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Background Information
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Caffeine is a widely known drug that is generally used as a
psychoactive drug that stimulates the autonomic nervous
system.
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History and Origins
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Freidlien Runge was the first to discover caffeine when he extracted the molecule from cocoa beans
in it’s purest form, a white crystalline powder. Runge was a German chemist who was born in 1794
and died in 1867. He made the discovery of caffeine in 1819 while attempting to impress world
renown scientist, Wolfgang von Goeth. As a result, Goethe gave Runge a bag of coffee beans asking
him to analyze their chemical compound. After years of studying and tests, he was able to identify
caffeine (Botting, 2021).
Other names for caffein include:
Guanine, Theine, or Matiene
(Liquorice, 2021).
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Although Runge first made the discovery, it is believed that
Emperor Shen Nung had discovered tea in 2437 BCE after
wind blew leaves into boiling water where a pleasant aroma
arose that also invigorated the emperor after drinking the
tea. The Chinese have been consuming this caffeinated tea
for thousands of years (Macromoltek, 2019).
(Theobroma cacao, n.d)
Caffeine can be found in trees, nuts, or leaves of plants
like Thea sinesis or Theobroma cacao. Although
caffeine is primarily found coffees and teas, it is also
prominent in cola drinks, milk chocolate, and
caffeinated energy drinks, thus, making it the most
popular drug in the world (Liquorice, 2021).
.
How Caffeine Alters Homeostasis
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When caffeine molecules bind to the receptors, the lethargic
Freidlien Runge
Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, “excites” neutrons by increasing
effects of adenosine do not occur, thus neural activity speeds
(Wikipedia foundation, 2021)
brain activity which, in turn, causes an increase in alertness and energy. The
up. This is detected by the hypothalamus, which then sends a
central nervous system includes the spinal cord and the brain. Caffeine causes the
stress signal to the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine
activation/deactivation of ion channels (Macromoltek, 2019).
Epinephrine injection pen
(Graham, n.d.). Epinephrine then provides many bodily
function
in
an
instant
like
increasing
heart
rate,
dilating
the
The central nervous system
lungs to promote oxygen flow, and increasing the livers
glycogen to glucose conversion rate to increase blood sugar.
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Furthermore, in response to stress signals caused by caffeine, the
hypothalamus will also stimulate the production of cortisol in the
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adrenal cortex (Terranova, 2020). The cortisol then increases blood
(Atwater, 2016)
sugar levels and increases the conversion of fuels for the energy the
body’s cells.
When consumed, caffeine is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it passes through
the blood-brain barrier. There are two special proteins called A1 and A2 receptors
which the neurotransmitter hormone, adenosine binds to. Adenosine promotes
Thus :*:÷!É÷É
sleepiness and muscle relaxation (Macromoltek, 2019). Since caffeine has very
similar chemical structures to adenosine, caffeine can interfere and block these
receptors staving off sleepiness, fatigue and bad moods.
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(Foundation, n.d.)
Caffeine is also known as diuretic drug, meaning that it will increase
the passing of urine. When large quantities of caffeine are absorbed,
it can inhibit the production of ADH because the body will send
signals to the hypothalamus, which then inhibits the ADH
production. Without ADH, the kidneys filtering tubules are not
triggered to reabsorb water into the blood stream. Thus, there is an
increase in water excretion via the urine, allowing more urine to
excrete (Houston Metro Urology, 2016).
Long Term Effects
Insomnia
(Neurochallenged, 2017)
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Increased Alertness
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Short Term Effects
Caffeine blocks adenosines
receptors, excitement in the
brain. Adenosine’s main
function is too ease the
effects of stress and promote
tiredness (Macromoltek,
2019).
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Increased urination
By inhibiting the
production of ADH, the
kidneys do not reabsorb ⑤
more water, allowing more
water to pass through the
urine, thus causing
dehydration because there
is a lack of water being
absorbed back into the
blood (Houston metro
urology, 2016).
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Stomach Problems
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Overuse of caffeine can lead to
insomnia or worsen pre-existing
insomnia. Caffeine molecules
prevent adenosine from promoting
sleep. So, caffeine taken in large
amounts over prolonged periods of
time could eventually cause
insomnia as well as anxiety
(Pacheco, 2021).
Effects on the Human Body
The human body is affected in many ways by caffeine.
However, it generally affects the central nervous system,
the endocrine system, the circulatory system, the
cardiovascular system, and the respiratory system
(Macromoltek, 2019).
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Increased Blood Pressure
Stomach problems are one of the
primary effects of caffeine. Caffeine
stimulates movement in the digestive
tract. Overuse of caffeine can have a
laxative effect, which would cause
discomfort in the lower digestive tract
(Clark, 2021).
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Caffeine increases adrenaline, which increases
heart rate. An increase in heart rate will cause
increased blood pressure due to the “fight or
flight” response that caffeine causes by the
sympathetic response of the peripheral
nervous system. The larger volume of blood in
the vessels from an increased heart rate causes
more pressure on the blood vessels. The
adrenaline produced can also cause blood
vessels to constrict (Wedro, 2021).
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(Stockgiu, 2020)