1 Outline I. Introduction A. What is cloning? B. Thesis IV. V. II. History of Cloning III. Types of Cloning Achievements currently reached in cloning Previous Attempts to prohibit cloning worldwide VI. Conclusion 2 Xena Ragy Mr. Mohamed Al-Shamy English Language Arts 12 November 2022 Legalization of Cloning Human cloning frequently alludes to human regenerative cloning to deliver a hereditary duplicate of a current individual. In spite of many years of theory, there has been no human conceptive cloning. Examination cloning, otherwise called undeveloped organism cloning or helpful cloning, is another type of human cloning that produces hereditarily explicit early stage undifferentiated cells. After a progression of disappointments and prominent bogus cases of achievement, the principal report of undeveloped cells made from cloned human incipient organisms was distributed in 2013. A portion of the significant concerns raised by research cloning are the dangers it stances to the ones who might be expected to give the huge quantities of eggs required; misrepresented and most likely ridiculous cases of "customized" treatments; and the requirement for compelling oversight to forestall maverick endeavors to utilize cloned incipient organisms for regenerative human cloning. Human reproductive cloning is generally contraindicated. Overpowering larger parts, 3 normally of 80% to 90%, have reliably dismissed it in conclusion reviews for more than 20 years. While the U.S. has no government law on human regenerative cloning, various states, many different nations, and a few peaceful accords officially forbid it. Numerous researchers accept that human regenerative cloning can never be made safe. It would likewise undermine the mental prosperity of cloned kids, and could make the way for all the more remarkable inheritable hereditary control advances. Cloning has been around for more than a century, starting when Hans Spemann split a salamander embryo in 1901. After parting the embryo, Han understood that it had developed into two independent and complete organisms. The consequence of this testing delivered the information that embryonic organism cells contain enough hereditary material to form into an entirely different being. Over ten years after the fact, Spemann succeeded in his first nuclear transfer experiment. Even though Han Spemann gave the primary logical premise to propose cloning was conceivable, it was not until 1995 that cloning would gain attention all over the world. Cloning activity increased after Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell succeeded in using an embryonic cell technique to clone two lambs named Megan and Morag at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. Shortly after, the infamous Dolly the sheep was cloned via adult cells, proving that not solely embryonic cells but also adult animals could be cloned. Dolly the Sheep lived what might some way or another be viewed as a typical creature life, having a working immune system and in any event, having the option to mate normally. While there is some opposition to cloning in the entirety of its structures, others contend that this innovation has various useful uses including sparing imperiled species, clinical progressions, food creation, and others. 4 There are three main types of artificial cloning: gene cloning, which is copying of DNA; reproductive cloning, which is making an exact copy of the subject; and therapeutic cloning, which is the process in which embryonic cells are taken to reproduce injured or dead cells. With reproductive cloning, the DNA is taken out of any cell from the donor’s body (with the exception of a sperm or egg cell) and injected into an egg cell that then reproduces an exact replica of the DNA donor. Reproductive cloning produces whole copies of the original animal, and this issue is where most of the ethical conflicts come into play. While therapeutic cloning is achieved with a similar process, it has received much less scrutiny and criticism because it is used more so to replace injured cells and tissue using stem cells. The cloning of animals and use of them can benefit humanity in ways such as providing food and other byproducts such as wool. The Scottish researchers that cloned Dolly, “have cloned other sheep that have been genetically modified to produce milk that contains a human protein essential for blood clotting” with the hope that “ someday this protein can be purified from the milk and given to humans whose blood does not clot properly.”In addition, cloned animals may be especially useful to test new drugs issues. Other examples of the application of cloning in today’s society would be the use of cloning to help endangered species stimulate population growth, and help lower rapidly increasing extinction and endangered rates over the globe. In 2001, scientists had developed the first clone of an endangered species: the guar, a species of Asian cattle. Sadly, a few days after being born, the baby guar that had grown inside a replacement cow mother passed away.. In 2003, another endangered type of ox, called the Banteng, was successfully cloned. Shortly 5 after, using frozen embryos as a source of DNA, three African wildcats were cloned. Others contend that cloning results in a population of genetically similar species, notwithstanding the opinion of some scientists that cloning can save many species that would otherwise go extinct. Recently, there has been a debate on whether to clone the wooly mammoth, an animal extinct for thousands of years. A Harvard University geneticist suggests, “reintroducing the mammoth to tundra regions could help bring back the ancient dry, grassy "mammoth steppe" ecosystem shaped by their grazing. For instance, lowering the number of plants that are dark in colour and absorb heat, this may then replace the place of the swampy permafrost and postpone the melting of the Arctic due to climate change. If wooly mammoths can ever be successfully cloned, there may be benefits for climate change, but many concerns, including possible adverse impacts on what are known to be extremely gregarious animals, will undoubtedly be raised. With regard to the cloning of animals, in 2008 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) came to the conclusion that meat and milk from cloned animals are pharmaceutical trials. South Korean researchers claimed to have successfully cloned a human embryo in 1998, however they later admitted that the operation was stopped when the clone was only a collection of four cells. In 2002, a religious organization called Clonaid, which belongs to the ideology that humans were created by extraterrestrial beings, held a press conference to announce the birth of Eve, a girl they claimed to be the first human to be cloned. However, despite several demands from the scientific community and the media, Clonaid never offered any proof that this or the other 12 human clones it allegedly made actually existed. 6 A team from Seoul National University in South Korea, led by Woo-Suk Hwang, claimed to have produced a cloned human embryo in a test tube in an article that was published in the journal Science in 2004. But afterwards, an impartial scientific panel found no evidence to back up the assertion, and in January 2006, Science said that Hwang's study had been retracted. These failures to clone humans are due to the inherent difficulty of cloning humans. But cloning technology will inevitably progress and scientists will get closer and closer to having the ability to clone human beings. As this happens, more and more legal, religious, and ethical implications will be encountered. Even though it is not yet achievable, the international community has taken a stance on human cloning.In 1997, the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) unanimously ruled that human cloning was incorrect. The UNESCO document, the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights (UDHR), was adopted by the UN general assembly within a year. The UDHGHR document states that, “human cloning practices which are contrary to human dignity, such as reproductive cloning of human beings, shall not be permitted.” This document's publication demonstrates the early international concern with human cloning. It seems that it is universally unacceptable to use reproductive cloning to make an exact DNA replica of a person as it is seen as a potential grave violation of human rights. In 2005, the UN General Assembly passed the United Nations Declaration on Cloning, which prohibited human cloning. Clearly showing a majority of the international community’s 7 view on human cloning, many states still expressed disapproval of the Declaration as it did not pass with consensus. Some countries that voted against the Declaration include Japan, Spain, Thailand, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom and many others who mostly voted against on similar bases of national sovereignty and on that the text was lacking and could be misinterpreted. Specifically, in 2008 the International Bioethics Committee (IBC) met in Paris at the UNESCO headquarters to debate whether there are different ways of going about therapeutic cloning. The IBC also claims that the Declaration in 2005 does not successfully state the issues between reproductive and non-reproductive cloning. The IBC insists that reproductive cloning be prohibited globally and calls on UNESCO to establish an observation group to explore "strategies for new ethical, legal, social, political, and scientific advancements." In conclusion, cloning has been a grave concern to the international community and it’s agreed upon that it should be a crime in international law. There are multiple nations who share this stance; nonetheless, it is evident that there are nations that wish to use cloning for the advancement of their own agendas. This completely disregards the international community’s safety. The United Nations has been attempting to impose sanctions on the nations who violate the laws created to prohibit cloning. There is hope that cloning will not be a prevalent practice worldwide until there is a way to do it without threatening international peace and security. 8 Works Cited Cohen, Alexander. “International Cloning Timeline.” Center for Public Integrity, 2 June 2004, https://publicintegrity.org/health/international-cloning-timeline/ Center for Genetics and Society. “Human Cloning.” Human Cloning | Center for Genetics and Society, 2020, www.geneticsandsociety.org/topics/human-cloning Anonymous, and If an organ such as a kidney becomes diseased. “Cloning: History and Current Applications.” Stem Cells (Second Edition), Academic Press, 30 May 2014, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124115514000064 Anonymous. “Part Four: Cloning Policy in the United States.” The New Atlantis, 26 Sept. 2020, www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/part-four-cloning-policy-in-the-united-states Anonymous. “Human Cloning.” DebateWise, 9 July 2020, debatewise.org/2510-human-cloning/ Anonymous. “Cloning Fact Sheet.” Genome.gov, 15 Aug. 2019, http://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Cloning-Fact-Sheet Pattinson, S.D., Caulfield, T. Variations and voids: the regulation of human cloning around the world.BMC Med Ethics 5, 9 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-5-9
