heart, separating the atria from the
ventricles
Two grooves
indicate the division between the right and left ventricles
extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the
posterior surface of the heart
carry blood from the body to the right atrium
carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium
carry blood away from the ventricles of the heart
arising from the right ventricle
The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left
carry blood to the lungs
carries blood to the rest of the body
separates atria from ventricles
Holding chambers
Pumping chambers
Small, thin walled
Contract minimally to push blood into ventricles
separates right and left atria
Thick, strong walled
Contract forcefully to propel blood out of heart
separates right and left ventricles
Valves between the atria and ventricles
AV valve between RA and RV
3 cusps
AV valve between LA and LV
2 cusps
Each ventricle contains cone-shaped, muscular pillars called
These muscles are attached by strong, connective tissue
strings called
A plate of connective tissue
consists mainly of fibrous rings that surround the
atrioventricular and semilunar valves and give them solid
support
This connective tissue plate also serves as
__________between the atria and the ventricles and
provides a rigid attachment site for cardiac muscle
supply blood to heart wall
Answers
heart
heart, blood vessels, and blood
5 liters (L)
75 years
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
coronary sulcus
Sulci
Two grooves or sulci
posterior interventricular sulcus
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
four pulmonary veins
arteries
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary arteries
aorta
Coronary sulcus
Atria
Interatrial septum
Coronary sulcus
Interatrial septum
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Interventricular septum
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve (mitral)
papillary muscles
chordae
tendineae
cardiac skeleton, or fibrous skeleton
cardiac skeleton, or fibrous skeleton
electrical insulation
Coronary arteries
supply blood to anterior heart wall and left ventricle
supply blood to right ventricle
drain blood from the cardiac muscle
surface of heart (outside)
thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
smooth, inner surface
Cardiac muscle used for contractions
Connect cells of cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle is rich in
1 centrally located nucleus
Changes in membrane channels’ permeability are
responsible for producing action potentials and is called
Na+ channels open
Ca2+ channels open
Na+ channels close
Some K+ channels open
Ca2+ channels remain open
K+ channels are open
• Ca2+ channels close
prolongs action potential by keeping Ca2+ channels open.
In skeletal muscle action potentials take
in cardiac muscle they take
Contraction of the atria and ventricles is
coordinated by specialized cardiac muscle cells
in the heart wall that form the ________ of the heart
All the cells of the conduction system can
produce
The conduction system of the heart includes the
functions as pacemaker
action potentials spread slowly through it
action potentials are rapidly delivered to all the cardiac
muscle of the ventricles
divides into a left and right bundle branches
where action potential originates
action potentials from SA node sent to this node
record of electrical events in heart
slow rate of action potential conduction allows the
atria to complete their contraction before action
potentials are delivered to the ventricles
diagnoses cardiac abnormalities
• uses electrodes
• contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave
depolarization of ventricles
depolarization of atria
repolarization of ventricles
a summative description of
all the events that occur during one single
heartbeat.
primers for pumps
the actual pumps
produce pressure
changes within heart chambers
responsible for blood
movement
systole
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
Cardiac veins
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Ca2+ and ATP
Intercalated disks
Mitochondria
Cardiac muscle
Pacemaker potential
Depolarization phase
Plateau phase
Repolarization phase
Plateau phase
2 msec
200-500 msec
Conduction system
spontaneous action potentials
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node,
atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle
branches, and Purkinje fibers
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Purkinje Fibers
Atrioventricular bundle
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
ECG (EKG)
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
ECG (EKG)
QRS complex
P wave
T wave
cardiac cycle
atria
ventricles
Cardiac muscle contractions
Pressure changes
Contraction
Diastole
produced due to the closure of
heart valves.
used to hear heart sounds
first heart sound makes a
second heart sound makes a
first heart sound is due to the closure of the
second heart sound is due to the closure of the
volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction
number of heart beats in 1 min.
Stroke volume mm/beat
Heart rate beats/min
volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min
5 Liters/min
amount of blood that returns to heart
the degree ventricular walls are stretched at end of
diastole
the mechanisms
contained within the heart itself that control
cardiac output
mechanism of the
nervous system that plays an important role in
regulating heart function.
involves chemical
regulation of the heart
relationship between preload and stroke
pressure against which ventricles must pump blood
volume
influences cardiac output
monitor blood pressure in the aorta and carotid
arteries
changes in blood pressure cause changes in
frequency of action potentials
can affect heart rate and stroke
volume
Chemical from the adrenal
medulla can increase heart rate and stroke volume
excitement, anxiety, and anger can increase
has chemoreceptors for changes in pH and CO2
affect cardiac function
due to decrease blood supply to the heart
- due to closure of one or more coronary arteries
- area(s) of cardiac muscle lacking adequate blood
supply die, and scars (infarct)
procedure opens blocked blood vessels
structures inserted to keep vessels open
procedure reroutes blood away from blocked arteries
Relaxation
Heart sounds
stethoscope
lubb
dupp
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves
Stroke Volume
Heart rate
70 milliliters/beat
72 beats/min.
Cardiac Output
Venous return
Preload
Intrinsic regulation
baroreceptor reflex
chemoreceptor reflex
Starlings Law of the Heart
After load
Starlings Law of the Heart
Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors
Chemicals
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Chemical actions
medulla oblongata
K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
Angioplasty
Stent
Bypass
BLOOD VESSELS AND CIRCULATION QA
Questions
transport blood from the right ventricle of the heart
through the lungs and back to the left atrium
transport blood from the left ventricle of the heart through
all
parts of the body and back to the right atrium
carry blood away from heart
Answers
pulmonary vessels
systemic vessels
arteries
thick with a lot of elastic
carry blood toward heart
think with less elastic
exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia
largest in diameter
thickest walls
can control blood flow to body regions
collect blood from small veins and deliver to large
veins
Example of elastic arteries
contain valves
blood vessels that carry blood from right ventricle to
lungs and back from left atrium of heart
blood pump from right ventricle towards lung
exit lungs and carry O2 rich blood to left atrium
__________carries blood from the left ventricle to the
tissues of the body and back to the right atrium
distribute blood from the aorta to all portions of the body
passes superiorly from left ventricle
3 major arteries which carry blood to head and
upper limbs
extends through thorax and abdomen to pelvis
part of descending aorta that extends through
thorax to diaphragm
descending aorta that extends from diaphragm
where it divides at the common iliac arteries
Branch of aortic arch that supplies blood to the left side of
head and neck
Branch of aortic arch that supplies blood to left upper limbs
Branch of aortic arch that supplies blood to right side of
head and neck
Branches of aortic arch:
branches off brachiocephalic artery that supplies blood to
right side of head and neck
branches off brachiocephalic artery that supplies blood to
right upper limbs
supply blood deep in clavicle
where blood pressure measurements are taken
- supply blood to forearm and hand
- pulse taken here
near elbow
supply blood to stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver,
upper duodenum
supply blood to small intestines and upper portion
of colon
supply blood to colon
supply blood to kidneys
supply blood to liver
supply blood to diaphragm
supply blood to lower limbs
supply blood to pelvic area
branches from abdominal aorta
veins
Capillaries
Simple squamous
smooth muscle with elastic and collagen
connective tissue
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Medium sized veins
Aorta and pulmonary trunk
Large veins
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary veins
Systemic circulation
arteries
Ascending
Aortic arch
Descending
Thoracic
abdominal
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic artery
- brachiocephalic artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian
Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
Axillary arteries
Brachial arteries
Radial arteries
Ulnar arteries
Celiac trunk arteries
Superior mesenteric arteries
Inferior mesenteric arteries
Renal arteries
Hepatic arteries
Inferior phrenic arteries
External iliac arteries
Internal iliac arteries
Common iliac arteries
return blood to the heart
In the systemic circulation, the blood returning
to the heart is
In the pulmonary circulation, the blood
returning to the heart in the pulmonary veins is
returns blood from head, neck, thorax, and right
upper limbs
returns blood from abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs
drain blood from head and neck
drain blood from brain, face, neck
forms brachiocephalic veins
join to form superior vena cava
empty into axillary vein
empty into axillary vein and basilic vein
connects to cephalic vein
empty into brachiocephalic veins
Veins
deoxygenated
oxygenated
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
External jugular vein
Internal jugular vein
Subclavian veins
Brachiocephalic veins
Brachial veins
Cephalic veins
Median cubital veins
Internal thoracic veins
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