MANCOSA Harvard Referencing Guide 2023/24 v1 Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2. In-Text Referencing .................................................................................................................................... 3 3. Frequently Asked Questions ...................................................................................................................... 4 4. Useful Tips ................................................................................................................................................. 6 5. Reference List Format Print | Online Sources ............................................................................................. 6 6. Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................................. 9 7. Reference List .......................................................................................................................................... 10 Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 2 1. Introduction Referencing is the practice of acknowledging the sources of information used in an academic work, such as an essay, research paper, dissertation or thesis etc. Referencing involves citing the sources that have been consulted, and providing details about the author, title, date, and other relevant information about the sources. We need to reference for several reasons. • Firstly, referencing is important because it gives credit to the original author or creator of the information that has been used, and thereby avoids plagiarism, which is a serious academic offence. • Secondly, referencing allows readers to locate and verify the sources that have been cited, and to evaluate the credibility and reliability of the information presented. • Thirdly, referencing enables researchers to build upon the work of others, by showing how their own ideas are grounded in the existing literature and research. In short, referencing is a critical component of academic writing and research, and is essential for maintaining academic integrity and ensuring that the work is credible and trustworthy. 2. In-Text Referencing In-text referencing is used to acknowledge the work or ideas of others. They are placed next to the text that has been paraphrased or quoted, enabling the reader to differentiate between your writing and other people's work. The full details of your in-text references must be included in a reference list. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing which means rewriting the information in your own words without changing the meaning of the original text, is an important skill in academic writing, as it allows writers to incorporate information and ideas from other sources into their own work, while avoiding plagiarism. It involves expressing the information in a different way, using synonyms or different grammatical structures, while retaining the same meaning as the original. Effective paraphrasing involves carefully reading and understanding of the original text, identifying the key ideas and concepts, and then expressing them in a way that is clear and concise, while maintaining the original meaning. It is important to cite the original source when paraphrasing, to acknowledge the author's work and to avoid any suggestion of plagiarism. When you are paraphrasing a statement, the format to use when the information is prominent is as follows: (Author Surname, Year) Accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances the presentation of your work (Zama, 2022). This is also the format used when the reference comes at the end of the sentence which has been paraphrased. Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 3 When you are paraphrasing a statement, the format to use when the author is prominent is as follows: Author Surname (Year): According to Zama (2022) accurate referencing is a key component of good academic practice and enhances the presentation of your work. This is the format used when the reference is part of the sentence that has been paraphrased. Direct Quote A direct quotation is the exact words of an author or speaker and is placed inside quotation marks in a written work. When you are using a direct quote, the format to use when the information is prominent is as follows: Author at end of the quote. (Author Surname, Year: Page Number) “Referencing is the process of acknowledging your sources” (Zama, 2022:1). When you are using a direct quote, the format to use when the author is prominent is as follows: Author is part of the sentence where the quote is used. Author Surname (Year: Page Number) According to Zama (2022:1) “Referencing is the process of acknowledging your sources”. 3. Frequently Asked Questions 1. How to reference two authors in one source? If it is a paraphrased statement, you will provide both the authors surname and year. (Zama and Naidoo, 2022) (Information prominent) Zama and Naidoo (2022) mention …. (Author prominent) If it is a direct quote “Your statement should be in quotation marks.” (Zama and Naidoo, 2022:2) (Information prominent) Zama and Naidoo (2022:2) “……….”. (Author prominent) Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 4 2. How to reference more than 3 (three) authors? Source: Macaro, E., Nakatani, Y., Hayashi, Y. and Khabbazbashi, N. (2014) Exploring the value of bilingual language assistants with Japanese English as a foreign language learner. Language Learning Journal, 42(1), pp. 41-54. doi: 10.1080/09571736.2012.678275. You will mention all authors’ surnames in your work. Afterwards it will be the first author surname with et al. Paraphrased format: According to Macaro, Nakatani, Hayashi and Khabbazabashi (2014) becomes Macaro et al. (Information prominent paraphrased) You will have your information followed by the reference in brackets (Macaro et al., 2014). Direct quote format: According to Macaro, Nakatani, Hayashi and Khabbazabashi (2014:22) “……” becomes Macaro et al. (2014:22) (Information prominent direct quote) “You will have your information followed by the reference in brackets” (Macaro et al., 2014:22). 3. How to reference a Company/ Organisation’s website where no author is shown? You can then use the website name or company name. For the year look at the bottom of the website page. In some cases, the year will be on the page. Example: According to the Educational Institution of MANCOSA (2023), students can expect a carefully integrated mix of lectures, access to well-designed self-study materials and online learning resources. Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 5 4. How to distinguish between 2 (two) or more works by the same author published in the same year? To make the distinction between sources published by the same author in the same year, use lowercase letters in alphabetical order after the year of publication Example: Singh and Reddi (2020a:2020b) 4. Useful Tips • List all authors in the in-text citation and reference list. Have a checklist. • Use and not ampersand (&) in the in-text citation and reference list. Ensure uniformity. • If there are three or more authors, list the first author’s surname followed by et al. (this is Latin for ‘and others’) in the in-text citation. • Look at the copyright information to find the name of the corporate author if necessary. • Carefully assess the credibility of any source. • Consider the credibility of sources that lack a publication date. To ensure the current and dependable nature of the work, it is recommended to use sources that are no more than 5 years old. • Reference list to be in alphabetical order. • While gathering information, it is advisable to bookmark or mark the websites or journals as favourite. This way, when creating the reference list, all sources will be readily available. 5. Reference List Format Print | Online Sources This appears at the end of your assignment giving full publication details for all the sources you used. Your sources should be one complete list, in alphabetical order by author/organisation name in your reference list, e.g. Sources Format Printed Sources Books Surname, Initial. (Year of publication). Title. Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant. Edited books Editor (ed.) (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter in edited book Chapter author(s) surname(s), Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In: Book editor(s) surname(s), Initial(s)., followed by ed. or eds. Title of book: subtitle if any. Edition followed by ed. (if not the first edition) Place of publication: Publisher, page number(s) of chapter. Conference paper Surname, Initial. (Year). ‘Title of paper’, in Editor of conference proceedings (ed.) (if available) Title of conference proceedings, Location and date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers. Journals Surname, Initial. (Year). ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume (issue), page numbers. doi (if available). Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 6 Magazines Surname, Initial. (year). ‘Title of article’. Title of Newspaper or Magazine, day and month of article, page numbers (if given). Available at: URL (Accessed: date). Newspapers Surname, Initial. (Year of publication). 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper, Day and month, Page reference. Thesis and Dissertations Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of thesis. Type of degree thesis. Institution. Government publications Name of committee or Royal Commission (Year). Title. Place of publication: publisher (Paper number). Name of government department (Year). Title. Place of publication: publisher (Series – if applicable). Company annual reports Surname, Initial. /Company (Year). Title of report. Available at: URL (Accessed: date). Reference newspaper with Title of newspaper (Year). ‘Title of article’, day and month, page number(s). no author Electronic | Audio-Visual Sources | Online Sources eBooks Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of book. Edition (if not first). Available at: URL where you downloaded the e-book or the book’s DOI (digital object identifier) (Downloaded: date). Photographs and images Surname, Initial. / Creator (Year). Title of work [Illustration/Figure/Logo/Table/Graph]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date). Photographer (Year) Title of photograph [Photograph]. Place of publication/Location: Publisher (if available). Photographer (Year) Title of photograph. Available at: URL (Accessed/Downloaded: date). Slides Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation). 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title. Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date). The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title. Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date). YouTube Name of person posting video (Year video posted). Title of film or programme. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year). Film or Television Title of film (Year of distribution). Director [Format]. Place of distribution: Distribution company. Thesis and dissertations Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of thesis. Type of degree thesis. Institution. from the internet Available at: URL (Accessed: date). Conference papers from the Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of paper, Title of conference, Location and date of internet conference. Publisher. Available at: URL (Accessed: date). Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 7 Online Journal Surname, Initial. (Year of publication). 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page reference. If accessed online: Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date). Newspaper Surname, Initial. (Year of publication). 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper, Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date). Reference newspaper with Title (Year). Available at: URL (Accessed: date). no author Websites Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated). Title of web page. Available at: URL (Accessed: date). Blogs Surname, Initial. (Year item posted). Title or description of post. Title of Blog, day and month posted. Available from: URL (accessed date). Lectures Lecturer. (Year). Title of lecture [Lecture to …], Module code: module title. Institution. Date and month. Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 8 6. Disclaimer There is no definitive or decisive version of the Harvard System of referencing. This guide provides advice based on the style in the book: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 11th edn. London: Red Globe Press, available in print and as an e-book. The onus remains on the student to ensure that the Harvard referencing requirements are aligned to the relevant task and/or research which the student undertakes. Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 9 7. Reference List Libguide Harvard Style Guide: Film/ Television (no date) Film/ television - Harvard Style Guide - LibGuides at UCD Library. Available at: https://libguides.ucd.ie/harvardstyle/filmortelevision#:~:text=Reference%3A%20'Title%20of%20episode',%2C%20Series %201%2C%20episode%201 (Accessed: February 6, 2023). Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide, 11th edn. London: Macmillan Higher Education. Harvard Referencing Guide (2023/24) 10
