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Geovidenskab: Sten og mineraler - Lektionsoversigt
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SCHOOLOFSAI NTMATTHI AS, I NC. Br gy .I VTumaui ni , I sabel a S. Y.20212022 SUBJECTTI TLE:EARTHSCI ENCE st QUARTER: 1/ Week13 SUBJECTTEACHER: Jour neyO.Aggabao/Jest oniR.Cast i l l o GRADELEVEL: 12 CHAPTERTI TLE/ S CONTENTSTANDARD PERFORMANCE STANDARDS RocksandMi ner al s Thel ear ner sdemonst r at eanunder st andi ngof 1.t het hr eemai ncat egor i esofr ocks 2.t heor i gi nandenv i r onmentoff or mat i onofcommon mi ner al sandr ocks 3.t hev ar i oussour cesofener gy( f ossi l f uel s, geot her mal , hy dr oel ect r i c) Thel ear ner sshoul dbeabl et o: makeapl ant hatt hecommuni t ymayuset o conser v eandpr ot ecti t sr esour cesf orf ut ur e gener at i ons Pr epar epl ant hatt hecommuni t ymayi mpl ementt o mi ni mi zewast ewhenpeopl eut i l i zemat er i al sand r esour ces PRAYER ComeHol ySpi r i t Fi l l t hehear t sofy ourf ai t hf ul Andki ndl et hem t hef i r eofYourl ov e Sendf or t hy ourspi r i t , OLor d Thatt hef aceoft heear t hber enewed OGod, whobyt hel i ghtoft heHol ySpi r i t I nst r uctt hehear tofy ourf ai t hf ul Gr antt hatbyt hesameSpi r i t , wemayev er Knowwhati sr i ghtandev err ej oi cei nHi s Consol at i oni nt hr oughChr i st , ourLor d. Amen. ROCKSANDMI NERALS I .LEARNI NG I nt hi smodul e, t hest udent sshoul dbeabl et o: i dent i f ycommonr ockf or mi ngmi ner al susi ngt hei rphy si caland chemi cal pr oper t i es; cl assi f yr ocksi nt oi gneous, sedi ment ar y , andmet amor phi c; i dent i f yt hemi ner al si mpor t antt osoci et y ; descr i behow or emi ner al sar ef ound,mi nedandpr ocessedf or humanuse; and descr i behowf ossi l f uel sar ef or med. I I .DI SCUSSI ON Resour cessuchasr ocksandmi ner al sar eofgr eatv al uet opeopl e.Theypr ov i de mat er i al sandpr oduct st hatt hepr esentsoci et ydemands.Theyar esuedasosci l l at or s i nel ect r oni cdev i ces, pr ov i det ast et of ood, ori ngr edi ent sf orpl ast erboar ds. Howar et heser esour cesf oundi nt hePhi l i ppi nes? RockCy cl e Ther ockcy cl ei sapr ocessi nwhi chr ocksar econt i nuousl yt r ansf or medbet ween t het hr eer ockt y pesi gneous, sedi ment ar yandmet amor phi c. t he Rocksofanyt y pecanbeconv er t edi nt oanyot hert y pe,ori nt oanot herr ockof same t y pe, as t hi s di agr am i l l ust r at es: Conv er si ont omet amor phi cr ocksr equi r escondi t i onsofi ncr easedt emper at ur e and/ ori ncr easedpr essur e, conv er si ont osedi ment ar yr ocksoccur sv i at hei nt er medi at e st ageofsedi ment s, andconv er si ont oi gneousr ocksoccur sv i at hei nt er medi at est age ofmagma: I ncr easedt emper at ur eandpr essur eoccur si nsubduct i onzonesandi nar eas wher et wopl at esofcont i nent all i t hospher ecol l i det opr oduceamount ai nr ange,whi l e i ncr easedpr essur ewi t houti ncr easedt emper at ur ei spr oducedwhensedi ment ar yr ocks ar edeepl ybur i edundermor esedi ment s.Sedi ment sar epr oducedwhenr ocksar e upl i f t ed,weat her edander oded,andt her esul t i ngdet r i t almat er i aldeposi t edi nmar i ne ort er r est r i albasi ns.I ft hesedi ment sar ebur i edunderf ur t herl ay er sofsedi ment ,t hey canbecomel i t hi f i edt opr oduceasedi ment ar yr ock.Magmai spr oducedwhenr ocks ar emel t ed.Thi smel t i ngcanoccurwhenal i t hospher i cpl at edescendsi nt ot heEar t h’ s cr ustata subduct i on zone,orwhen a mi docean r i dge opens up and pr oduces decompr essi on mel t i ng i nt he ast henospher e undert he r i dge.When t he magma sol i di f i es, i tbecomesani gneousr ock. Ther ockcy cl ehasmanyal t er nat i v epat hway s.Thef ol l owi ngdi agr am i l l ust r at es oneoft heseandgi v esani ndi cat i onoft hepl at et ect oni cset t i ngwher ei toccur s: Cl i ck t he l i nk f or suggest ed ht t ps: / / www. zmesci ence. com/ sci ence/ geol ogy / t y pesof r ock/ r eadi ngs: Mi ner al s Whatar eMi ner al s? Al lr ocksexceptobsi di anandcoalar emadeofmi ner al s.( Obsi di ani sav ol cani c r ockmadeofgl assandcoali smadeofor gani ccar bon. )Mostr ockscont ai nsev er al mi ner al si nami xt ur echar act er i st i coft hepar t i cul arr ockt y pe.Wheni dent i f y i ngar ock y oumustf i r sti dent i f yt hei ndi v i dual mi ner al st hatmakeupt hatr ock. Mi ner al sar e nat ur al l y occur r i ng,i nor gani c sol i ds wi t h a def i ni t e chemi cal composi t i onandacr y st all at t i cest r uct ur e.Al t hought housandsofmi ner al si nt heear t h hav ebeeni dent i f i ed,j ustt enmi ner al smakeupmostoft hev ol umeoft heear t h’ s cr ust —pl agi ocl ase,quar t z,or t hocl ase,amphi bol e,py r oxene,ol i v i ne,cal ci t e,bi ot i t e, gar net , andcl ay . Toget her ,t hechemi calf or mul a( t he t y pes and pr opor t i ons oft he chemi cal el ement s)andt hecr y st all at t i ce( t hegeomet r yofhow t heat omsar ear r angedand bondedt oget her )det er mi net hephy si cal pr oper t i esofmi ner al s. Thechemi calf or mul aandcr y st all at t i ceofami ner alcanonl ybedet er mi nedi na l abor at or y , butbyexami ni ngami ner al anddet er mi ni ngsev er al ofi t sphy si cal pr oper t i es, y oucani dent i f yt hemi ner al .Fi r st ,y ouneedt obecomef ami l i arwi t ht hephy si cal pr oper t i esofmi ner al sandhowt or ecogni zet hem. Mi ner al s can be i dent i f i ed by t hei rphy si calchar act er i st i cs.The phy si cal pr oper t i esofmi ner al sar er el at edt ot hei rchemi calcomposi t i onandbondi ng.Some char act er i st i cs, suchasami ner al ’ shar dness, ar emor eusef ulf ormi ner ali dent i f i cat i on. Col ori sr eadi l yobser v abl eandcer t ai nl yobv i ous, buti ti susual l yl essr el i abl et hanot her phy si cal pr oper t i es. Howar eMi ner al sI dent i f i ed? Fi gur e1.Thi smi ner al hasshi ny , gol d, cubi ccr y st al swi t hst r i at i ons, soi ti spy r i t e. Mi ner al ogi st sar esci ent i st swhost udymi ner al s.Oneoft het hi ngsmi ner al ogi st s mustdoi si dent i f yandcat egor i zemi ner al s.Whi l eami ner al ogi stmi ghtuseahi ghpower edmi cr oscopet oi dent i f ysomemi ner al s,mostar er ecogni zabl eusi ngphy si cal pr oper t i es. Checkoutt hemi ner ali nf i gur e1.Whati st hemi ner al ’ scol or ?Whati si t sshape?Ar et he i ndi v i dual cr y st al sshi nyordul l ?Ar et her el i nes( st r i at i ons)r unni ngacr osst hemi ner al s? Phy si calPr oper t i esandChemi calPr oper t i esofMi ner al s Phy si calPr oper t i esofMi ner al s Col or , St r eak, andLust er Di amondsar epopul argemst onesbecauset hewayt heyr ef l ectl i ghtmakest hem v er y spar kl y .Tur quoi sei spr i zedf ori t sst r i ki nggr eeni shbl uecol or .Not i cet hatspeci f i c t er msar ebei ngusedt odescr i bet heappear anceofmi ner al s. Col or Fi gur e2.Thi smi ner al i sshi ny , v er ysof t , heav y , andgol di ncol or , andi sact ual l ygol d. Col ori sof t enusef ul , butshoul dnotber el i edupon.Di f f er entmi ner al smaybet he samecol or .Real gol d, asseeni nf i gur e2, i sv er ysi mi l ari ncol ort ot hepy r i t ei nf i gur e1. Addi t i onal l y ,somemi ner al scomei nmanydi f f er entcol or s.Quar t z,f orexampl e, maybecl ear ,whi t e,gr ay ,br own,y el l ow,pi nk,r ed,oror ange.Socol orcanhel p,butdo notr el yoncol orast hedet er mi ni ngpr oper t y .Fi gur e3showsonesampl eofquar t zt hat i scol or l essandanot herquar t zt hati spur pl e.At i nyamountofi r onmakest hequar t z pur pl e.Manymi ner al sar ecol or edbychemi cal i mpur i t i es. Fi gur e3.Pur pl equar t z, knownasamet hy st , andcl earquar t zar et hesamemi ner al despi t et hedi f f er entcol or s. Lust er Lust erdescr i best her ef l ect i onofl i ghtof fami ner al ’ ssur f ace.Mi ner al ogi st shav e speci alt er mst odescr i bel ust er .Onesi mpl ewayt ocl assi f yl ust eri sbasedonwhet her t hemi ner ali smet al l i cornonmet al l i c.Mi ner al st hatar eopaqueandshi ny ,suchas py r i t e, hav eamet al l i cl ust er .Mi ner al ssuchasquar t zhav eanonmet al l i cl ust er . Lust eri showt hesur f aceofami ner alr ef l ect sl i ght .I ti snott hesamet hi ngas col or ,soi tcr uci alt odi st i ngui shl ust erf r om col or .Forexampl e,ami ner aldescr i bedas “ shi nyy el l ow”i sbei ngdescr i bedi nt er msofl ust er( “ shi ny ” )andcol or( “ y el l ow” ) ,whi ch ar et wodi f f er entphy si calpr oper t i es.St andar dnamesf orl ust eri ncl udemet al l i c, gl assy , pear l y ,si l ky ,gr easy ,anddul l .I ti sof t enusef ult of i r stdet er mi nei fami ner alhasa met al l i cl ust er .Amet al l i cl ust ermeansshi nyl i kepol i shedmet al .Forexampl ecl eaned pol i shedpi ecesofchr ome,st eel ,t i t ani um,copper ,andbr assal lexhi bi tmet al l i cl ust er asdomanyot hermi ner al s.Oft henonmet al l i cl ust er s, gl assyi st hemostcommonand meanst hesur f aceoft hemi ner alr ef l ect sl i ghtl i kegl ass.Pear l yl ust eri si mpor t anti n i dent i f y i ngt hef el dspar s,whi char et hemostcommont y peofmi ner al .Pear l yl ust er r ef er st oasubt l ei r i descenceorcol orpl ayi nt her ef l ect edl i ght , samewaypear l sr ef l ect l i ght .Si l kymeansr ef l ect i ngl i ghtwi t hasi l kl i kesheen.Gr easyl ust erl ookssi mi l art ot he l ust erofsol i di f i ed bacon gr ease.Mi ner al s wi t h dul ll ust err ef l ectv er yl i t t l el i ght . I dent i f y i ngl ust ert akesal i t t l epr act i ce.Remembert odi st i ngui shl ust erf r om col or . Di f f er entt y pesofnonmet al l i cl ust erar edescr i bedi nt abl e1. Cany oumat cht hemi ner al si nf i gur e4wi t ht hecor r ectl ust erf r om t abl e1? Fi gur e4.( a)Di amondhasanadamant i nel ust er .( b)Quar t zi snotspar kl yandhasa v i t r eous, orgl assy , l ust er .( c)Sul f urr ef l ect sl essl i ghtt hanquar t z, soi thasar esi nous l ust er . St r eak Fi gur e5.Thest r eakofhemat i t eacr ossanungl azedpor cel ai npl at ei sr edbr own. St r eaki st hecol orofami ner al ’ spowder .St r eaki samor er el i abl epr oper t yt han col orbecausest r eakdoesnotv ar y .Mi ner al st hatar et hesamecol ormayhav ea di f f er entcol or edst r eak.Manymi ner al s,suchast hequar t zi nt hef i gur e3,donothav e st r eak. Tocheckst r eak, scr apet hemi ner al acr ossanungl azedpor cel ai npl at e( Fi gur e5) . Yel l owgol dpy r i t ehasabl acki shst r eak,anot heri ndi cat ort hatpy r i t ei snotgol d,whi ch hasagol deny el l owst r eak. Speci f i cGr av i t y Densi t ydescr i beshowmuchmat t eri si nacer t ai namountofspace: densi t y= mass/ v ol ume. Massi sameasur eoft heamountofmat t eri nanobj ect .Theamountofspacean obj ectt akesupi sdescr i bedbyi t sv ol ume.Thedensi t yofanobj ectdependsoni t s massandi t sv ol ume.Forexampl e, t hewat eri nadr i nki nggl asshast hesamedensi t y ast hewat eri nt hesamev ol umeofaswi mmi ngpool . Thespeci f i cgr av i t yofasubst ancecompar esi t sdensi t yt ot hatofwat er . Subst ancest hatar edenserhav ehi gherspeci f i cgr av i t y . Har dness Har dnessi st hest r engt hwi t hwhi chami ner al r esi st si t ssur f acebei ngscr aped orpunct ur ed.I nwor ki ngwi t hhandsampl eswi t houtspeci al i zedt ool s, mi ner al har dness i sspeci f i edbyt heMohshar dnessscal e.TheMohshar dnessscal ei sbased10 r ef er encemi ner al s, f r om t al ct hesof t est( Mohshar dnessof1) , t odi amondt hehar dest ( Mohshar dnessof10) .I ti sar el at i v e, ornonl i near , scal e.Ahar dnessof2. 5si mpl y meanst hatt hemi ner al i shar dert hangy psum ( Mohshar dnessof2)andsof t ert han cal ci t e( Mohshar dnessof3) .Tocompar et hehar dnessoft womi ner al sseewhi ch mi ner al scr at chest hesur f aceoft heot her . Wi t h aMohsscal e,any onecan t estan unknown mi ner alf ori t shar dness. I magi ney ouhav eanunknownmi ner al .Youf i ndt hati tcanscr at chf l uor i t eorev en f el dspar , butapat i t escr at chesi t .Youknowt hent hatt hemi ner al ’ shar dnessi sbet ween 5and6.Not et hatnoot hermi ner al canscr at chdi amond. Cl eav ageandFr act ur e Br eaki ngami ner albr eaksi t schemi calbonds.Si ncesomebondsar eweaker t hanot herbonds,eacht y peofmi ner ali sl i kel yt obr eakwher et hebondsbet weent he at omsar eweaker .Fort hatr eason, mi ner al sbr eakapar ti nchar act er i st i cway s. Cl eav age Fi gur e6.Acl oseupv i ewofsodi um chl or i dei nawat erbubbl eaboar dt heI nt er nat i onal SpaceSt at i on. Cl eav agei st het endencyofami ner alt obr eakal ongcer t ai npl anest omake smoot hsur f aces.Hal i t ebr eaksbet weenl ay er sofsodi um andchl or i net of or m cubes wi t hsmoot hsur f aces( f i gur e6) . Ami ner alt hatnat ur al l ybr eaksi nt oper f ect l yf l atsur f acesi sexhi bi t i ngcl eav age. Notal lmi ner al shav ecl eav age.Acl eav ager epr esent sadi r ect i onofweaknessi nt he cr y st all at t i ce.Cl eav agesur f acescanbedi st i ngui shedbyhowt heyconsi st ent l yr ef l ect l i ght ,asi fpol i shed,smoot h,and ev en.Thecl eav agepr oper t i esofa mi ner alar e descr i bedi nt er msoft henumberofcl eav agesand,i fmor et hanonecl eav age,t he angl esbet weent hecl eav ages.Thenumberofcl eav agesi st henumberordi r ect i onsi n whi cht hemi ner alcl eav es.Ami ner almayexhi bi t100cl eav agesur f acespar al l elt oeach ot her .Thoser epr esentasi ngl ecl eav agebecauset hesur f acesar eal lor i ent edi nt he samedi r et i on.Thepossi bl enumberofcl eav agesami ner almayhav ear e1, 2, 3, 4, or6.I f mor et han1cl eav agei spr esent ,andadev i cef ormeasur i ngangl esi snotav ai l abl e, si mpl yst at ewhet hert hecl eav agesi nt er sectat90°ornot90° . Toseemi ner alcl eav age,hol dt hemi ner alupbeneat hast r ongl i ghtandmov ei t ar ound,mov ei tar oundsomemor e,t oseehow t hedi f f er entsi desr ef l ectl i ght .A cl eav agedi r ect i onwi l lshowupasasmoot h, shi ny , ev enl ybr i ghtsheenofl i ghtr ef l ect ed byonesetofpar al l el sur f acesont hemi ner al . Mi cahascl eav agei nonedi r ect i onandf or mssheet s( f i gur e7) . Fi gur e7.Sheet sofmi ca. Fi gur e8.Thi sr oughdi amondshowsi t soct ahedr al cl eav age. Mi ner al scancl eav ei nt opol y gons.Fl uor i t ef or msoct ahedr ons( f i gur e8) . One r eason gemst ones ar e beaut i f uli st hatt he cl eav age pl anes make an at t r act i v ecr y st al shapewi t hsmoot hf aces. Fr act ur e Fr act ur ei sabr eaki nami ner alt hati snotal ongacl eav agepl ane.Fr act ur ei snot al way st hesamei nt hesamemi ner albecausef r act ur ei snotdet er mi ned byt he st r uct ur eoft hemi ner al . Mi ner al smayhav echar act er i st i cf r act ur es( f i gur e9) .Met al susual l yf r act ur ei nt o j aggededges.I fami ner al spl i nt er sl i kewood, i tmaybef i br ous.Somemi ner al s, suchas quar t z, f or m smoot hcur v edsur f aceswhent heyf r act ur e. Fi gur e9.Chr y sot i l ehasspl i nt er yf r act ur e. Al l mi ner al shav ef r act ur e.Fr act ur ei sbr eakage,whi choccur si ndi r ect i onst hat ar e notcl eav age di r ect i ons.Some mi ner al s,such as quar t z,hav e no cl eav age what soev er .Whenami ner alwi t hnocl eav agei sbr okenapar tbyahammer , i tf r act ur es i nal ldi r ect i ons.Quar t zi ssai dt oexhi bi tconchoi dalf r act ur e.Conchoi dalf r act ur ei st he wayat hi ckpi eceofgl assbr eakswi t hconcent r i c, cur v i ngr i dgesont hebr okensur f aces. Howev er ,some quar t z cr y st al s hav e so many f l aws t hati nst ead ofexhi bi t i ng conchoi dalf r act ur et heysi mpl yex hi bi ti r r egul arf r act ur e.I r r egul arf r act ur ei sast andar d t er mf orf r act ur est hatdonotexhi bi tanyoft hequal i t i esoft heot herf r act ur et y pes.I n i nt r oduct or ygeol ogy ,t hekeyf r act ur et y pest or ememberar ei r r egul ar ,whi chmost mi ner al sexhi bi t , andconchoi dal , seeni nquar t z. Cr y st alShape Al lmi ner al sar ecr y st al l i ne,butonl ysomehav et heoppor t uni t yt oexhi bi tt he shapesoft hei rcr y st al s,t hei rcr y st alf or ms.Manymi ner al si nani nt r oduct or ygeol ogy l abdonotexhi bi tt hei rcr y st alf or m.I fami ner alhasspacewhi l ei tgr ows,i tmayf or m nat ur alcr y st al s,wi t hacr y st alshaper ef l ect i ngt hegeomet r yoft hemi ner al ’ si nt er nal cr y st all at t i ce.Theshapeofacr y st alf ol l owst hesy mmet r yofi t scr y st all at t i ce.Quar t z, f ori nst ance,f or mssi xsi dedcr y st al s,showi ngt hehexagonalsy mmet r yofi t scr y st al l at t i ce.Ther ear et wocompl i cat i ngf act or st or ememberher e:( 1)mi ner al sdonot al way sf or m ni cecr y st al swhent heygr ow,and( 2)acr y st alf acei sdi f f er entf r om a cl eav agesur f ace.Acr y st alf acef or msdur i ngt hegr owt hoft hemi ner al .Acl eav age sur f acei sf or medwhent hemi ner al i sbr oken. Chemi calPr oper t i esofMi ner al s Al l mi ner al shav eacer t ai nar r angementofel ement si nt hei rcr y st al st r uct ur e. Theycanber epr esent edbyachemi cal f or mul a, whi chpr esent st hepr opor t i onsof at omst hatconst i t ut et hem.Forexampl e, t hemi ner al quar t zhasachemi cal f or mul a Si O2.I t scr y st al st r uct ur ei sacont i nuousf r amewor kofsi l i conoxy gen t et r ahedr al .Thechemi cal pr oper t i esofmi ner al sdependont hei rchemi cal f or mul aand cr y st al st r uct ur e.I t scr y st al st r uct ur ei sacont i nuousf r amewor kofsi l i conoxy gen t et r ahedr al .Thechemi cal pr oper t i esofmi ner al sdependont hei rchemi cal f or mul aand cr y st al st r uct ur e.Sol ubi l i t yandmel t i ngpoi ntar echemi cal pr oper t i escommonl yused t odescr i beami ner al . 1.Sol ubi l i t yr ef er st heabi l i t yofasubst ancet odi ssol v ei nasol v entataspeci f i ed t emper at ur e.Forexampl e, bi ot i t e, ami ner al commonl yf oundi ni gneousr ocks, i s sol ubl ei nbot haci dandbasesol ut i ons.Thedi ssol ut i onr el easest hel oosel y boundpot assi um i onsi nt hemi ner al . 2.Mel t i ngpoi ntr ef er st ot het emper at ur eatwhi chsol i dt ur nsi nt ol i qui d.Mi ner al s composedofat omst hatar et i ght l ybondedwi t hi nt hecr y st al st r uct ur ehav ehi gh mel t i ngpoi nt s.Forexampl e, quar t zmel t sabov e1670° C. 3.Cr y st al l ogr aphi ct echni quessuchasXr aydi f f r act i onar eper f or medt o det er mi net hecr y st al st r uct ur eoft hemi ner al . Ot herI dent i f y i ngChar act er i st i cs Ther ear esomepr oper t i est hatonl yhel pt o di st i ngui shasmal lnumberof mi ner al s,orev enj ustasi ngl emi ner al .Anexampl eofsuchaspeci alpr oper t yi st he ef f er v escentr eact i onofcal ci t et oaweaksol ut i onofhy dr ochl or i caci d( 5%HCl ) .Cal ci t e f i zzesoref f er v escesast heHClsol ut i ondi ssol v esi tandcr eat esCO2gas.Cal ci t ei s easyt oi dent i f yev enwi t houtt est i ngt her eact i ont oHCl ,byi t shar dness,l ust erand cl eav age. Anot herspeci alpr oper t yi smagnet i sm.Thi scanbet est edbyseei ngi fasmal l magnetr espondst ot hemi ner al .Themostcommonmi ner al t hati sst r ongl ymagnet i ci s t hemi ner almagnet i t e.Aspeci alpr oper t yt hatshowsupi nsomesampl eofpl agi ocl ase f el dspari si t st endencyt o exhi bi tst r i at i ons on cl eav age sur f aces.St r i at i ons ar e per f ect l yst r ai ght , f i ne,par al l ell i nes.Magni f i cat i onmayber equi r edt oseest r i at i onson pl agi ocl asecl eav agesur f aces.Ot herspeci alpr oper t i esmaybeencount er ed on a mi ner al t omi ner al basi s. Somemi ner al shav eot heruni quepr oper t i es, someofwhi char el i st edi nt abl e3. Cany ounameauni quepr oper t yt hatwoul dal l ow y out oi nst ant l yi dent i f yami ner al t hat ’ sbeendescr i bedqui t eabi ti nt hi schapt er ?( Hi nt :I ti smostl i kel yf oundony our di nnert abl e. ) RockI dent i f i cat i on Exami ner ock.Lookf ort hef ol l owi ngchar act er i st i cs: I gneousr ock–t her ei sar r angementofmi ner al cr y st al s; t her ei snof ossi l sandf ol i at i on. ( Descr i becol orandt ext ur e) .Thesear ef or medf r om t hecool i ngandsol i di f i cat i onof magmaorl av a.Thewor d“ i gneous”i sder i v edf r om Lat i ni gneus, whi chmeans“ f i er y ”or on“ f i r e” .I gneousr ocksf or m athi ghert emper at ur est hanot hert y pesofr ocks. 3Way si nwhi chi gneousr ocksf or m 1.Bel owt hesur f ace,f r om sl owl ycool i ngmagma-Thi sr esul t si nt hef or mat i on ofcr y st al st hatar ev i si bl et ot henakedey ewi t houtt heai dofamagni f y i ng l ens.Ther esul t i ngt ext ur ei scal l edphaner i t i c, whi chi sder i v edf r om t heGr eek phaner os,meani ng“ v i si bl e” .Theset y pesofi gneousr ocksar ecal l edi nt r usi ve orpl ut oni c,si ncet heycoolunder neat ht hesur f aceaspl ut ons.Exampl esof t heser ocksi ncl udegr ani t e, di or i t e, andsy eni t e. 2.Ont hesur f ace,f r om r api dl ycool i ngl av a-Thi sr esul t si nt hef or mat i onofv er y smal lcr y st al st hatmaynotbev i si bl ewi t houtt heuseofamagni f y i ngl ens. Theset y pesofi gneousr ocksar ecal l edext r usi veorvol cani c,si ncet heyar e usual l yext r udeddur i ngv ol cani cer upt i ons.Exampl esoft hesear ebasal t , andesi t e, andr hy ol i t e. 3.On t he sur f ace,f r om t he consol i dat i on ofpar t i cl e er upt ed byexpl osi v e v ol cani cact i v i t y Whenv ol canoeser uptv i ol ent l y , t hel av aexi t i ngt hev ol canoes ar er i ppedapar ti nt osmal l erpi ecesbyr api dl yexpandi nggasesi nt hel av a, j ust l i ket hebubbl ei nabot t l eofsof tdr i nksshakenv i gor ousl y .Dependi ngonhow much gas i s pr esent ,t he par t i cl es come t oget heron t he sur f ace v i a l i t hi f i cat i on,t heyf or m py r ocl ast i ci gneousr ocks.Py r ocl ast i ci sder i v edf r om t heGr eek py r o whi chmeans“ f i r e”and kl ast os whi chmeans“ shat t er ed” . Exampl esoft heset y pear ei gni mbr i t e( adobe) , t uf fandv ol cani cbr ecci a. I gneousr ocksar eal socl assi f i edaccor di ngt osi l i cacont ent :f el si c,i nt er medi at e, maf i candul t r amaf i c. • Fel si c:al socal l edgr ani t i c; >65%si l i ca, gener al l yl i ght col or ed • i nt er medi at e: al socal l edandesi t i c; 5565%si l i ca; gener al l ymedi um col or ed( medi um gr ay ) • Maf i c:al socal l edbasal t i c; 4555%si l i ca; gener al l ydar kcol or ed• • Ul t r amaf i c:<45%si l i ca; gener al l y , v er ydar kcol or ed; composedmai nl yof ol i v i neandpy r oxenewhi char et hemaj orconst i t uent soft heuppermant l e. Exampl esofI gneousr ocks: Andesi t e Basal t Daci t e Gabbr o Ty pesofI gneousRocks Whenmol t enr ocksol i di f i esatt hesur f ace( l av a) ,i ti scal l edext r usi v ei gneous r ockorv ol cani cr ock.Howev er , mostmagmal av al osesi t smobi l i t ybef or er eachi ngt he sur f aceandcr y st al l i zesatdept h.I gneousr ocksf or medatdept har er ef er r edt oas i nt r usi v ei gneousr ocksorpl ut oni cr ocks. I gneousr ocksmaybechar act er i zedbyt hei rt ext ur eandcomposi t i on.Text ur e descr i best heov er al lappear anceoft hei gneousr ocksbasedonsi ze,shape,and ar r angementoft hei ri nt er l ocki ngcr y st al s.Ther at eofcool i ngst r ongl yi nf l uencescr y st al si ze.Sl ow cool i ngofmagmar esul t si nt hef or mat i onofl ar gecr y st al s.Ont heot her hand, r api dcool i ngr esul t si nt ot hef or mat i onofsmal l cr y st al s. o Coar segr ai ned–gr ai ns( cr y st al s)canbeseenwi t hbar eey es o Medi umgr ai ned–gr ai nscanonl ybeseent hr oughahandl ens o Fi negr ai ned–gr ai nscanonl ybeseent hr ought hemi cr oscope Ami ner al ’ scomposi t i oni sbasedont hechemi calmakeupofi t spar entmagma. Rocksmaybedi v i dedaccor di ngt ot hei rcol or at i ons: o Li ght col or ed,suchasgr ani t eandr hy ol i t e;composedoff el dsparand quar t z o Medi umcol or ed.Suchasdi or i t eandandesi t e o Dar kcol or ed,such as gabbr or ock and basal t ;composed mai nl yof py r oxene, cal ci umr i chpl agi ocl asef el dspar . Sedi ment ar yr ock–hasv i si bl esedi ment ar yl ay er ;notf ol i at edandgener al l yweak;may bebr okenbyahammer ; maycont ai nf ossi l s( Descr i bepar t i cl esi zeandmi ner al ) .These ar et hepr oduct soft hel i t hi f i cat i onorpar t i cl espr oducedbyt heweat her i ngofot herpr eexi st i ng r ocks ( ol deri gneous,met amor phi c orev en sedi ment ar yr ocks) ,mi ner al f r agment s,or gani cmat er i al sormi ner al st hatpr eci pi t at ef r om sol ut i on.Col l ect i v el y , t hesecomponent sar ecal l edsedi ment s.Thet er mi sder i v edf r om t heLat i nsedent ar i us, whi chmeans“ si t t i ng” ,ast hesesedi ment swi l lev ent ual l ybedeposi t edandset t l eunt i l t heyar et r ansf or medi nt osedi ment ar yr ocks. 3Way si nwhi chsedi ment ar yr ocksf or m 1.Cl ast i c-Sedi ment ar yr ocksar ef or medf r om t hecement at i onofsedi ment sor l i t hi f i cat i onofr ockandmi ner alf r agment st hathav ebeendeposi t ed,bur i ed andcompact edov eral ongper i odoft i me.Exampl eoft heser ocksi ncl ude shal e, sandst oneandcongl omer at e. 2.Cr y st al l i ne.Theyar eal sof or medf r om t hepr eci pi t at i onofmi ner al sf r om i onsi nsol ut i on.Rockst hatar eexposedt owat erandoxy gencanunder go chemi calchangessuchasoxi dat i onandhy dr ol y si st hr ought i me.These pr ocessesbr eakdownr ocksi nt ot hei rchemi calcomponent s,par t i cul ar l y i nt oi onst hatcanbecar r i edbyr unni ngwat eri nsol ut i on. 3.Bi ocl ast s.Sedi ment ar yr ocks can al so f or m f r om t he compact i on and cement at i onofpl antand/ orani malr emai ns.Exampl esoft heser ocksar e coqui naandor gani cl i mest one. Exampl esofSedi ment ar yRocks Coal Dol omi t e Hal i t e Hemat i t e Li mest one Sandst one Met amor phi cr ock–maybef ol i at ed;hasnomi ner alcr y st al s;nol ay er sandf ossi l s. ( I dent i f yasf ol i at edornonf ol i at ed) .Thesear ef or m whenpr eexi st i ngorpar entr ocks ( i gneous,sedi ment ar yorev enmet amor phi c)ar eal t er edbyheat ,pr essur e,andt he chemi calact i v i t yoff l ui ds.Thesepr ocessesar ecol l ect i v el ycal l ed met amor phi sm, meani ng“ changei nf or m” . 4Way si nwhi chmet amor phi cr ocksf or m 1.Regi onalMet amor phi sm-When t he domi nantal t er i ng f act ori s pr essur e, usual l yduet ot ect oni cact i v i t y ,t hef l atand/ orel ongat edmi ner alcomponent s oft hepr eexi st i ngr ocksr eactbyal i gni ngper pendi cul art ot heaxi soft he pr essur e.Thi sr esul t si nl ay er edorbandedappear ancei nt her ockscal l ed f ol i at i on,andt heset y pesofr ocksar ecal l edf ol i at edmet amor phi cr ocks.The t er m comesf r om t heLat i nf ol i um whi chmeans“ l eaf ” ,wher et hef l atl eav es ar eont opofeachot her .Exampl esoft hesei ncl udesl at e, schi st , andgnei ss. 2.Cont actMet amor phi sm-Whent hedomi nantal t er i ngf act ori sheat ,usual l y f r om di r ectcont actbet weenanol derr ockmat er i alandani nt r udi ngbodyof magma, t hepar entr ocksmayunder goaf undament alchangei nt ext ur eduet o r ecr y st al l i zat i on,orev enchangei nmi ner al ogywhenchemi cal l y act i v ef l ui ds ar eal soi nv ol v ed.I tr esul t si nr ocksl i kemar bl eandquar t zi t et hatar ecal l ed nonf ol i at edmet amor phi cr ocks. 3.Dy nami c Met amor phi sm-Happens due t oi nst ant aneous ev ent s such as f aul t i ng. 4.ShockMet amor phi sm-Happensduet omet eor i t ei mpact . Cl assi f i cat i onofI gneous, Sedi ment ar yandMet amor phi cRocks Tabl e41showst hecl assi f i cat i onofi gneousr ockbasedont ext ur eandcol or . Tabl e41 I GNEOUSROCKSCLASSI FI EDBYCOMPOSI TI ON Text ur e/ Col or Coar segr ai ned( I nt r usi v e) Fi negr ai ned( Ext r usi v e) Li ght Gr ani t e Medi um Di or i t e Dar k Gabbr o Rhy ol i t e Andesi t e Basal t Tabl e42showst hecl assi f i cat i onofdet r i ment al sedi ment ar yr ocksbasedonpar t i cl e si ze. Tabl e42 CLASSI FI CATI ONOFSEDI MENTARYROCKSBASEDONPARTI CLESI ZE Par t i cl eSi ze Coar se Sedi ment Gr av el ( r oundedpar t i cl es) Rock Congl omer at e Gr av el ( angul arpar t i cl es) Sand Mud Mud Medi um Fi ne Ver yf i ne Br ecci a Sandst one Si l t st one Shal e Tabl e43showst hecl assi f i cat i onofsedi ment ar yr ocksbasedont hei rchemi cal composi t i on. Tabl e43 CLASSI FI CATI ONOFSEDI MENTARYROCKSBASEDONCHEMI CALCOMPOSI TI ON Composi t i on RockName Li mest onecoqui na Fossi l f er r ous Bi ochemi cal l i mest one Li mest one Chal k Cher t( l i ght col or ed) Fl i nt Fl i nt ( dar kcol or ed) Rockgy psum Rocksal t Bi t umi nousr ock Cal ci t e( CaCO3) Quar t z( Si O2) Gy psum( CaSO42H2O) Hal i t e( NaCl ) Al t er edpl antf r agment s Tabl e44 COMMONMETAMORPHI CROCKS RockName Sl at e Gnei ss Mar bl e Descr i pt i on Par entRock f ol i at ed; f i negr ai ned Shal e Fol i at ed; medi um- t o coar se- Gr ani t e, v ol cani cr ock gr ai ned Nonf ol i at ed;medi um-t ocoar se- Li mest one gr ai ned I mpor t anceofMi ner al st osoci et y Theear t h’ scr usti scomposedofmanyki ndsofr ocks,eachofwhi chi san aggr egat eofoneormor emi ner al s.I ngeol ogy , t het er m mi ner al descr i besanynat ur al l y occur r i ngsol i dsubst ancewi t haspeci f i ccomposi t i onandcr y st alst r uct ur e.Ami ner al ’ s composi t i onr ef er st ot heki ndsandpr opor t i onsofel ement smaki ngupt hemi ner al .The wayt heseel ement sar epackedt oget herdet er mi nest hest r uct ur eoft hemi ner al .Mor e t han3, 500di f f er entmi ner al shav ebeeni dent i f i ed.Ther ear eonl y12commonel ement s ( oxy gen,si l i con,al umi num,i r on,cal ci um,magnesi um,sodi um,pot assi um,t i t ani um, hy dr ogen,manganese,phosphor us)t hatoccuri nt he ear t h’ s cr ust .They hav e abundancesof0. 1per centormor e.Al lot hernat ur al l yoccur r i ngel ement sar ef oundi n v er ymi norort r aceamount s. Si l i conandoxy genar et hemostabundantcr ust alel ement s, t oget hercompr i si ng mor et han70per centbywei ght .I ti st her ef or enotsur pr i si ngt hatt hemostabundant cr ust almi ner al sar et hesi l i cat es( e. g.ol i v i ne,Mg2Si O4) ,f ol l owedbyt heoxi des( e. g. hemat i t e, Fe2O3) . Ot heri mpor t antt y pesofmi ner al si ncl ude:t hecar bonat es( e. g.cal ci t e,CaCO3) t hesul f i des( e. g.gal ena,PbS)andt hesul f at es( e. g.anhy dr i t e,CaSO4) .Mostoft he abundantmi ner al si nt heear t h’ scr ustar enotofcommer ci alv al ue.Economi cal l y v al uabl emi ner al s( met al l i candnonmet al l i c)t hatpr ov i det her awmat er i al sf ori ndust r y t endt ober ar eandhar dt of i nd.Ther ef or e, consi der abl eef f or tandski l li snecessar yf or f i ndi ngwher et heyoccurandext r act i ngt hem i nsuf f i ci entquant i t i es. Mi ner alr esour cesar eessent i alt oourmoder ni ndust r i alsoci et yandt heyar e usedev er y wher e.Forexampl e, atbr eakf asty oudr i nksomej ui cei nagl ass( madef r om mel t edquar t zsand) ,eatf r om acer ami cpl at e( cr eat edf r om cl aymi ner al sheat edat hi ght emper at ur es) ,spr i nkl esal t( hal i t e)ony oureggs,usest eelut ensi l s( f r om i r onor e andot hermi ner al s) ,r eadamagazi ne( coat edwi t hupt o50%kaol i ni t ecl ayt ogi v et he gl ossyl ook) , andanswery ourcel l phone( cont ai ni ngov er40di f f er entmi ner al si ncl udi ng copper ,si l v er ,gol d,and pl at i num) .We need mi ner al st o make car s,comput er s, appl i ances, concr et er oads, houses, t r act or s, f er t i l i zer , el ect r i calt r ansmi ssi onl i nes, and j ewel r y .Wi t houtmi ner alr esour ces,i ndust r ywoul dcol l apseandl i v i ngst andar dswoul d pl ummet .Ener gymi ner al sar et hoset hatar emi nedassour cesofener gy —f orel ect r i ci t y , ast r anspor t at i onf uel s,f orheat i nghomesandof f i cesandmanuf act ur i ngpl ast i cs; Exampl esar ecoalandur ani um andl i t hi um. Technol ogymi ner al s,whi char emet al s, hav eawi dev ar i et yofuses.I r on( asst eel )i susedi nnextgener at i onv ehi cl esandot her ev er y daydev i cesorf orf r amesofbui l di ngs;copperi susedasacr i t i calcomponenti n t hemanuf act ur i ngofhi ght echel ect r oni cs;al umi num i susedi nai r cr af tandt omake dr i nk cans.Mor eov er ,pr eci ous met al s ar e used i nj ewel r i es and mobi l e phones. Const r uct i onmi ner al si ncl udesandandgr av el , cl ayandcr ushedr ockaggr egat es.They ar eusedi nt hemanuf act ur eofconcr et e,br i cksandpi pesandi nbui l di nghousesand r oads. I ndust r i almi ner al sar e“ non–met al l i cmi ner al susedi nar angeofi ndust r i al appl i cat i onsi ncl udi ngt hemanuf act ur eofchemi cal s,gl ass,f er t i l i zer sandf i l l er si n phar maceut i cal s,pl ast i csandpaper .I ndust r i almi ner al si ncl udesal t ,cl ay ,l i mest one, si l i casand, phosphat er ock, t al candmi ca. HowOr eMi ner al sFound, Mi ned, andPr ocessf orHumanuse Mi ni ngr ef er st oasetofpr ocessesi nwhi chusef ulr esour cesar ewi t hdr awn f r om ast ockofanynonr enewabl er esour ce.Wi t hi nt hecont extofEar t hr esour ces, mi ni ngusual l yr ef er st ot heext r act i onofmi ner alr esour ces.Mi ni ngi sofcr i t i cal i mpor t ancebecausesomemat er i al scannotbegr own.Or esar enat ur al l y occur r i ng mat er i al st hatcan bepr of i t abl ymi ned.I tcan bemi ner alorr ock.A deposi ti s consi der edapot ent i alor ebodyi fi t ’ sl ocal i zedabundancei sgr eat ert hani t sav er age abundanceordi st r i but i ononEar t h’ scr ust . Oncet heor ehasbeenmi nedi ti susual l ycr ushedi nt osmal l erpi ecest hatcanbe pr ocessedmor eeasi l y .Themi ner alt henneedst ober emov edf r om t heor e.Anci ent peopl essoonl ear ntt hatf i r ecoul d beused t or ef i neandpur i f yt hemet al s.Thi s t echni quei sknownassmel t i ng.Thi swast heear l i estmet hodusedt oext r actt he mi ner alf r om t heor e.Smel t i ngi nv ol v esheat i ngt heor et oav er yhi ght emper at ur e, of t en i nabl astf ur nace.Ar educi ngagenti susual l yaddedandt hemi ner ali sr emov edusi ng chemi cal r eact i ons. I nmoder nt i messev er alnewt echni quesar eusedt oext r actt hemi ner alf r om t heor e, i n addi t i ont osmel t i ng.Themostcommonmet hodsar ef l ot at i on,l eachi nganduseof r edoxr eact i ons.Leachi ngi nv ol v esmi xi ngt heor ewi t hacar ef ul l ychosenl i qui dt hat di ssol v esei t hert hemi ner alort heunwant edmi ner al s.Thel i qui di sof t enanaci d. Fl ot at i oni nv ol v est heuseofai rbubbl est osepar at et hev al uabl emi ner al sf r om t he unwant edr ock.Thev al uabl emi ner albecomesat t achedt ot heai rbubbl esandr i sest o t het opoft hemi xt ur ef r om wher et heycanber emov ed.Thet abl ebel ow l i st ssev er al met al sandt het y pi cal met hodsusedt omi neandext r actt hem. Met al Mi ni ngt echni ques Ext r act i ont echni ques Gol d Under gr oundmi ni ng( shaf tmi ni ng)and sur f acemi ni ng. Gol dcy ani dat i oni sused.Theor ei s chemi cal l yt r eat edt oext r actt he gol d. I r on Sur f acemi ni ng( openpi tmi ni ng) . Smel t i ngandchemi cal r educt i on. Phosphat e Sur f acemi ni ng( openpi tmi ni ng) . Tr eat mentwi t haci d. Coal Sur f acemi ni ng( openpi tmi ni ng) . Under gr oundmi ni ngi snowst ar t i ngt o becomemor ecommon. Coal i sext r act edi nal mostpur e f or m. Di amonds Sur f acemi ni ng( al l uv i al deposi t s)and under gr oundmi ni ng( pi pemi ni ng) . Di amondsar eext r act edf r om r ocks andi nal mostpur ef or m. Copper Sur f acemi ni ng( openpi tmi ni ng) . Leachi ngi susedt oext r actt he copperusi nganaci d. Pl at i num Under gr oundmi ni ng( shaf tmi ni ng) . Chemi cal met hodsandasa by pr oductofcoppermi ni ng. Zi nc Under gr oundmi ni ng( shaf tmi ni ng) . Smel t i ngandl eachi ng. Chr omi um ( Chr ome) Sur f acemi ni ng( openpi tmi ni ng)and under gr oundmi ni ng( shaf tmi ni ng) . Smel t i ng, r edoxr eact i ons. Asbest os Sur f acemi ni ng( openpi tmi ni ng) . Ext r act edi nf ai r l ypur ef or m. Manganese Sur f acemi ni ng( openpi tmi ni ng)and under gr oundmi ni ng( shaf tmi ni ng) . Smel t i ngandchemi cal pr ocesses. Ty pesofMi ni ng 1.Ope nCutMi ni ng-I ti sasur f acemi ni ng t echni queofext r act i ngr ockormi ner al sf r om t he ear t hbyt hei rr emov al f r om anopenpi torbor r ow. Openpi tmi nest hatpr oducebui l di ng mat er i al sanddi mensi onst onear ecommonl y r ef er r edt oas“ quar r i es. ” Opencastmi nesar edugonbenches, whi ch descr i bev er t i cal l ev el soft hehol e.Thesebenches ©2007ThomsonHi gherEducat i on ar eusual l yonf ourt osi xt y met eri nt er v al s, dependi ngont hesi zeoft hemachi ner yt hati sbei ngused. 2.St r i pMi ni ng-St r i pmi ni ngget si t snamef r om t hef actt hatt hepr ocess i nv ol v esst r i ppi ngt hesur f aceawayf r om t hemi ner al t hat ’ sbei ngexcav at ed( usual l y coal ) .Soi l , r ock, andv eget at i onov ert hemi ner al seam i s r emov edwi t hhugemachi nes, i ncl udi ngbucket wheel excav at or s.Twot y pesofst r i pmi ni ngexi st , dependi ngont he amountofor eundert hesur f ace, andt hesur r oundi ngt er r ai n. Theyar e: Ar eaSt r i ppi ngext r act sor eov eral ar ge, f l att er r ai ni n l ongst r i ps.Theov er bur denofr ocksandsoi l i sdr oppedi nt he pr ev i ousst r i psot hatl onggapsar en’ tl ef ti nt heear t haf t er mi ni ngi scompl et e.Cont ourmi ni ngi sav er si onofst r i pmi ni ng ©Shut t er st ock. com t hatf ol l owst hecont our sofout cr opsandhi l l yt er r ai ns.Usual l y , t hemi ner al seam f ol l owst hecont ouroft heout cr op, andt heov er bur deni sr emov ed car ef ul l yal ongt heseam i nmuchsmal l erandcust om shapedexcav at i onsr at hert han l ongst r i ps.St r i pmi ni ngi smostcommonl yusedt omi necoal andl i gni t e( br owncoal ) . 3. Dr edge Mi ni ng- Dr edgi ng i s t he mor e sophi st i cat edv er si onofpanni ngf orgol d.I nf act , i t ’ s most l y associ at ed wi t h gol d mi ni ng.Much l i ke hopef ulmi ner swi t ht hei rpansdur i ngt hegol dr ush, f l oat i ngdr edges( abar gef i t t edwi t hconv ey orbel t s andscoops)mov eupawat ert abl e.Ascoopl i f t s mat er i aluponaconv ey orbel t ,andt hemi ner ali s r emov edonboar dt hebar ge.Theunwant edmat er i al i st hen dr opped backi nt ot hewat ert abl eusi ng anot herconv ey orbel t . ©911 met al l ur gi st . com 4. Leach Mi ni ng- Leachi ng i s a chemi cal pr ocessi nmi ni ngf orext r act i ngv al uabl emi ner al s f r om or e.Leachi ngal sot akespl acei nnat ur e, wher e t her ocksar edi ssol v edbywat er .Postl eachi ng,t he ©i nf i ni t pi e. com r ocksar el ef twi t hasmal l erpr opor t i onofmi ner al st hant heyor i gi nal l ycont ai ned. 5. Under gr ound Mi ni ng-Under gr oundmi ni ngi s usedwhent hedeposi ti st oodeepf orsur f acemi ni ng ort her ei sar est r i ct i onont heuseoft hesur f acel and. Under gr ound mi ni ng i s used t o ext r actor ef r om bel ow t hesur f aceoft heear t hsaf el y ,economi cal l y andwi t hasl i t t l ewast easpossi bl e.Under gr oundcoal mi nescandr i v e2, 500f eet( 750met er s)i nt ot heEar t h andot hert y pesev endeeper-ur ani um mi nescan ©bor n2i nv est . com r each6, 500f eet ,or2ki l omet er s.Butt hosedept hs ar eext r eme; mostt op( orbot t om)outatabout 1, 000f eet( 300met er s) .Theent r yf r om t hesur f acet oanunder gr oundmi nemaybe t hr oughahor i zont al orv er t i cal t unnel , knownasanadi t , shaf tordecl i ne. HowFossi lFuel sar ef or med Fossi l f uel sf or medaf t ermi l l i onsofy ear sunder gr ound, t hecompoundst hat makeuppl ankt onandpl ant st ur ni nt of ossi lf uel s.Pl ankt ondecomposesi nt onat ur al gasandoi l , whi l epl ant sbecomecoal .Today , humansext r actt heser esour cest hr ough coal mi ni ngandt hedr i l l i ngofoi l andgaswel l sonl andandof f shor e. Ther ear et hr eemaj ort y pesoff ossi lf uel s: Coa li sf or medf r om f er ns, pl ant sandt r eeswhi chhar denedduet opr essur eand heat Oi li sf or med f r om smal l eror gani sms,l i ke zoopl ankt on and al gae.I nt ense amount sofpr essur ecausedt hi scompl exor gani cmat t ert odecomposei nt ooi l . Na t ur alGasunder goest hesamepr ocessasoi l ;howev ert hepr ocessi sl onger and subj ect t o hi gher amount s of heat and pr essur e,causi ng f ur t her decomposi t i on. SCHOOLOFSAI NTMATTHI AS, I NC. Br gy .I VTumaui ni , I sabel a S. Y.20212022 SUBJECTTI TLE:EARTHSCI ENCE QUARTER: 1st/ Week4 SUBJECTTEACHER: Jour neyO.Aggabao/Jest oniR.Cast i l l o GRADELEVEL: 12 CHAPTERTI TLE/ S CONTENTSTANDARD PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Geot her mal , Hy dr oel ect r i candWat erResour ces Thel ear ner sdemonst r at eanunder st andi ngof 1.t hev ar i oussour cesofener gy( f ossi l f uel s, geot her mal , hy dr oel ect r i c) 2.t heamountofusabl ewat err esour cesonEar t h Thel ear ner sshoul dbeabl et o: makeapl ant hatt hecommuni t ymayuset o conser v eandpr ot ecti t sr esour cesf orf ut ur e gener at i ons Pr epar epl ant hatt hecommuni t ymayi mpl ementt o mi ni mi zewast ewhenpeopl eut i l i zemat er i al sand r esour ces PRAYER ComeHol ySpi r i t Fi l l t hehear t sofy ourf ai t hf ul Andki ndl et hem t hef i r eofy ourl ov e Sendf or t hy ourspi r i t , OLor d Thatt hef aceoft heear t hber enewed OGod, whobyt hel i ghtoft heHol ySpi r i t I nst r uctt hehear tofy ourf ai t hf ul Gr antt hatbyt hesameSpi r i t , wemayev er Knowwhati sr i ghtandev err ej oi cei nHi s Consol at i oni nt hr oughChr i st , ourLor d. Amen. Geot her mal , Hy dr oel ect r i candWat er Resour ces I .LEARNI NG I nt hi smodul e, t hest udent sshoul dbeabl et o: expl ai nhow heati nsi det heEar t h( Geot her mal )andf r om f l owi ng wat er( Hy dr oel ect r i c)i st appedasasour ceofener gyf r om human use; and i dent i f yt hev ar i ouswat err esour cesonEar t h; I I .DI SCUSSI ON Geot her malandHy dr oel ect r i c Sour ceofEner gyConceptMap Renewabl eandNonRenewabl eResour ces Nonr enewabl eSour cesofEner gy Mostoft heener gyweusecomesf r om f ossi l f uel s, suchascoal , nat ur algasand pet r ol eum.Butt hesenat ur al r esour cesar el i mi t ed.Oncet heyar eusedup, t heyar egone f or ev er . Thepr ocessofgat her i ngt hesef uel scanbehar mf ul t ot hebi omesf r om whi ch t heycome.Fossi lf uel sar eputt hr oughapr ocesscal l edcombust i oni nor dert o pr oduceener gy .Combust i onr el easespol l ut i on, suchascar bonmonoxi deandsul f ur di oxi de, whi chmaycont r i but et oaci dr ai nandgl obal war mi ng. Renewabl eSour cesofEner gy Renewabl esour cesofener gycanbeusedov erandov eragai n.Renewabl e r esour cesi ncl udesol arener gy ,wi nd,geot her malener gy ,bi omassandhy dr opower . They gener at e much l ess pol l ut i on,bot hi n gat her i ng and pr oduct i on,t han nonr enewabl esour ces. • Sol arener gycomesf r om t hesun.Somepeopl eusesol arpanel si nt hei rhomes t oconv er tsunl i ghti nt oel ect r i ci t y . • Wi ndt ur bi nes, whi chl ookl i kegi antwi ndmi l l s, gener at eel ect r i ci t y . • Geot her malener gycomesf r om t heEar t h' scr ust .Engi neer sext r actst eam or v er yhotwat erf r om t heEar t h' scr ustanduset hest eam t ogener at eel ect r i ci t y . • Bi omassi ncl udesnat ur alpr oduct ssuch aswood,manur eand cor n.These mat er i al sar ebur nedandusef orheat . • Damsandr i v er sgener at ehy dr opower .Whenwat erf l owst hr oughadam i t act i v at esat ur bi ne, whi chr unsanel ect r i cgener at or . Geot her mal Geot her malener gyi sheatwi t hi nt heear t h.Thewor dgeot her malcomesf r om t he Gr eek wor dsgeo( ear t h)andt her me( heat ) .Geot her malener gyi sar enewabl e ener gysour cebecauseheati scont i nuousl ypr oducedi nsi det heear t h.Peopl euse geot her mal heatf orbat hi ng, t oheatbui l di ngs, andt ogener at eel ect r i ci t y . Geot her malEner gy I fy ouwer et odi gabi ghol est r ai ghtdowni nt ot heEar t h,y ouwoul dnot i cet he t emper at ur eget t i ngwar mert hedeepery ougo.That ' sbecauset hei nsi deoft heEar t hi s f ul l ofheat .Thi sheati scal l edgeot her mal ener gy . Peopl ecancapt ur egeot her malener gyt hr ough: Ge ot her malpowerpl ant s, whi chuseheatf r om deepi nsi det heEar t ht ogener at e st eam t omakeel ect r i ci t y . Ge ot her malheatpumps, whi cht api nt oheatcl oset ot heEar t h' ssur f acet oheat wat erorpr ov i deheatf orbui l di ngs. Geot her malPowerPl ant s Atageot her malpowerpl ant ,wel l sar edr i l l ed1or2mi l esdeepi nt ot heEar t ht o pumpst eam orhotwat ert ot hesur f ace.You' r emostl i kel yt of i ndoneoft hesepower pl ant si nanar eat hathasal otofhotspr i ngs,gey ser s,orv ol cani cact i v i t y ,because t hesear epl aceswher et heEar t hi spar t i cul ar l yhotj ustbel owt hesur f ace. HowI tWor ks 1.Hotwat eri spumpedf r om deepunder gr oundt hr oughawel l underhi ghpr essur e. 2.Whent hewat err eachest hesur f ace, t hepr essur ei sdr opped, whi chcausest hewat ert o t ur ni nt ost eam. 3.Thest eam spi nsat ur bi ne, whi chi sconnect edt oagener at ort hatpr oducesel ect r i ci t y . 4.Thest eam cool sof fi nacool i ngt owerandcondensesbackt owat er . 5.Thecool edwat eri spumpedbacki nt ot heEar t ht obegi nt hepr ocessagai n. Geot her malHeatPumps Notal lgeot her malener gycomesf r om powerpl ant s.Geot her malheatpumps candoal l sor t soft hi ngs—f r om heat i ngandcool i nghomest owar mi ngswi mmi ngpool s. Thesesy st emst r ansf erheatbypumpi ngwat erorar ef r i ger ant( aspeci alt y peoff l ui d) t hr oughpi pesj ustbel owt heEar t h' ssur f ace, wher et het emper at ur ei saconst ant50t o 60° F. Dur i ngt hewi nt er ,t hewat erorr ef r i ger antabsor bswar mt hf r om t heEar t h,and t hepumpbr i ngst hi sheatt ot hebui l di ngabov e.I nt hesummer ,someheatpumpscan r uni nr ev er seandhel pcool bui l di ngs. HowI tWor ks 1.Wat erorar ef r i ger antmov est hr oughal oopofpi pes. 2.Whent heweat heri scol d, t hewat erorr ef r i ger antheat supasi tt r av el st hr ought hepar t oft hel oopt hat ' sbur i edunder gr ound. 3.Oncei tget sbackabov egr ound, t hewar medwat erorr ef r i ger antt r ansf er sheati nt ot he bui l di ng. 4.Thewat erorr ef r i ger antcool sdownaf t eri t sheati st r ansf er r ed.I ti spumpedback under gr oundwher ei theat suponcemor e, st ar t i ngt hepr ocessagai n. 5.Onahotday ,t hesy st em canr uni nr ev er se.Thewat erorr ef r i ger antcool st hebui l di ng andt heni spumpedunder gr oundwher eext r aheati st r ansf er r edt ot hegr oundar ound t hepi pes. Hy dr oel ect r i c Hy dr opower ,orhy dr oel ect r i c power ,i sar enewabl e sour ce ofener gy t hat gener at espowerbyusi ngadam ordi v er si onst r uct ur et oal t ert henat ur alf l owofa r i v erorot herbodyofwat er .Hy dr opowerr el i esont heendl ess, const ant l yr echar gi ng sy st em oft hewat ercy cl et opr oduceel ect r i ci t y ,usi ngaf uel —wat er —t hati snot r educedorel i mi nat edi nt hepr ocess. Gr av i t yi sessent i alt ohy dr oel ect r i cener gy .Anobj ectatr esti nahi gherel ev at i on hasagr av i t at i onalpot ent i alener gy .Wheni tmov est ol owerel ev at i on,t hepot ent i al ener gyi st r ansf or medi nt oki net i cener gy .Thepowergener at edbyt heener gyf r om f al l i ngwat erorf astr unni ngwat eri scal l edhy dr opower .Dur i ngt heanci entt i mes, hy dr opowerwashar nessedusi ngwat erwheel sf ort heoper at i onofmi l l s,l i f t s,and t h pr ov i si onofwat er .I nt he19 cent ur y ,hy dr opowerwasusedt ogener at eel ect r i ci t y cal l edhy dr oel ect r i ci t y .I nl ar ger i v er s,damswer ebui l tt oal l ow wat ert omov ef r om hi ghert ol owerel ev at i ons. Thepot ent i alofconv ent i onalhy dr oel ect r i cdam dependsont hev ol umeofwat er st or edi nt her eser v oi randt hedi f f er encei nhei ghtbet weent hesour ceandt hewat er ’ s head.Wat erent er st hei nt akeatt hebot t om oft her eser v oi randf l owst hr oughat unnel orl ar gepi pecal l ed penst ockt or eacht het ur bi ne.Thewat erpr essur ecausest he t ur bi net or ot at eandgener at eel ect r i ci t y .Thehi ghert hedam, andt hehead, t hest r onger t hepr essur et hatwoul dcauset het ur bi net ogener at epower .Whenar eser v oi ri snoti n i t sf ul lcapaci t yev eni nhi ghdams,t heheadi sl ower .Dependi ngont heneedf or el ect r i ci t y ,t heamountofwat erent er i ngt hepenst ockcanbecont r ol l edi nt heFi g.4. Hy dr oel ect r i cpowerpl ant .Ret r i ev ed f r om i nt ake.Excesswat eri nt her eser v oi ri s al l owed t of l ow t hr ough t he spi l l way ,par t i cul ar l ydur i ng r ai nyseason t o pr ev ent ov er f l owordam br each.SanRoqueDam i nPangasi nani st hel ar gesthy dr oel ect r i cdam i nt hePhi l i ppi neswi t hahei ghtof200met er s.Ont heot herhand,I sabel aPr ov i nce, knownf orbei ngt heQueenoft heNor t handal soknownf orhav i ngbeaut i f ulscener i es, cul t ur esandt r adi t i ons,del i ci ousf oods,andf r eshf r ui t shasi t spr est i gi ousandoneof t hel ar gestdam cal l ed-t heMagatDam.MagatDam wasknownf ori t st wopur poses: ( 1) t hesour ceofi r r i gat i onofwat eri nal most85, 000hect ar esoff ar ml andsand( 2)t he sour ceofhy dr oel ect r i cpower .Thedam i t sel fsuppl i esel ect r i ci t yi nt hewhol eI sabel a. Lar gehy dr oel ect r i cdamscangener at esev er alhundr edmegawat t sofel ect r i ci t y . Howev er ,damsandr eser v oi rhav el i mi t edl i f et i mes.Af t eraspeci f i ct i me,ar eser v oi r wi l lbef i l l ed up wi t hsedi ment s.Ther ear eal so env i r onment alef f ect s,suchas al t er i ngt her i v erecosy st em anddi spl aci ngt hecommuni t i esl i v i ngi nt hear eat hat wi l l beconv er t edi nt or eser v oi r . I nr ecent y ear s,smal l scal ehy dr opower or r unof t her i v er power has become mor e common. I t gener at es 10MW t o30MW ofel ect r i ci t y .I t i sf ur t hersubdi v i ded i nt o mi ni hy dr o,whi chcangener at e<500 kW andmi cr ohy dr o,whi chhas <100kW capaci t y . The r equi r ement sf or smal l scal e hy dr opower i s suf f i ci ent f l ow andpr operhei ghtoff al l ofwat er . Thi si smor ecommoni nr ugged ar eas si nce t he gr adi ent of st r eamsi sst eeper , r equi r i ngonl y smal l erf l ows t o gener at et he desi r edpower .Adi v er si onst r uct ur e, cal l edwei r , i sconst r uct edal ongt hest r eam Fi g. 5.Smal l scal ehy dr opowersy st em.Ret r i ev edf r om t odi v er twat erandal l owi tt of l ow ht t ps: / / sswm. i nf o/ wat er nut r i ent cy cl e/ wat er di st r i but i on/ har dwar es/ wat er t hr ough a canal ,cal l ed headr ace i nt o net wor kdi st r i but i on/ hy dr opower %28smal l scal e%29 a f or ebaywher esedi ment scanset t l e. Theout l etoft hef or ebayhasscr eent ot r apsedi ment sanddebr i s.Fr om t hef or ebay , wat erpassest oapenst ock( madeofst eelpi pes)andf l owst owar dt het ur bi nei nt he power house.The wat erwi l lt ur nt he t ur bi ne and gener at e el ect r i ci t y .Fr om t he power house,t hewat erf l owsbackt ot hest r eam.A wat erst or agemaynotbe necessar yf ort hi ssy st em.Smal l scal esy st emshav el i mi t edenv i r onment ali mpact s compar edt ol ar gehy dr oel ect r i cdams.I nmount ai nousar easi nt hePhi l i ppi nesl i ke t heCor di l l er as, manysmal l scal ehy dr opowerpl ant sar eoper at i onal . I nar easwi t hl ar get i dalr ange( t hedi f f er encei nel ev at i onoft hehi ght i deandl ow t i de)t hepot ent i alener gydur i nghi ght i dei sal sohar nessedt ogener at epowersi mi l ar t oconv ent i onalhy dr oel ect r i cdams.Adam cal l edbar r agei sbui l ti nt het i dali nl etand wat eri sal l owedt oent erdur i nghi ght i de.Thewat eri st henal l owedt ober el eased dur i ngl owt i de.Ast hewat erf l ows,at ur bi nei nst al l edatt hebot t om oft hest r uct ur e gener at esel ect r i ci t y . Wat erResour ces Wat eri san i nor gani c,t r anspar ent ,t ast el ess,odor l ess,and near l ycol or l ess chemi cal subst ance, whi chi st hemai nconst i t uentofEar t h' shy dr ospher eandt hef l ui ds ofal lknownl i v i ngor gani sms.I ti sv i t alf oral lknownf or msofl i f e,ev ent houghi t pr ov i desnocal or i esoror gani cnut r i ent s.Wat eri sasi mpl ecompoundmadeoft wo at omsofhy dr ogenandoneat om ofoxy genbondedt oget her .Mor et hananyot her subst anceont heEar t h,wat eri si mpor t antt ol i f eandhasr emar kabl epr oper t i es. Wi t houtwat er ,l i f ecoul dnotpr obabl yev enexi stonEar t h.Whenl ooki ngatEar t hf r om space, t heabundanceofwat eronEar t hbecomesobv i ous. Di st r i but i onofWat eronEar t h Ast hei magemakescl ear , wat eri st hemostabundantsubst anceont heEar t h’ s sur f ace.About71%oft heEar t h’ ssur f acei scov er edwi t hwat er , mostofwhi chi sf ound i nt heoceans.I nf act , 97. 5%ofEar t h' swat er , near l yal l ofi t , i si nt heEar t h’ soceans. Sur f aceasgr oundwat er , whi l et her esti sf oundi nl akes, r i v er s, andst r eams, andwat er v apori nt hesky . Thi smeanst hatj ust2. 5%ofEar t h' swat eri sf r eshwat er , wat erwi t hl ow concent r at i onsofsal t s.Mostf r eshwat eri sf oundasi cei nt hev astgl aci er sof Gr eenl andandt hei mmensei cesheet sofAnt ar ct i ca. Thatl eav esj ust0. 4%ofEar t h’ swat ert hati sf r eshwat ert hathumanscaneasi l y use.Mostl i qui df r eshwat eri sf oundundert heEar t h’ ssur f aceasgr oundwat er .Whi l e t her esti sf oundi nl akes, r i v er s, andst r eamsandwat erv apori nt hesky . Wat erCy cl e Thewat ercy cl eshowst hecont i nuousmov ementofwat erwi t hi nt heEar t hand at mospher e.I ti sacompl exsy st em t hati ncl udesmanydi f f er entpr ocesses.Li qui d wat erev apor at esi nt owat erv apor ,condensest of or m cl ouds,andpr eci pi t at esbackt o ear t hi nt hef or m ofr ai nandsnow.Wat eri ndi f f er entphase’ smov est hr ought he at mospher e( t r anspor t at i on) .Li qui dwat erf l owsacr ossl and( r unof f ) ,i nt ot hegr ound ( i nf i l t r at i on and per col at i on) ,and t hr ough t he gr ound ( gr oundwat er ) .Gr oundwat er mov esi nt opl ant s( pl antupt ake)andev apor at esf r om pl ant si nt ot heat mospher e ( t r anspi r at i on) .Sol i di ceandsnowcant ur ndi r ect l yi nt ogas( subl i mat i on) .Theopposi t e canal sot akepl acewhenwat erv aporbecomessol i d( deposi t i on) . SCHOOLOFSAI NTMATTHI AS, I NC. Br gy .I VTumaui ni , I sabel a S. Y.20212022 SUBJECTTI TLE:EARTHSCI ENCE st QUARTER: 1/ Week56 SUBJECTTEACHER: Jour neyO.Aggabao/Jest oniR.Cast i l l o GRADELEVEL: 12 CHAPTERTI TLE/ S CONTENTSTANDARD PERFORMANCE STANDARDS HumanAct i v i t i est hataf f ect sWat er , LandandAi r Thel ear ner sdemonst r at eanunder st andi ngof 1.t heamountofusabl ewat err esour cesonEar t h. 2.t hedi st r i but i onofar abl el andonEar t h. 3.wast egener at i onandmanagement . Thel ear ner sshoul dbeabl et o: makeapl ant hatt hecommuni t ymayuset o conser v eandpr ot ecti t sr esour cesf orf ut ur e gener at i ons Pr epar epl ant hatt hecommuni t ymayi mpl ementt o mi ni mi zewast ewhenpeopl eut i l i zemat er i al sand r esour ces PRAYER ComeHol ySpi r i t Fi l l t hehear t sofy ourf ai t hf ul Andki ndl et hem t hef i r eofy ourl ov e Sendf or t hy ourspi r i t , OLor d Thatt hef aceoft heear t hber enewed OGod, whobyt hel i ghtoft heHol ySpi r i t I nst r uctt hehear tofy ourf ai t hf ul Gr antt hatbyt hesameSpi r i t , wemayev er Knowwhati sr i ghtandev err ej oi cei nHi s Consol at i oni nt hr oughChr i st , ourLor d. Amen. HumanAct i v i t i est hataf f ect sWat er , Landand Ai r I .LEARNI NG I nt hi smodul e, t hest udent sshoul dbeabl et o: expl ai nhowdi f f er entact i v i t i esaf f ectt hequal i t yandav ai l abi l i t yof wat erf orhumanuse; i dent i f y human act i v i t i es,such as f ar mi ng,const r uct i on of st r uct ur es,andwast edi sposalt hataf f ectt hequal i t yandquant i t y ofsoi l ; gi v e way s of conser v i ng and pr ot ect i ng t he soi lf or f ut ur e gener at i ons; and descr i behowpeopl egener at edi f f er entt y pesofwast e( sol i d, l i qui d, andgaseous)ast heymakeuseofv ar i ousmat er i al si nev er y dayl i f e. I I .DI SCUSSI ON Di f f er entact i v i t i est hataf f ectt hequal i t yandav ai l abi l i t yofwat erf orhumanuse Ourwat err esour cesf aceahostofser i oust hr eat s,al lofwhi char ecaused pr i mar i l y by human act i v i t y . They i ncl ude sedi ment at i on, pol l ut i on, cl i mat e change, def or est at i on, l andscapechanges, andur bangr owt h. Wat erqual i t yi sameasur eofhow cl eanorpol l ut edwat eri s.Whet heri twi l l becomebenef i ci al ordet r i ment al t ol i f el ar gel ydependsoni t squal i t ybasedonphy si cal , chemi cal , andbi ol ogi cal char act er i st i cs. Wat ersuppl y ,ont heot herhand,r ef er st ot heav ai l abi l i t yofwat eri napar t i cul ar pl ace.Suchav ai l abi l i t yi sv i t ali nsust ai ni nganddev el opi ngf ar msandcommuni t i es. Wher epeopl edonothav ewat ersuppl yi nt hei rhomes, t heygot ol ocalst r eams, wel lor pumpt ogat herwat erf orcooki ng, cl eani ng, anddr i nki ng. Sedi ment s Sedi ment soccuri nwat erbodi esbot hnat ur al l yandasar esul tofv ar i oushuman act i ons.When t hey occurexcessi v el y ,t hey can dr amat i cal l y change ourwat er r esour ces.Sedi ment soccuri nwat ermai nl yasadi r ectr esponset ol andusechanges and agr i cul t ur alpr act i ces,al t hough sedi mentl oads can occurnat ur al l yi n poor l y v eget at edt er r ai nsandmostcommonl yi nar i dandsemi ar i dcl i mat esf ol l owi nghi gh i nt ensi t yr ai nf al l .summar i zest hepr i nci palsour cesofexcessi v esedi mentl oadsand i dent i f i est hemaj ori mpact st hatt hi sdegr eeofsedi mentl oadi ngcanhav eonaquat i c sy st emsandt heser v i cest hatwat err esour cescanpr ov i de.Ar ecent l ydocument edand i ncr easi ngsour ceofhi ghsedi mentl oadsi st heconst r uct i onofnewr oadsi ndev el opi ng count r i eswher el i t t l econsi der at i oni sgi v ent ot hei mpact sofsuchact i onsonaquat i c sy st ems and downst r eam wat er suppl i es. Gl obal l y ,t he ef f ect s of excessi v e sedi ment at i oncommonl yext endbey ondourf r eshwat ersy st emsandt hr eat encoast al habi t at s,wet l ands,f i shandcor alr eef si nmar i neenv i r onment s.Thei mpor t anceof sedi ment cont r olshoul d be an i nt egr alconsi der at i on i n any wat er r esour ces dev el opmentandpr ot ect i onst r at egy .UNESCO’ sI nt er nat i onalSedi mentI ni t i at i v e( I SI ) pr oj ectwi l lat t emptt oi mpr ov et heunder st andi ngofsedi mentphenomena, andpr ov i de bet t erpr ot ect i onoft heaquat i candt er r est r i al env i r onment s. Pol l ut i on Humanshav el ongusedai r ,l andandwat err esour cesas‘ si nks’i nt owhi chwe di sposeoft hewast eswegener at e.Thesedi sposalpr act i cesl eav emostwast es i nadequat el yt r eat ed,t her ebycausi ng pol l ut i on.Thi si nt ur n af f ect s pr eci pi t at i on, sur f acewat er ,andgr oundwat er ,aswel lasdegr adi ngecosy st ems.Thesour cesof pol l ut i ont hati mpactourwat err esour cescandev el opatdi f f er entscal es( l ocal , r egi onal andgl obal )butcangener al l ybecat egor i zedaccor di ngt oni net y pes.I dent i f i cat i onof sour cet y pesandl ev elofpol l ut i oni sapr er equi si t et oassessi ngt her i skoft hepol l ut i on bei ngcr eat edt obot ht heaquat i csy st emsand, t hr ought hatsy st em, t ohumansandt he env i r onment .Wi t ht he knowl edge oft he pr i nci palsour ces oft he pol l ut i on,t he appr opr i at emi t i gat i onst r at egycanbei dent i f i edt or educet hei mpactont hewat er r esour ces.Thesour cesofpol l ut i ont hati mpactourwat err esour cescandev el opat di f f er entscal es-l ocal ,r egi onalandgl obal ,butcangener al l ybecat egor i zedaccor di ng t oni net y pes:1)or gani cmat t er , 2)pat hogensandmi cr obi alcont ami nant s, 3)nut r i ent s, 4)sal i ni zat i on, 5)aci di f i cat i on, 6)heav ymet al s, 7)t oxi cor gani ccompoundsandmi cr oor gani cpol l ut ant s, 8)t her mal , and9)si l tandsuspendedpar t i cl es. Di f f er entt y pesofPol l ut ant s 1.Or gani cMat t er-At y peofor gani cpol l ut i oncanoccurwheni nor gani cpol l ut ant s suchasni t r ogenandphosphat esaccumul at ei naquat i cecosy st ems.Hi ghl ev el sof t hesenut r i ent scauseanov er gr owt hofpl ant sandal gae.Ast hepl ant sandal gaedi e, t heybecomeor gani cmat er i ali nt hewat er .Or gani cpol l ut i onoccur swhenanexcess ofor gani cmat t er ,suchasi ndust r i alwast ewat eranddomest i csewageent er st he wat er .Whenor gani cmat t eri ncr easesi napond,t henumberofdecomposer swi l l i ncr ease.Thesedecomposer sgr ow r api dl yanduseagr eatdealofoxy gendur i ng t hei rgr owt h.Thi sl eadst oadepl et i onofoxy genast hedecomposi t i onpr ocess occur s.Al ackofoxy gencanki l laquat i cor gani sms.Ast heaquat i cor gani smsdi e, t heyar ebr okendownbydecomposer swhi chl eadst of ur t herdepl et i onoft he oxy genl ev el s. 2.Pat hogensandMi cr obi alCont ami nant s-Pat hogensar ebact er i a,v i r us,andot her mi cr oor gani sm t hatcancausedi seasesl i kedi ar r hea,gast r oi nt est i nali l l nesses, nausea,andpossi bl yj aundi ceaswel lasheadachesandf at i gue.I fi ngest edby humans,t heycanr el easet oxi nscausi ngsi cknessorev endeat h.Themai nor i gi ns ofmi cr obi alcont ami nat i onofnat ur alaquat i cr esour cesar edi schar gesofwat er t r eat mentpl ant s,decont ami nat i onst at i ons,hospi t al s,i ndust r i esar econsi der edas poi ntsour ces,et c.Di f f usesour cesl i kesl ur r y ,manur e,andsl udgeappl i cat i onmay al so be consi der ed. Thespr ead ofi nf ect i ousdi seasest hr ough cont ami nat ed dr i nki ng wat erl eads t oi nt est i nalpar asi t es and i ncr eased chi l dhood mor t al i t y especi al l yi ndev el opi ngcount r i es. 3.Nut r i entpol l ut i on -i s one oft he mostwi despr ead,cost l y and chal l engi ng env i r onment alpr obl emsi nt hewor l dt oday .Thi si scausedbyexcessni t r ogenand phosphor usi nt heai randwat er .I npar t i cul ar , t oomuchni t r ogenandphosphor usi n t hewat ercausesal gaet ogr owf ast ert hanecosy st emscanhandl e.Al gal bl oom, t he l ar gegr owt hofal gae,cansev er el yr educeorel i mi nat eoxy geni nt hewat er ,l eadi ng t oi l l nessesi nf i shandt hedeat hofl ar genumber soff i sh.Someal galbl oomsar e har mf ult ohumansbecauset heypr oduceel ev at edt oxi nsandbact er i algr owt ht hat canmakepeopl esi cki ft heycomei nt ocont actwi t hpol l ut edwat er ,consume t ai nt edf i shorshel l f i sh,ordr i nkcont ami nat edwat er .Hi ghl ev el sofni t r at esi n dr i nki ngwat eral sol eadt oi l l nessi nhumans.Ev eni fal galbl oomsar enott oxi c, t hey cannegat i v el yi mpactaquat i cl i f ebybl ocki ngoutsunl i ghtandcl oggi ngf i shgi l l s. Al galbl oomsal socausehy poxi a–ar easi nwat erwi t hl i t t l eornooxy genwher e aquat i cl i f ecannotsur v i v e. 4.Sal i ni zat i on–I st hei ncr easeofsal tconcent r at i oni nsoi landi s,i nmostcases, causedbydi ssol v edsal t si nt hewat ersuppl y .Thi ssuppl yofwat ercanbecausedby f l oodi ngoft hel andbyseawat er ,seepageofseawat erorbr acki shgr oundwat er t hr ought hesoi lf r om bel ow.Sal i ni zat i oni sagl obalenv i r onment alphenomenont hat af f ect smanydi f f er entaspect sofourl i f e:changi ngt hechemi calcomposi t i onof nat ur alwat err esour ces( l akes,r i v er s,andgr oundwat er ) ,degr adi ngt hequal i t yof wat ersuppl yt ot he domest i c and agr i cul t ur alsect or s,cont r i but i on l oss t o bi odi v er si t y ,t axonomi cr epl acementbyhal ot ol er antspeci es,l ossoff er t i l esoi l , col l apseofagr i cul t ur alandf i sher yi ndust r i es,changi ngofl ocalcl i mat econdi t i ons, andcr eat i ngsev er eheal t hpr obl ems 5.Aci di f i cat i on–Aci di f i cat i oni st hepr ocessofbecomi ngaci dorbei ngconv er t edi nt o anaci d.Fr eshwat eraci di f i cat i oni shar mf ult ov ar i ousaquat i cor gani sms.Themai n r easonf orf r eshwat eraci di f i cat i oni sat mospher i cdeposi t i onsandsoi ll eachi ngof sul f uroxi des( SOx)andni t r ogenoxi des( NOx) nanaci dsensi t i v eecosy st em, whi ch .I i ncl udessl owweat her i ngbedr ockanddepl et edbasecat i onpool s,SOx andNOx f r om r unof fwi l lbe accompani ed by aci di f y i ng hy dr ogen i ons and i nor gani c al umi num, whi chcanbet oxi ct omar i neor gani sms.Aci dr ai ni sal soacont r i but ort o f r eshwat eraci di f i cat i on,howev er ,aci dr ai ni sf or medwhenSOxandNOxr eactwi t h wat er , oxy genandoxi dant swi t hi nt hecl ouds. 6.Heav ymet al s–Heav ymet alt oxi ci t ycanr esul ti ndamagedorr educedment aland cent r alner v ousf unct i on,l owerener gyl ev el s,anddamaget obl oodcomposi t i on, l ungs, ki dney s, l i v er , andot herv i t alor gans.Longt er m exposur emayr esul ti nsl owl y pr ogr essi ngphy si cal , muscul ar , andneur ol ogi cal degener at i v epr ocessest hatmi mi c Al zhei mer ' s di sease,Par ki nson' s di sease,muscul ar dy st r ophy ,and mul t i pl e scl er osi s.Al l er gi esar enotuncommonandr epeat edl ongt er m cont actwi t hsome met al sort hei rcompoundsmayev encausecancer( I nt er nat i onalOccupat i onal Saf et yandHeal t hCent r e1999) . 7.Toxi cor gani ccompoundsandmi cr oor gani cpol l ut ant s–Or gani cpol l ut i onoccur s when l ar ge quant i t i es of or gani c compounds,whi ch actas subst r at es f or mi cr oor gani sms, ar er el easedi nt owat ersour ces.Dur i ngt hedecomposi t i onpr ocess t hedi ssol v edoxy geni nt her ecei v i ngwat ermaybeusedupatagr eat err at et hani t canber epl eni shed,causi ngox y gendepl et i onandhav i ngsev er econsequencesf or t he st r eam bi ot a.Or gani c ef f l uent s al so f r equent l ycont ai nl ar ge quant i t i esof suspendedsol i dswhi chr educet hel i ghtav ai l abl et ophot osy nt het i cor gani smsand, onset t l i ngout ,al t ert hechar act er i st i csoft her i v erbed,r ender i ngi tanunsui t abl e habi t atf ormanyi nv er t ebr at es.Toxi cammoni ai sof t enpr esent .Or gani cpol l ut ant s consi stofpr ot ei ns,car bohy dr at es,f at s and nucl ei c aci ds i n a mul t i pl i ci t yof combi nat i ons.Raw sewagei s99. 9percentwat er ,andoft he0. 1% sol i ds,70% i s or gani c( 65% pr ot ei ns,25% car bohy dr at es,10% f at s) .Or gani cwast esf r om peopl e andt hei rani mal smayal sober i chi ndi seasecausi ng( pat hogeni c)or gani sms. 8.Ther mal-Ther malpol l ut i oni st hedi schar geofheat edwat eri nt obodi esofwat er . Themai ncont r i but or st ot her malheatpol l ut i onar et her malornucl earpowerpl ant s; i ndust r i alef f l uent ssuchaspet r ol eum r ef i ner i es,pul pandpapermi l l s,chemi cal pl ant s,st eelmi l l sandsmel t er s;sewageef f l uent s;andbi ochemi calact i v i t y .The ef f ect soft her malpol l ut i oni ncl udedecr easet heamountofdi ssol v edoxy geni nt he wat er , whi chaquat i cl i f er equi r es, damaget ol ar v aeandeggsoff i shi nr i v er s, ki l l i ng of fsomespeci esoff i shandmacr oi nv er t ebr at est hathav eal i mi t edt ol er ancef or t emper at ur echange, andmi gr at i onofl i v i ngent i t i esf r om t hei renv i r onment . 9.Si l tandsuspendedpar t i cl es–Si l ti scomposedoff i nesand, cl ay , orot hermat er i al car r i edbyr unni ngwat eranddeposi t edasasedi ment ,especi al l yi nachannelor har bor .I tmayoccurasasoi l( of t enmi xedwi t hsandorcl ay )orassedi mentmi xed i nsuspensi onwi t hwat er( al soknownassuspendedl oad)andsoi li nabodyof wat ersuchasr i v er s, dams, andl akes.Sedi mentdeposi t si nr i v er scanal t ert hef l ow ofwat erandr educewat erdept hmaki ngnav i gat i onandr ecr eat i onalusemor e di f f i cul t . Cl i mat eChange Cl i mat echangeappear st oi ncr easeexi st i ngpr essur es,f orexampl ei nar eas al r eadysuf f er i ngf r om wat ershor t ages.Landandmount ai ngl aci er sar eshr i nki ngmor e r api dl yi nr ecenty ear s.Ext r emeweat herev ent sst emmi ngf r om gl obalwar mi ng,such asst or msandf l oods,ar el i kel yt obecomemor ef r equentandsev er e.Howev er ,based oncur r entknowl edge, sci ent i st scanonl ymakegener alpr edi ct i onsaboutt hei mpactof cl i mat echangeonwat err esour ces. Asnot edabov e,t her ei sempi r i calev i denceofi mpact sonwat err esour cesf r om gl obalwar mi ng.TheI nt er gov er nment alPanelon Cl i mat eChange( I PCC)based i n Genev a, Swi t zer l and, i ncooper at i onwi t hnewpar t ner s, hasbegunt oaddr esst hi si ssue i n addi t i on t ot hei rmor et r adi t i onalf ocuson gr eenhousegasesand t emper at ur e changes( www. gr eenf act s. or g) . Soi l Soi li st hel oosesur f acemat er i alt hatcov er smostl and.I tconsi st sofi nor gani c par t i cl esandor gani cmat t er .Soi lpr ov i dest hest r uct ur alsuppor tt opl ant susedi n agr i cul t ur eandi sal sot hei rsour ceofwat erandnut r i ent s.Soi l sv ar ygr eat l yi nt hei r chemi calandphy si calpr oper t i es.Soi li sanat ur albodycompr i sedofsol i ds( mi ner al s andor gani cmat t er ) ,l i qui d,andgasest hatoccur sont hel andsur f ace,occupi esspace, andi schar act er i zedbyoneorbot hoft hef ol l owi ng:hor i zons,orl ay er s,t hatar e di st i ngui shabl ef r om t hei ni t i almat er i alasar esul tofaddi t i ons,l osses,t r ansf er s,and t r ansf or mat i onsofener gyandmat t erort heabi l i t yt osuppor tr oot edpl ant si nanat ur al env i r onment . Di f f er entt y pesofwast e( Sol i d, Li qui dandGaseous) Sol i dwast es-i ncl udesol i dpor t i onsoft hedi scar dedmat er i alsuchasgl assbot t l es, cr ocker i es, pl ast i ccont ai ner s, met al sandr adi oact i v ewast es.Thesol i dwast esmaybe bi odegr adabl eornonbi odegr adabl e.Thebi odegr adabl esol i dwast esar eagr i cul t ur al wast es, f oodwast es, paper , f oodpr ocessi ngbypr oduct s, manur e, y ar dwast es, et c.The nonbi odegr adabl e wast es i ncl ude pl ast i cs,met al s,sy nt het i c mat er i al s,pol y t hene, r adi oact i v ewast es,et c.Thesol i dwast emanagementi nv ol v esdi sposalofsol i dwast e t ol and( orocean)orr ecov er i ngandr epr oduci ngusef ulsubst ancesf r om t hewast e t hr oughr ecy cl i ng. Theent i r emet hodol ogyofsol i dwast emanagementi sbasedon: ( a)col l ect i onof wast e( b)di sposal ,and( c)r esour cer ecov er y .Sol i dwast ei sal soknownasmuni ci pal wast e.Thi ski ndofwast epr i mar i l ycomesf r om peopl e’ shomes, buti tal socomesf r om somef act or i es,busi nesses,andschool s.How dowemanageSol i dWast e?TheU. S. Env i r onment alPr ot ect i onAgency( EPA)r ecommendst heuseofa“ wast emanagement hi er ar chy , ”whi chr anksmet hodsofwast emanagementi nor derofpr ef er ence.EPA’ s wast emanagementhi er ar chyi ncl udes: Sour ceReduct i on.Sour cer educt i oni sal soknownaswast epr ev ent i on. As t he name i mpl i es,t hi s met hod pr ev ent s wast e att he sour ce by decr easi ngconsumpt i onandr eusi ngpr oduct s.I tal soi ncl udesusi ngnonhazar doussubst i t ut esasanal t er nat i v et ot oxi cpr oduct st hatcoul dend upi nt hewast est r eam. Recy cl i ng,i ncl udi ngCompost i ng.Recy cl i ngr ef er st oaser i esofact i v i t i es wher edi scar dedmat er i al sar ecol l ect ed, sor t ed, pr ocessed, conv er t edi nt o r aw mat er i al s,and used t o make new pr oduct s.Compost i ng i st he decomposi t i onofor gani cmat er i al ssuchasy ar dt r i mmi ngsandf ood scr apsbymi cr oor gani sms. Di sposal :Combust i on and Landf i l l s.Tr ash t hatcannotbe r educed, r ecy cl ed,orcompost edmustbedi sposedof .Combust i oni st hebur ni ng ofwast ei n speci al l y desi gned f aci l i t i es of t en cal l ed i nci ner at or s.I t r educest hebul kofwast e, andsomef aci l i t i espr ov i det headdedbenef i tof ener gyr ecov er y( “ wast et oener gy ”f aci l i t i es) .Landf i l l s ar e al so maj or component sofwast emanagement .Al andf i l li sal ar gear eaofl andoran excav at edsi t et hatr ecei v eswast e. Li qui d wast es -ar et he l i qui d par toft hewast emat er i al .Li qui d wast ei ncl udes ef f l uent sofi ndust r i es, f er t i l i zerandpest i ci desol ut i onsf r om agr i cul t ur ef i el ds, l eachat e f r om l andf i l l s,ur banr unof fofunt r eat edwast ewat erandgar bage,mi mi ngwast eset c. The l i qui d wast e may cont ai n nont oxi ci nor gani c subst ances ort oxi c or gani c subst ances. Thecomposi t i onofl i qui dwast e,al soknownaswast ewat er , i shi ghl yv ar i edand dependspr i nci pal l yoni t ssour ce.I nt ownsandci t i es,t het hr eemai nsour cesar e r esi dent i al ,commer ci al ,andi ndust r i alar eas.Thel i qui dwast esf r om r esi dent i alar eas ar eof t enr ef er r edt oasdomest i cwast ewat er s.Thet y peofi ndust r ydet er mi nest he composi t i onoft hewast e.Thewast ewat er sf r om f aci l i t i est hatmakef oodpr oduct swi l l notbehar mf ult ohumans,butt hosef r om ot heri ndust r i esmaycont ai nav ar i et yof chemi calcompounds,someofwhi chmaybehazar dous( andt her ef or epot ent i al l y har mf ul ) . Thegaseouswast esar egener at edi nt oenv i r onmentmai nl yduet oant hr opogeni c act i v i t i es.The gaseous wast es i ncl ude car bon di oxi de ( CO2) ,met hane ( CH4) , chl or of l uor ocar bon( CFC) ,oxi desofni t r ogen( NOx) ,car bonmonoxi de( CO) ,oxi desof sul f ur( SOx) ,et c.Thesegaseouswast escancauseser i ousenv i r onment alhazar ds. Ther ef or e,i ti shi ghl yessent i alt ot akeappr opr i at est epsf ort hepr opermanagement andcont r ol ofgaseouswast esi nt heenv i r onment . SCHOOLOFSAI NTMATTHI AS, I NC. Br gy .I VTumaui ni , I sabel a S. Y.20212022 SUBJECTTI TLE:EARTHSCI ENCE st QUARTER: 1/ Week56 SUBJECTTEACHER: Jour neyO.Aggabao/Jest oniR.Cast i l l o GRADELEVEL: 12 CHAPTERTI TLE/ S CONTENTSTANDARD PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Ef f ect sofWast eonPeopl e’ sHeal t handEnv i r onment Thel ear ner sdemonst r at eanunder st andi ngof 1.wast egener at i onandmanagement . Thel ear ner sshoul dbeabl et o: makeapl ant hatt hecommuni t ymayuset o conser v eandpr ot ecti t sr esour cesf orf ut ur e gener at i ons Pr epar epl ant hatt hecommuni t ymayi mpl ementt o mi ni mi zewast ewhenpeopl eut i l i zemat er i al sand r esour ces PRAYER ComeHol ySpi r i t Fi l l t hehear t sofy ourf ai t hf ul Andki ndl et hem t hef i r eofy ourl ov e Sendf or t hy ourspi r i t , OLor d Thatt hef aceoft heear t hber enewed OGod, whobyt hel i ghtoft heHol ySpi r i t I nst r uctt hehear tofy ourf ai t hf ul Gr antt hatbyt hesameSpi r i t , wemayev er Knowwhati sr i ghtandev err ej oi cei nHi s Consol at i oni nt hr oughChr i st , ourLor d. Amen. Ef f ect sofWast eonPeopl e’ sHeal t hand Env i r onment I .LEARNI NG I nt hi smodul e, t hest udent sshoul dbeabl et o: expl ai n how di f f er entact i v i t i es t y pes ofwast e af f ectpeopl e’ s heal t handenv i r onment . I I .DI SCUSS I ON Wast e Wast esar et hemat er i al st hatar enotneededandar enotusabl eeconomi cal l y wi t houtf ur t herpr ocessi ng.I ft hesewast esr emai nunt r eat ed,i tl eadst oai r ,wat er ,soi l orsol i dwast epol l ut i on.Hence, wast emanagementi sv er yessent i al . Wast escanpol l ut eai r ,wat erandsoi l ,andl eav ev ar i ousenv i r onment ali mpact s, andcauseheal t hhazar d,duet oi mpr operhandl i ngandt r anspor t at i on.Theseadv er se ef f ect sar eseenonheal t handenv i r onment , someoft hem ar easf ol l ows: Env i r onment alI mpact s 1. Leachat esf r om dumpsper col at ei nt ot hesoi l andcont ami nat eunder gr oundwat er . 2. Scav enger sandst r ayani mal si nv adet her oadsi degar bageandl i t t ert hewast e ov erl ar gear eacausi ngmuchaest het i cdamaget ot heat mospher e. 3. Wast epr oduct swhenbur ntl i kepl ast i candr ubberpol l ut et heat mospher ewi t h noxi ousf umes. 4. Or gani csol i dwast esemi tobnoxi ousodoront hei rdecomposi t i onandmaket he env i r onmentpol l ut ed. 5. Somepaper sandpl ast i csar ebur nedi nl andf i l l swhi chemi tgasandchemi cal s t hathur tt heozonel ay er .Wast est hatr el easedi oxi nsar eal sodanger ousandpose heal t hr i skwhent heyar edi f f usedi nt ot heai rt hatwebr eat he.I naddi t i on, met hane gasest hatdecomposewast esar er el eased. 6. Hazar douswast esi nt heenv i r onmentl eachi nt ot hegr ound,andul t i mat el y ,i nt o t hegr oundwat er .Thi swat eri susedf ormanyt hi ngs, f r om wat er i ngt hel ocal f i el ds t odr i nki ng.Toxi cl i qui dchemi cal sf r om wast ecanal soseepi nt owat erst r eams andbodi esofwat er . 7. I nci ner at i ngwast eal socausespr obl ems,becausepl ast i cst endt opr oducet oxi c subst ances,suchasdi oxi ns,whent heyar ebur nt .Gasesf r om i nci ner at i onmay causeai rpol l ut i onandcont r i but et oaci dr ai n, whi l et heashf r om i nci ner at or smay cont ai nheav ymet al sandot hert oxi ns. Heal t hI mpact 1. Vect or sl i ker at sandi nsect si nv ader ef usedumpsandspr eadv ar i ousdi seases. 2. Dur i nghandl i ngandt r ansf erofhospi t alandcl i ni cwast es,di seaset r ansmi ssi on mayt akepl ace. 3. Wat erandf oodcont ami nat i ont hr oughf l i escausesv ar i ousdi seasesi nhumans l i kedy sent er y , di ar r heaandamoebi cdy sent er y . 4. Rat s dwel l i ng wi t hi nf ect i ous sol i d wast es mayspr ead di seases l i ke pl ague, sal monel l osi s, t r i chi nosi s, andendemi ct y phus. 5. Wat ersuppl y , i fget scont ami nat edwi t hpat hogenspr esenti nwast es, mayr esul ti n chol er a, j aundi ce, hepat i t i s, andgast r oent er i cdi seases. 6. Choki ngofdr ai nsandgul l ypi t sbyt hesol i dwast esr esul t si nwat erl oggi ngwhi ch f aci l i t at esbr eedi ng ofmosqui t oesand r esul t si nt hespr ead ofdi seasesl i ke mal ar i aandpl ague. 7. Mi nesandot heri ndust r i al companyusedmer cur yt opr oducev i ny l chl or i de, t hel ef t ov ermer cur ywasdumpedi nt obaywhi chent er edt het i ssuesoff i shes,whi chi n t ur nwer econsumedbypeopl el i v i ngi nt hatar ea.Thecont ami nat edf i shest hus causedanout br eakofpoi soni ng, ki l l i ngandaf f ect i ngsev er al peopl e. 8. Exposur et oi mpr oper l yhandl edwast escancauseski ni r r i t at i ons, bl oodi nf ect i ons, r espi r at or ypr obl ems, gr owt hpr obl ems, andev enr epr oduct i v ei ssues. 9. Mosqui t oesandr at sar eknownt ol i v eandbr eedi nsewagear eas,andbot har e knownt ocar r yl i f et hr eat eni ngdi seases.Mosqui t oesbr eedi ncansandt i r est hat col l ectwat er , andcancar r ydi seasessuchasmal ar i aanddengue.
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