LAB 5-UROGENITAL
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The kidneys are bean shaped organs located in the back of the abdomen on a
diaphragm. The kidneys are covered by a renal corpuscle. The kidneys are held in its
position by a renal fascia and they do not lie directly opposite to one another due to
the large size of the liver forcing the left kidney to be in a superior position to the right
one
The renal corpuscle is the upper layer of the kidney while the renal medulla is the
lower area consisting of pyramids separated by columns.
The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle which is made up of the Bowman's
capsule and the glomerulus which is a network of capillaries with podocytes. This
extends into the proximal tubule which extends into the descending loop of Henle
which extends into the ascending loop of henle which moves into the distal tubule
and finally into the collecting duct.
Cortical
Juxtamedullary
Glomerulus
Top of cortex
Bottom of cortex
Loop of Henle
Short
Long
Position of loop of henle
Closer to top of medulla
Nearer to the bottom of medulla
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Blood flows in renal artery which then flows to the interlobular arteries and then to the
arcuate arteries and then to the cortical radia arteries on top of the renal pyramids,It
the flows to the afferent arteries and through the efferent arteries to the peritubular
capillaries. It then flows through the cortical radia veins then through the arcuate
veins then through the interlobular veins then through the renal vein where it flows
out of the kidney.
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Renal cortex.
Collecting duct.
Location
Histological features
Renal
corpuscle
Cortex
Glomerulus capillaries which is
Filtration of plasma
lined with podocytes and a
bowman's capsule which is lined
with simple squamous cells known
as parietal cells
Descending
loop of Henle
Medulla
Simple squamous
Absorbs water
Ascending
loop of henle
Medulla
and
cortex
Simple squamous
Ions diffuse out
Proximal
tubule
Cortex
Simple cuboidal
Water and useful
substances diffuse out while
toxins diffuse in.pH is also
regulated here.
Distal tubule
Cortex
Simple cuboidal
K ions diffuse into filtrate
while NaCl is
reabsorbed.pH is also
regulated here.
Collecting
duct
Medulla
Simple cuboidal
Passes urine to the renal
pelvis while also controlling
ions moving into and out of
the filtrate.
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Functions
Ureters
The ureters are located in the renal pelvis where it extends to the urinary bladder.
Ureters are made up of fibrous coat and muscular coat and mucosa lining. The
fibrous coat allows it to stretch while the muscular coat provides strength for
peristalsis and the mucosa which is composed of transitional epithelium secretes
mucus which protects the cells of the ureter.
Urinary bladder
In women the bladder is located in front of the vagina and below the uterus while in
men the bladder sits in front of the rectum and below the prostate gland.
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Urethra
The female urethra is shorter than males urethra and males urethra carries urine and
sperm while the female urethra only carries urine.Further the males urethra is
pressed against the prostate gland.
Te male urethra is composed of the prostatic,membranous and spongy urethra.
Part C
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Vas deferens carries sperm towards the urethra from the epididymis and the
testis.During a vasectomy the vas deferens is cut and this will make sure that sperm
is unable to be transferred to the exterior of the penis.
The cervix connects the vagina to the uterus.
The fallopian tube connects the ovaries to the uterus.
The uterus is where a baby grows during childbirth,the hormones produced by
ovaries are greatly reduced.A woman may still ovulate but will be unable to
menstruate the egg will be absorbed into the pelvic cavity.The egg will not be
implanted in the uterine lining and no uterine muscles will be present to contract in a
rhythmic fashion to push the egg out of the vagina so no menstruation will take place.
LAB 6-URINALYSIS
Color
Deep yellow-Concentrated(Vitamin B) and dehydration.
Brownish red-Blood in the urine because of trauma to the urinary tract
and UTI.
Greenish-Yellow-bilirubin in the urine because of urine disease.
Cloudy-UTIs.
Volume
Depends on water intake.Excessive urination is because of diabetes
insipidus,drugs or caffeine and type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Specific gravity
1.005-1.025
Low than diabetes insipidus(production of very large quantities of dilute
urine). High than urine is concentrated and the kidneys are trying to
conserve water.
pH (5-7)
Acidic-High in protein and meat.
Basic-High in vegetables.Prolonged vomiting.Bacteria and UTI.
GLucose(Less
than 30)
If present than diabetes 1 or 2 and mellitus.
Protein(less than
15)
Kidney disease or exercise.
Blood
Trauma to urinary tract.
Ketones
May be present because of exercise and burning of fat.Due to
Ketoacidosis,fasting,strenuous exercise,pregnancy and metabolic
disorders like diabetes.
Bilirubin
Liver disease an blood cells may be dying too quick.
Nitrites
Travels into the kidney as an infection.Urination may be painful.
Sediment
WBCs indicate infections.Crystals indicate formation of kidney
stones.pH is high and concentration of urine is high.