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General-Biology-1 Q1 Week 1 (1)

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THE CELL THEORY, STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
for General Biology 1 / Grade 11
Quarter 1/Week 1
1
FOREWORD
This self-learning kit (SLK) is the first among the series of SLKs in
General Biology 1. SLKs are designed for Senior High School learners
to gain knowledge independently in the absence of face-to-face
learning instruction.
Cell theory is an essential lesson in the curriculum guide to be
learned by learners before moving to other topics. Cell theory
provides information where the word “cell” was obtained. It also
includes the role of cell in living organisms and how cell was made
known in the world of science. The learners will know the scientists
who have made significant contributions in the discovery of cell
and the development of cell theory. The structures of the major
subcellular organelles are described and the function of each is
identified.
Pictures are shown to instill concrete knowledge on how a cell looks
like. Activities and diagrams are used to guide students in
organizing concepts for better understanding of the lesson.
With the guidance of parents or guardians, the learners are advised
to go through the learning kit page by page in an ascending
manner for an effective organization of concepts, do every
activity, and answer every question honestly and sincerely. It is
hoped that this SLK will make authentic learning possible.
2
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
K: explain the postulates of the cell theory and the function of every cell
organelle,
S: make a model of either a plant cell or animal cell, and
A: appreciate the importance of cell and its organelles by observing a
healthful diet.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
✓ Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)
✓ Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular
organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)
I.
What Happened
Pre-Test:Directions: In your notebook, write the letter of the best answer.
1. What are living things structurally made of?
a. organs
b. cells
c. tissues
d. all of the above
2. What is the basic unit of life?
a. organs
b. cells
c. tissues
d. all of the above
3. Where do cells come from?
a. plants
b. animals c. preexisting cells
d. mitosis
4. What was used to study about cells?
a. hand lens
c. telescope
b. electron microscope
d. compound microscope
5. Where was the term “cell” coined from?
a. plant tissue
c. sperm specimen
b. box-like structure in cork tissue
d. animal tissue
6. The following are the three main parts of a cell except _______.
a. nucleus
b. cytoplasm
c. cell wall
d. cell membrane
7. What is the common shape of an animal cell?
a. round
b. rectangular
c. square
d. no fixed shape
8. Where are the organelles of a cell located?
a. nucleus
c. cell membrane
b. cytoplasm
d. scattered anywhere
9. What organelle is known as the “control center” of the cell?
a. cell membrane
b. mitochondria
c. cytoplasm
d. nucleus
10. What regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell?
a. cell wall
b. cell membrane
c. nucleus
d. proteins
3
II. What I Need To Know
Cell Theory
(Adapted from Gen. Bio. 1 by Belardo et al., Functional Biology by L.M. Rabago,
and Biology by Capco & Yang)
A theory is a set of propositions describing the operation and causes of natural
phenomena. Cell theory describes where the term “cell” and the other basic
information about the cell came from. Cell is the basic unit of life. It is the
building block of all organisms. There are organisms that are made up of only
one cell called unicellular organisms. Others are composed of many cells
known as multicellular organisms. But, even the life of a very huge multicellular
organism begins with a single cell – a sperm cell and an egg cell.
How are these concepts about the cell made known?
The idea about the cell came up as a result of different studies conducted by
several biologists from different countries of the world for about 300 years. A
few of these significant studies are as follows:
➢
Hans and Zacharias Jansen, Dutch inventors,
made the first simple microscope in 1590.
➢
Robert Hooke, an Englishman, gave the term
“cell” for the box-like structures observed in a
cork tissue under the microscope in 1667.
Figure 1: Cork cells
Photo taken by L. A. De La Zerna
➢ Around 1675, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch naturalist, observed
sperm cells, red blood cells, bacteria, and other microscopic organisms in
rainwater after his invention of a more powerful microscope. A nucleus was
observed within some of the red blood cells.
➢
Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist,
studied plant structures under the
microscope. In 1838, he stated that all
plants are composed of cells.
➢
In 1839, it was concluded that all animals
are composed of cells by Theodore
Figure 2: Plant cells
Photos taken by L.A. De La Zerna
Schwann, a German zoologist. He studied on animal tissues.
Jointly, Schleiden and Schwann proposed that all living things are made up of
cells.
➢ Roughly, 20 years later, in 1855, Rudolf Virchow, a German biologist,
observed dividing cells during his work. Such observation made him conclude
that all living cells come from preexisting cells.
4
➢ Eventually, unifying all the discoveries and other advanced studies
conducted, the cell theory was formulated stating that:
1. All living things are structurally made up of cells.
2. The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
3. Cells come from the division of preexisting cells.
Clincher: The study of cell which started from the invention of simple
microscope until the development of cell theory was conducted for about
300 years by several scientists. From then on, further developments and many
technologies were made that had helped humanity.
Cell Structure and Functions
(Adapted from Gen. Bio.1 by Belardo et al., Functional Biology
by L.M. Rabago, and Biology by Capco & Yang)
All cells have three main parts: the cell membrane or plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, and nucleus.
nucleus
cytoplasm
Cell
membran
e
Figure 3: The three main parts of a cell
Cell membrane separates the internal contents of the cell from its environment. It is a
phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. As a selectively permeable
membrane, some substances can readily pass through it while others cannot. The
three major functions performed by the cell membrane are as follows: (1) separates
the contents of the cell from its environment, (2) regulates the passage of materials in
and out of the cell, and (3) permits communication with other cells.
The whole region within the cell membrane is the cytoplasm. Organelles are
found and perform their functions in the jelly-like substance called cytosol.
Various metabolic reactions like protein synthesis and breakdown of sugar into
ATP take place in the cytoplasm. Other organic materials are found in the
cytoplasm such as glucose and other simple sugars, polysaccharides, amino
acids, nucleic acids, fatty acids, etc. Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions are
also dissolved in the cytoplasm. Centrioles, cytoskeleton, and plastids are the
specialized organelles in the cytoplasm.
Nucleus is the third main part of the cell. It is generally oval in shape,
covered with a nuclear membrane or envelope. It is the control center of the
cell that regulates and coordinates all activities of the cell. Chromosomes are
5
found in the nucleus. Within the chromosomes are DNA that make up the
gene that bears the hereditary traits.
The cell theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life. To be able to perform
its function, the cell contains cytoplasm structures called organelles.
The following are the basic organelles found in the cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria are the sites for the breakdown of sugar molecules into
adenosine triphosphate or ATP, which is the main source of energy in the
body.
• Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. The coded message from DNA
as to what kind of protein is to be synthesized is carried by the mRNA from
the nucleus to the ribosome.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes of
membranes that extend throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is
structurally continuous with the nuclear membrane, and it specializes in the
transport of lipids and membrane proteins.
• A system of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that looks like stack of
pancakes is the Golgi apparatus. Its function is to modify, sort, and pack
macromolecules for secretion or for transport to other organelles. Rounded
vesicles are associated to the Golgi apparatus that pinched off from its
flattened sacs and carry the materials to other parts of the cell.
• Lysosome is also produced by the Golgi apparatus. It is a membrane-bound
organelle that comes in various sizes and shapes. Lysosomes contain
numerous hydrolytic or digestive enzymes for the breakdown of
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats within the cell. Thus, they are known as
“digestive sacs.” Destruction or repair of defective parts of the cell is
another function of lysosomes.
• Another membrane-bound vesicles that contain oxidative enzymes are the
peroxisomes. Enzymes responsible for oxidizing certain molecules to form
hydrogen peroxide are found in peroxisomes. They are abundantly found
in liver cells, where fats and lipids are metabolized. In plants, they convert
fatty acids into sugars needed by growing seedlings during seed
germination.
• Vacuoles are large storage sacs in cells. The smaller ones are called vesicles.
In animals, some vacuoles function for storage of water or food, while others
are for excretion of waste materials. Vacuoles in plants occupy up to 95%
of the cell volume. Intracellular digestion, space filling, and control of cell
turgor are some of the functions of vacuoles in plants. They contain water,
6
sugar, salts, and anthocyanin pigment. Toxic molecules are present that
protect plants from herbivorous animals.
• Outside the nucleus of animal cells is found the centrosome. It consists of
two rod-shaped centrioles which are at right angle to each other. They
replicate before cell division resulting into two pairs of centrioles that later
move apart becoming part of the newly formed cells. They are believed to
function in the formation of spindle fibers.
• A network of interconnected protein filaments that extends throughout the
cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton that provides the cell’s structural support. It is
responsible for cell shape and motility.
• Plastids are large membrane-bound organelle found in plant cells. They
have three classifications. The first is the chloroplast, the green-colored
plastid which is caused by the green pigment called chlorophyll and is the
site for photosynthesis. The second are chromoplasts, colored plastids other
than green. These are specialized to synthesize and store carotenoid
pigments such as red, orange, and yellow. The third are leucoplasts, the
colorless plastid that contain stored food.
• Another organelle found in plant cells only is the cell wall. It protects and
supports the cells of the plants.
Figure 4: Animal Cell
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/diagram+animal+cell
7
Figure 5: Plant Cell
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/plant-cell-structure-gm1155004997-314287308
Interesting Facts about Cells
•
•
•
•
•
An average adult has around 30 trillion cells in the body.
Thousands of new cells are replicated (copied) from old ones
every day.
Old cells that are worn-out or damaged are replaced by the
new cells.
To sustain the cellular and overall health is to provide raw
materials which are obtained from the nutrients in the food
eaten for the creation of new cells.
Certain nutrients also protect the cells from damage, and
nutrients in foods support the body's energy production
machinery.
Clincher: How well the cells function, the quality and integrity of the
new cells created in the body, depend on the nutrients provided
to the cells on a daily basis. In short, following a healthful diet help
maintain cells and avoid chronic diseases.
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Activity Time:
PART 1: Directions: Match the column A to column B and the column C.
In many ways, the eukaryotic cell is kind of like a city. I will tell you what each
of the organelles in a cell does. Your job will be to try to match each of the
cell parts to the parts of a city.
(A) Parts of the
(B) Part of a City
(C) Functions
Cell
__1. Golgi
A. Recycling
a. in plant cells, a tough wall outside the
Apparatus
Plant
cell membrane that provides protection
__2. Vacuole
B. City Hall
and structural rigidity, made of cellulose.
__3. Chloroplast
C. A Power
b. reads the messenger RNA, copied
__4. Lysosome
Station
from the DNA instructions in the nucleus,
__5. Mitochondrion D. A Factory
and is the site where proteins are made.
__6. Nucleus
E. The Roads
Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus.
__7. Cell
F. The Post Office c. a network for transporting proteins
Membrane
G. The City Limits across the cell.
__8. Endoplasmic
H. A Warehouse d. regulates what enters and leaves the
Reticulum
I. A Farm
cell.
__9. Ribosome
J. Fortifications
e. contains DNA, the instructions for
__10. Cell Wall
building and operating the cell.
f. burns food to create ATP, an energy
storage molecule which can be used by
the whole cell.
g. a place where waste products and
cellular debris are broken down.
h. uses light energy and CO2 (carbon
dioxide) from the air to build long chains
of carbons (sugars and starches),
releasing O2 (oxygen) along the way.
i. a container for liquids, food, waste, or
other materials. Large in plants, smaller
or absent in animal cells.
j. packages up proteins and labels them
for distribution to other parts of the cell.
Part 2: Essay. Directions: Write a short essay for 5 points. You will be graded
based on the rubrics below:
11-15: Explain the postulates of the cell theory
Rubrics:
Content----------- 5 Points
Organization---- 4 Points
_________________
9
Totals:
9 points
Performance Task:
1. Using indigenous materials or any recyclable
materials available at home make a 3D model
of either an animal cell or a plant cell.
2. Label the organelles in the model made.
Rubrics in rating the output:
Correctness
-
10 pts.
Originality
-
10 pts.
Creativity
-
5 pts.
Durability/ Workmanship -
5 pts.
TOTAL
III.
=
30 pts.
What I Have Learned
Multiple Choice. In your notebook, write the letter of the best answer.
1. How did the idea about the cell begin? By the invention of_____.
a. hand lens
c. microscope
b. telescope
d. periscope
2. Who are the three main contributors of the cell theory?
a. Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
b. Virchow, Hooke, Einstein
c. Schwann, Leeuwenhoek, Darwin
d. Jansen, Newton, Virchow
3. Who first saw a cell under the microscope?
a. Jansen
c. Leeuwenhoek
b. Hooke
d. Schleiden
4. Who concluded that plants are made up of cells?
a. Hooke
c. Schwann
b. Virchow
d. Schleiden
5. Which was discovered first?
a. cell
c. plant cell
b. animal cell
d. microscope
6. Where is the site for the breakdown of food molecules to produce
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
a. cytoplasm
c. Golgi apparatus
b. mitochondria
d. nucleus
7. Which of the following structure in plant cell is NOT found
in animal cell?
a. Golgi bodies
c. plastids
b. ribosomes
d. endoplasmic reticulum
8. Which of the following structures is found in both plant and animal cells?
a. nucleus
c. cell wall
b. plastids
d. centrioles
9. What organelle is known as the “digestive sac” which is capable of
destroying old and damaged cells?
a. ribosome
c. vacuole
b. mitochondrion
d. lysosome
10. What occupies the largest part of the cytoplasm in a plant cell?
a. ribosome
c. vacuole
b. mitochondrion
d. nucleus
11
REFERENCES
Belardo, Gisselle Millete M. (2016). General Biology 1. Quezon City:
Vibal Group, Inc.
Capco, Carmelita M. and Gilbert C. Yang. (2000). Biology Textbook.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
“Nurture Your Cells to Stay Healthy.” General, Bariatric, & Vascular Surgery |
Murrieta Valley Surgery Associates.
https://www.murrietavalleysurgery.com/bariatric-surgery/the-bariatricsurgery-blog/2017/5/8/3-nurture-your-cells-to-stay-healthy/.
Published:May 8, 2017.
Rabago, Lilia M. (2010). Functional Biology. Quezon City: Vibal
Publishing House, Inc.
Sandoiu, Ana. “How Your Diet Can Keep Cells Healthy and
Young.” Medical and Health Information, Medical News
Today, 22 Aug. 2018,
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322845.
12
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief
NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS-Division Science Coordinator
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
Writers
ALEXA L. BORBON
Illustrator
ZENLI ROSE B. MONGCUPA
NOELYN E. SIAPNO
Lay-out Artists
________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U TOLEDO
BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE. D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
ARJIE T. PALUMPA
LIEZEL A. AGOR
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning
competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and
illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
SYNOPSIS
This self-learning kit discusses about the cell
theory. Specifically, it deals with the origin of the
cell and how it was discovered. Scientists who
made
significant
contributions
in
the
formulation of the cell theory are given
emphasis. The year when a certain discovery
and development of the cell theory was made
is also included.
The different cell organelles and their functions
are given emphasis. Illustrations are used to aid
in learning. Expected output from the learners
will serve as an application of the knowledge
gained from this SLK, helping them establish lifelong learning.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR/ ILLUSTRATOR
Writer: LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA, finished BSEd major in Gen.
Science at St. Paul Univ. of Dumaguete, formerly named St.
Paul College of Dumaguete, and graduated MAEd major in
Science Education at University of Southern Phils. Foundation
in Cebu City. Currently, she is teaching senior high school at
Sibulan Science High School.
Illustrator: ALEXA L. BORBON, a Grade 10 completer at Sibulan
Science HS in the SY 2019-2020. She is the school’s pride when
it comes to arts competition. The following are some of her
achievements as an artist during her Grade 10 only: Modulo
Art (Congreional level) - 1st place; Editorial Cartooning
(Division Level) – 2nd place; and Science Fair Poster Making
(District Level) – 1st place.
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