ORAL COMMUNICATION
DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
The Channel
-It is the exchange of thoughts, feelings,
expression, and observations among people.
– the medium or means through which the
message is transmitted.
-It may vary from spoken and written words but
also actions, mannerisms, and style – anything
attached to a message that gives meaning
The Noise
Communication According To Form And
Use
Communication as a Process
– also known as the interference ( intervention)
that keeps a message from being understood
or accurately interpreted.
The Situation
-The communication among people is active
– the time and place in which communication
occurs
Communication as an Interaction
The Feedback
-It binds people together
– the receiver’s message that he or she sends
to the source in response to the sender’s
message
Communication as a Social Context
-The activity of producing, transmitting and
receiving meaningful symbolic messages in an
environment such as school, church or any
social gathering is communication
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is described as a process
because sender – decoder needs other
elements to be able to complete the method
The Language of Communication
Singh (2008)
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Grammar
Pilot: Davao tower…this is PAL 811,
established on final approach runway 05…we
have the runway in sight’.
Communication does not take place in a
vacuum.
ATC: ‘Copy…wind 360 degrees at 8
knots…runway 05 cleared to
land…caution…runway wet.’
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Pilot: ‘Copy’.
The Sender
Words – play a significant role in
communication but these are not all. Some of
our feelings, thoughts, and ideas can be
expressed with the use of other communication
signals
-one who conveys the message, oral or
written, influenced by past conditioning,
knowledge about the subject, manner of
speaking or speaking skills, present situation,
communicative purpose, and attitude toward
self and the listener.
The Receiver
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
LINEAR MODEL
-It is a unidirectional model.
-one who listens and decodes the conveyed
message
-It presents a simple communication act.
The message
-It involves persuasion, not mutual
understanding.
-whatever the sender communicates to the
receiver or the information received by the
receiver from the sender
-It values psychological effects over social
effects.
The Channel
SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL
1949(MOTHER OF ALL COMMUNICATION)
– the medium or means through which the
message is transmitted.
The Noise
– also known as the interference ( intervention)
that keeps a message from being understood
or accurately interpreted.
INTERACTIVE MODEL
-is the term we use to describe vocal qualities
such as pitch, volume, inflection, the rate of
speech, and rhythm.
Internal interference is a form of distraction that
begins in the thoughts of either participant of
the process.
External interference is a form of distraction
that arises in the environment where the
communication is happening.
INTERACTIONAL MODEL
Chronemics
- Communication through use of time.
Chronemics is the study of the use of time in
nonverbal communication. The way that one
perceives and values time, structures time and
reacts t time frames communication.
Appearance
Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles, and
other factors affecting appearance are also
considered a means of nonverbal
communication.8 Research on color
psychology has demonstrated that different
colors can evoke different moods. Appearance
can also alter physiological reactions,
judgments, and interpretations.
Artifacts
TRANSACTION MODEL
Participation is continuous and simultaneous.
All communication have a past, present, and
future.
All communicators play roles.
NON – VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Kinesis
-Communication through body motion or
behavior. Kinesics is the study of how we use
body movement and facial expressions. We
interpret a great deal of meaning through body
movement, facial expressions, and eye
contact.
Proxemics
- Communication through space
Haptics
- Use of touch to communicate feelings
Paralanguage
- Communication through gestures, voice of
tone or dignals
Objects and images are also tools that can be
used to communicate nonverbally. On an
online forum, for example, you might select an
avatar to represent your identity online and to
communicate information about who you are
and the things you like. Artifacts are the things
we possess that influence how we see
ourselves and that we use to express our
identity to others. They can include rings and
tattoos, but may also include brand names and
logos. From clothes to cars, watches,
briefcases, purses, and even eyeglasses, what
we choose to surround ourselves with
communicates something about our sense of
self. They may project gender, role or position,
class or status, personality, and group
membership or affiliation.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION uses spoken
language to communicate a message or
information.
Phonologys
- phonology is the study of phonemes, which
are the speech sounds of an individual
language. Phonology is the study of the
patterns of sounds in a language and across
languages. Put more formally, phonology is the
study of the categorical organisation of speech
sounds in languages; how speech sounds are
organised in the mind and used to convey
meaning.
Semantics
- Semantic is the study of meaning, signs and
symbols used for communication. The word is
derived from “sema”, a Greek word meaning
signs. Semantic barriers to communication are
the symbolic obstacles that distorts the sent
message in some other way than intended,
making the message difficult to understand.
Semantics, most generally, is about the
meaning of sentences. Someone who studies
semantics is interested in words and what realworld object or concept those words denote, or
point to
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Syntax
- Syntax is the study of sentences and phrases,
or how people put words into the right order so
that they can communicate meaningfully. All
languages have underlying rules of syntax,
which, along with morphological rules, make up
every language’s grammar.
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Syntactics is the study of language structure
and symbolic arrangement. Syntactics focuses
on the rules we use to combine words into
meaningful sentences and statements. We
speak and write according to agreed-upon
syntactic rules to keep meaning coherent and
understandable.
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Pragmatics
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Pragmatics is the study of how people actually
use verbal communication. For example, as a
student you probably speak more formally to
your professors than to your peers. It’s likely
that you make different word choices when you
speak to your parents than you do when you
speak to your friends.
Pragmatics is an even broader field that
studies how the context of a sentence
contributes to meaning—for example,
someone shouting “Fire!” has a very different
meaning if they are in charge of a seven-gun
salute than it does if they are sitting in a
crowded movie theater.
Barriers in communication
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Process barriers
Physical barriers
Semantic barriers
Psychosocial barrier
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Strategies to avoid communication
breakdown
Apply positive self – talk and perception.
Use appropriate language.
Be open.
Give and accept feedback.
Intercultural Communication
(Importance)
Symbolic exchange – bridge
miscommunication
Irreversible process – adjusting to
cultural communication of others
Negotiate shared meanings – agree on
general objective of the intercultural
communication encounter
Interactive situation – involves physical
setting
Socio – Cultural Aspects of
Communication
Cultural identity – involves the people’s
standards of appropriate and
inappropriate behavior
Gender role – not necessarily limited to
male and female
Age identity – how people feel and think
about themselves as they age
Social class – the rank assigned by the
society to its members according to their
income, titles, possessions, etc.
Religious identity – active or inactive
membership of as person to a certain
religious organization.
Strategies in Communicating Across
Cultures
Mindful intercultural communicators
must develop understanding of the
valuable differences and consistently
recognize the similarities they share with
them.
Intercultural communicators must
mindfully choose the suitable words and
actions that are culturally acceptable to
others.
Culturally, different communicators
oftentimes encounter conflict with the
other tactfully.
Observant intercultural communicators
consider the connection among
communication patterns
Open your minds to dissimilar culture
because it can give you fresh options to
try a new approach in life.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
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Utilitarian
-expressing whatever it is that we want through
communicating our thoughts and feelings to
others.
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Aesthetic
-experiencing pleasure and enjoyment in this
forms of communication
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Therapeutic
-it can help people maintain good health
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Regulation/ Control in Communication
– occurs when an individual is quite uncertain
towards another’s expected behavior that may
be unusual from the usual friendly, initial
encounters.
2. Social Interaction and Emotional Expression
– emotions coordinate social interaction
3. Communication and Motivation
– every communication starts with a motivation
Positive motivation
Communication goals
– are the speaker’s objectives or purposes in a
communication. The speaker’s motivation to
reach his communication goals is the bridge to
his self assessment of effectiveness,
confidence, skills, knowledge, etc.
Types of Negative Motivation
A. Communication apprehension – the fear
of anxiety that a person experiences as a result
of either real or anticipated communication with
a person or group of persons.
Context apprehension – anxiety of
communicating in a particular context such as
interpersonal, small group or public speaking.
Social anxiety – present in an interpersonal
communication.
Shyness in a small group communication is a
social anxiety at an extended period.
Public speaking anxiety is also known as
stage fright. It is a common anxiety among
people who seldom speak to a big group of
listeners or audience.
4. Communication and Information
Information and communication are ever
present and connected. Individuals may try to
control information for their own purposes, yet
their goals are partially frustrated since no
information is completely proof against
communication. For information to exist, the
potential for communication must be present.
1. They are social constructions. The idea
of communication and the idea of
information suggest analysis of cultural
values that help or hinder foundations in
the society.
2. They share common concepts. Inquiry
in respective areas is employed in
communication and information. The
following concepts are shared ideas in
the process of communication and
information: symbol, cognition, content,
structure, process, feedback,
interaction, technology, and system.
3. They form dual aspects of a broader
observable fact. Measuring the amount
of information present in a situation may
present difficulties because
communication acts to prevent complete
measurement.
IMPORTANCE OF VERBAL AND NON
– VERBAL CUES
CUES – prompts that listeners and
speakers say or show to expect a
response or reaction.
VERBAL CUES – commonly used in
giving instruction, asking questions or
delivering a speech since they are
clearly articulated in words.
NON – VERBAL CUES – nonverbal
behavior or objects to which meaning is
assigned
ORAL TEXTS – often intended as signs
of written texts or literature. It is
performed and verbally transmitted
using arts and language to showcase
cultural information and values from one
generation to another.
TYPES OF ORAL TEXTS
PROVERB is one of the common forms
of oral expressions. It can be used to
address a subject, or criticize an
individual who, because of social and
political restrictions, cannot be named
directly.
POETRY is another way to animate the
words in metric form. Oral poetry can be
done to achieve political power,
economic reward and cooperation,
religious satisfaction, describe nature,
love and other powerful forces on earth.
SONG is characterized by the highest
degree of musicality and other aspects
of performance.
RIDDLE is a question in a form of a
statement or even a one – word hint for
the brainteaser to be identified by the
listeners
ORAL NARRATIVE is a story delivered
by an orator or performer. An oral prose
can be in the form of a myth, legend,
fable, and fantasy.
MIXED GENRE is a performance with
the combination of one or more types of
oral texts.
EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION:
CHARACTERISTICS AND
STRATEGIES
VOCAL it invites people to speak out
and challenge the received wisdom from
the conversation.
RECIPROCATING it gives the
opportunity for everyone to participate
and be heard.
ISSUE – ORIENTED it focuses on
specific concerns and rightful
resolutions rather than subjective
criticism.
RATIONAL where reasons are
intelligent and well – argued.
IMAGINATIVE it is open to suggestion
and consider unexplored possibility from
the parties involved.
HONEST for it speaks the truth with
objectivity.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
SPEECH
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE it is the
obligation of the speaker to include in
his speech the welfare and interests of
the members of the society based on
facts and truthfulness.
COMPELLING speakers with
competitive and qualified background
oftentimes endow a good speech. As a
result, the listeners find them credible
and influential to be heard.
PURPOSEFUL speech is delivered to
serve a specific purpose
ANALYTICAL the speaker is expected
to share useful and meaningful topic
INTERESTING
AUDIBLE AND ANIMATED voice and
body language are the tools for the
speaker to make his speech successful.
EXCELLENTLY SPOKEN speaker
should be careful with his choice of
words, diction and articulation.
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE ORAL
COMMUNICATION
LISTEN ACTIVELY
SPEAK PRECISELY
SPEAK CLEARLY
SPEAK SIMPLY
SPEAK WITH APPROPRIATE PAUSES
SPEAK POLITELY AND FRIENDLY
SPEAK FLEXIBLY
DO NOT ARGUE
BE INTERESTED
BE HONEST