Earth & Life SCIENCE FIRST SEMESTER | SECOND QUARTER LESSON 1: Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation: Hydrometeorological Phenomena and Hazards All About the Philippines ➔ located in the Southeast Asia (considered very vulnerable to natural hazards and disasters) Natural Hazards (affect the country and inhabitants) : Typhoons Earthquakes Floods Volcanic Eruptions Landslides ➔ Pacific Ring of Fire : circular arm of active volcanoes : surrounds the Pacific Basin o Continental Plate Activities -> volcanic eruptions tsunamis Fires Hydrometeorological Hazards (National Disaster Management Plan of 2016) ➔ process /phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature o Atmos = Air o Hydro = Water o Oceano = Oceans ➔ may cause: loss of life injury/health impacts property damage loss of livelihood and services social and economic disruption environmental damage Hydrometeorological Hazards include: 1. Typhoon 2. Thunderstorm 3. Flood 4. Flashflood 5. Storm Surge 6. El Niño 7. La Niña Hydrometeorological Conditions lead to other hazards: 1. Landslides 2. Fires 3. Plagues 4. Epidemics 5. In transport and dispersal of toxic substances 6. Volcanic Eruption Material Note: ➔ Unlike earthquakes, Hydrometeorological Hazards can be forecasted giving us time before it hit us Signs of Impending Hydro-meteorological Hazards 1. Tropical Cyclones (Typhoons/hurricane) ➔ intense circular storm ➔ originates over warm tropical oceans ➔ characterized by: low atmospheric pressure high winds heavy rain. Typhoon - Northwest Pacific Ocean Differences Cyclones - South Pacific - Indian Ocean How are the named? Hurricane - North Atlantic - Central North Pacific - Eastern North Pacific - depending on where they form. PAGASA: (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) ➔ responsible for the forecasting of upcoming typhoons Weather Forecast: scientific estimate of future weather condition Weather Condition: state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of the most significant variables. WEATHER PARAMERTERS: (The Philippines) with significant variation | Interest to the Forecast Users - cloudiness - rainfall - wind are the weather parameters with significant variation, and therefore of interest to the forecast users. WEATHER FORECAST MADE : How is a Weather Forecast Made? o WEATHER FORECASTING : done by a Meteorologist (must know about the existing weather condition over a large area) Steps: 1. Observation -> Surface Observations : at least every 3 hours (land and sea) -> Upper Air Stations : at least every 12 hours -> Meteorological satellites Geostationary take pictures of the cloud imagery (atmosphere) Polar orbiting every hour (continually and respectively) -> Weather Radars : used to track the position of the atmosphere within radar range -> Numerical Weather Prediction : fed to the computer (analyzes data as programmed and makes a time integration of physical equations) 2. Collection and Transmission of Gathered Data • Collection and Transmission of Weather Data : condensed into coded: Figures Symbols Numerals : transmitted via: (to designated collection centers for further transmission to the central forecasting station) - radiophone - teletype - facsimile machine/ telephone • • Weather Satellites : transmitted to receiving stations on the ground Weather Measurements : transmitted through local communication network to the forecast centers 3. Plotting of Weather Radars -> Observations on land & Sea : plotted on charts of surface/mean sea level (4x a day) -> Coded message received, they decoded -> Each set of Observations : plotted over the respective areas/regions (symbols/numbers on weather char) -> Observations of RADIOSONDE | tHEODOLITE | AIRCRAFT | SATELLITE WIND : plotted on top-level charts (2 daily) 4. Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries and Other Data Weather Maps analyze through different WEATHER CHARTS • • • Surface Chart -> analyze isobarically : The same atmospheric Pressure at different Places = inter-connected with a line (consideration of the wind) Upper Air Charts -> analyze using streamline analysis Numerical Weather Prediction Model Output -> (computer plotted) analyzed manually Weather systems such as: cyclones and anticylones location • Monitor Weather Charts -> (plotted cross-section data) (rainfall charts) (24 hr pressure change charts) -> analyzed to determine: - wind wave movement - rainfall distribution - atmospheric pressure behavior 5. Formulation of the Forecast Upon completion of review of all available meteorological information / data, the preparation of forecasts follows. 1. Determine ▪ the position of the various weather systems ▪ actual weather over a given area as accurately as the data permits o WEATHER MAP: forecasting tools with accuracy of forecast decision : displays the air pressure, wind, temperature, and humidity distribution trends at various atmospheric rates. Forms: 1. SURFACE MAP -> shows the data collected by ground-based instruments 2. UPPER-AIR MAPS -> data collected by high altitude instruments such as weather satellites 2. Thunderstorms -> powerful but short-lived weather disturbance -> always associated with: > Lightning > Dense Cloud > Fast Winds > Thunder > Heavy Rains -> Occurs : layers of dry moist air rise to the cooler regions of the atmosphere (broad rapid updraft) Stages: 1. Cumulus Stage : suns heats the Earth’s surface (during the day) and warms the air around it. 2. Mature Stage : The clouds become very large and the water inside the clouds become heavy and starts to rain ▪ Raindrops begin to fall through the cloud when the rising air can no longer hold them up. 3. Dissipating Stage : Since warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud droplets can no longer form. o After 30 minutes, thunderstorm begins to dissipate o occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begins to dominate over the updraft. 3. Floods ➔ high-water stage ➔ water overflows its natural/artificial banks onto normally dry land (such as a river inundating its floodplain) ➔ effects of floods on human well being ranging from blessings to outright catastrophe TYPE OF FLOOD 1. INLAND FLOOD : ordinary flooding : occurs in inland area, hundreds of miles from the coast 2. FLASHFLOODS : caused by heavy rain/sudden release of water over a short period of time. : “FLASH” -> fast occurrence ; ranging torrents of water that move with great speed. : caused by heavy precipitation in a short period of time (less than 6 hours) 3. RIVER FLOODING : when water levels in river, lakes, and stream rise and overflow onto the surrounding banks, shores, and neighboring land. 4. COASTAL FLOODING : inundation of land areas along the coast by seawater. 5. URBAN FLOODING : lack of drainage in an urban (city) area. 4. STORM SURGE ➔ Daluyong ng Bagyo ➔ Irregular sea-level rise during tropical cyclone/bagyo. ➔ Tropical cyclone reaches the coast = powerful winds force the ocean water over the coastal low-lying areas -> FLOODING (RESULT) ➔ PAGASA takes technological consideration – forecasting the negative impacts of storm surge o IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION OF STORN SURGE PRONE COMMUNITIES ▪ Strength of the tropical cyclone ▪ Height of the surge ▪ Community located in the low-lying area 5. EL NIÑO & LA NIÑA : large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction EL + linked to a periodic NIÑO warming in sea surface temperatures across: - Central Equatorial Pacific - East-Central Equatorial Pacific Meaning : The Little Boy/Christ Child [SPANISH] History : originally recognize by fishermen (coast of South American, 1600s) LA NIÑA : periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across East-Central Equatorial Pacific. Meaning : The Little Girl [SPANISH] : El Viejo [Anti-El Niño] : Cold event : ocean temperature TROPICS variations in La Niña -> appearance of unusually warm water in the Pacific Ocean Etymology : based on time of year (around December) ➔ Warm waters occur EL NIÑO LA NIÑA : both opposite results of ENSO [El Niño Southern Oscillation] : Oscillation in temperatures between the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Region Atmosphere Ocean [between International Dateline and 20 degrees west] : June and December : El Niño -> caused by a change in wind patterns : After Asia Summer Monsoons = Pacific Trade Winds struggle to replenish : MOIST AIR (contributes to an oscillation between: colder & warmer waters) = warmer than average ocean temperatures El Niño : Extreme climatic conditions : high temperature rises with a little rainfall : extremely heavy rainfall occurs at the opposite end La Niña : unusually cold ocean temperature in the Equatorial Pacific : causes increased numbers of tropical storms in the Pacific Ocean Characteristics: Effects to Health: 1. Stronger winds along the equatorial region 1. Diseases related to water (Pacific) scarcity/ shortage 2. Decreased convection in the Pacific (leads to a. Diarrhea weaker jet stream temperatures) above average b. Skin diseases in the southeast and below average in the 2. Red Tide Blooms northwest a. Paralytic shellfish 3. Conditions more favourable for hurricanes in poisoning the Caribbean and central Atlantic area 3. Disorders associated with high 4. Greater chances of tornados in those states of temperatures the US already vulnerable to them a. Heat Cramps b. Heat Exhaustion Effects to Health: c. Exertional Heat Injury 1. Disease related to wading in floodwaters d. Heat Stroke contaminated with urine of infected animals a. Leptospirosis c. Skin diseases 2. Disease brought by mosquitoes a. Malaria 3. Accidents and injuries a. Contusions b. Lacerations c. Fractures d. Electrocution • Hazard Adaptation : knowing how to adjust with an existing environmental conditions (potential hazards) : identify potential hazards and potential impacts & effects to community • Risk Reduction : reduce the frequency/severity of losses (brought by effects of hazards) : measure of reducing the exposure of people • Disaster Mitigation : measures/methods/strategies that eliminate/at least reduce the impacts and risks of hazards : Floods = river channel dikes : pro-active measures Earth & Life SCIENCE FIRST SEMESTER | SECOND QUARTER LESSON 2: Coastal and Marine Processes COAST ➔ one of the most dynamic parts of Earth’s surface. ➔ contains some sensitive and threatened ecosystems: o mangroves o beach forest o seagrass o coral reefs ➔ Dynamics of Marine Environment = result different process (affect human communities & organisms in coastal ecosystem) ➔ Some processes = natural hazards MARINE SYSTEMS ➔ world’s oceans COASTAL SYSTEMS ➔ interface between oceans and land Influence of Ocean ➔ extending seawards to about the middle of the continental shelf and inland Fun Fact! ➔ 23% Population – live within 100km coast ➔ 10% - live in extremely low-lying areas ➔ Process: Coastal Erosion Storm surges Coastal flooding Tsunami OCEANOGRAPY - scientific field dealing the processes happening in our major oceans & seas o o o o COASTAL AND MARINE PROCESSES • • • Field of science Integrates different field: • Physics • Chemistry • Biology • Geology • Meteorology • Mathematics • Social Science Link between humans and oceans COASTAL PROCESSES ➔ Activities/events happening in the marine environment Waves Tides Sea Level Change Storm Surge Crustal Movement Movement of the air masses Gravitational pull between the Earth & Moon Rise of ocean water ➔ Melting of glaciers/icebergs Rising of seawater ➔ Change in pressure & wind (storm) Motion of the oceanic & continental crust Plate tectonics COASTAL HAZARDS ➔ physical phenomena that expose the marine environment to risk of: (PEL) o property damage o loss of life o ecological degradation Coastal Erosion : loss/displacement of land along the coastline : due to waves : current, tides, winds-driven water, storms : excavating shoreline by means of waves Saltwater : commonly found in coastal aquifers around the world Intrusion AQUIFER: underground layer of permeable rock, gravel, sand or silt • Groundwater from an aquifer - extracted by a water well. • Aquifer contaminated - unusable anywhere from 2 weeks to 10,000 years. : induced flow of seawater into freshwater aquifers primarily caused by groundwater development near the coast. Submersion : movement of coastal sediments : Visible portion of a beach - submerged nearshore region of the coast Reasons Why Coastal Areas Setting Ground Areas ➔ Human Population [MFTT] o abundant marine resources o fertile agricultural land o possibilities for trade and transport : Lead to High Population Density and High Levels of Development (Population and Development) : 1.2 billion people = live coastal areas (globally) ➔ 1.8 – 5.2 = 2080 due to a combination of population growth and coastal migration. ➔ Increase in major investments (infrastructure and build environment) ➔ characteristics of coastal environments - great challenges to human habitation COASTLINES ➔ highly dynamic natural systems that interact with terrestrial, marine and atmospheric processes and undergo continuous change in response to these processes FIRST SEMESTER | SECOND QUARTER LIFE SCIENCE LESSON 1: Evolving Concept of Life Based on Emerging Pieces of Evidence Concept of LIFE ➔ Beginning of Life on Earth : more than 3 billion years ago o Evolving from the most basic microbes -> dazzling array of complexity over time ➔ Life and Living Things (Laws that govern the phenomena of life; Study of life) o Vast SUBJECT with many sub-disciplines (i.e., concentrate on specific aspects of biology) ➔ Every Aspect of Life: Smallest Microscopic Particle – Largest Plant and Animal Species ➔ All living things are made up of cells ➔ Cells – Basic unit of life/living things ➔ Types of Cells: o Unicellular = Single Cells (Bacteria, Fungi, Protists) o Multicellular = Composed of many cells that perform specialized and specific function. ➔ Organism o Living entity regardless of structure, size, or behavior o Possesses characteristics agreed by biologist Characteristics of LIFE o LOCOMOTION : ▪ Ability to move • Cilia • Flagella • Pseudopodia • Muscles o IRRITABILITY : ▪ ▪ ability to react to the factors of environment (temperature, pressure, tension, chemicals, gravity) Ex. Sunflower : responds to light by -> facing the sun • Fruit fly -> attracted to electric light and grows in fruit media o METABOLISM ▪ ▪ sum total of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism. Anabolism = building up reaction shown by respiration o GROWTH ▪ ▪ ▪ increase in size and number of cells Intussusception = growth in living things Growth of Animals = Zygote starts to develop successive cell division o REPRODUCTION ▪ ▪ ability to produce new individuals closely resembling them. Ex. Cats -> kittens o CELLULAR ORGANIZATIONS ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Cells -> Tissues -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism Parts and functions of the cells Cells: organisms may have one/more box-like compartments Some Organism: one cells but function as other complex organism do Protoplasm = living matter • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus Each contributes to the general function of the cell o ADJUSTMENT, INTEGRATION, COORDINATION ▪ ▪ ▪ ability to live in harmony with other organisms in the environment. ADAPTING : make adjustments in a given situation Process of INTEGRATION: organism act harmoniously with and relate itself to the environment. Origin of LIFE - Charles DARWIN ➔ Evolutionist ➔ Process of evolution to explain how life developed ➔ There was growth from simple – complex forms Theories on the Origin of Life 1. SPECIAL CREATION THEORY - People believed = everything in this world created by a supreme being - Origin of Life = GOD - “In the beginning, when God created the heavens and the Earth, the Earth was a formless wasteland, and darkness covered the abyss, while a mighty wind swept over the waters. - Then God said: Let there be light, and there was light. God saw how good the light was. God then separated the light from the darkness. 2. SPONTANEOUS GENERATION THEORY o Life originated as a spontaneous event o Hypothetical: Living organisms develop from nonliving matter o Living -> Nonliving matter Experiments | Disprove ➔ Francisco Redi: Italian (1668) - snake meat | fish | slice of veal in flask covered with muslin cloth • Waited to see maggots to develop on the meat • DISCOVERED : maggots grew only if the flies laid their eggs on it ➔ Lazaro Spallanzani : (1777) - OBSERVED : no life developed when meat juices were boiled for three-quarters (hour) then sealed ➔ Louis Pasteur : (1860) - DEVISED: culture flask which admitted through a curved tube any bacteria contained in the air and settled on their own weight in the curve of the tube. No life appeared in the flask 3. BIOGENETIC THEORY - Each animal and plant produced its own kind. - Earthworms = tiny eggs laid by other worms - Invention of Microscope and Advances in Science = made clear that living things created other living things. - LIVING – LIVING - Egg cell + Sperm Cell = Zygote - They saw that earthworms grew out of tiny eggs that had been laid by other worms - The invention of the microscope and advances in science made it clear that living things created other living things. When the egg cell and the sperm cell unite they form a zygote. o Zygote develop = organism o MICROORGANISM LIFE BACTERIA -> give rise to many more bacteria 4. o o o ABIOGENETIC SYNTHESIS THEORY Believed that life began in the primordial seas Water form = vapor liquified and the seas appeared SUNLIGHT = acting on the water (CO2, ammonia) formed complex compounds suitable for the nourishment of living things. o Progressive development from nonliving things o Colloidal substances = led to formation of viruses ➔ Alexander Oparin - a Russian biochemist o “The first organisms were probable formed out of organic chemicals and processes that were much simpler than those that exist today.” o CHONS formed from complex compounds developed-> Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur ➔ Proteins, Carbohydrates, Other Compounds o Developed = coacervates converting ▪ Sea -> Hot Soup 5. Beneath the Ice - 3 billion years ago = Earth Ocean were covered with ice o may have been hundreds of meters thick (sun) - Ice may have protected the compounds, allowing them to interact and, thereby creating life. 6. Electricity - can produced simple sugar and amino acids from simple elements in the atmosphere. - Lightning = may responsible for the origins of life o striking through rich volcanic clouds 7. Panspermia PROPOSAL : life began from rocks, and other debris from impacts spores (cosmozoa) -> meteorite - Rocks from Mars : found on EARTH o would have brought microbes that could have kick-started life 8. RNA World - Hypothetical Phase of Evotionary History o RNA – Ribonucleic acid molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins o DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid - RNA -> DNA -> Protein RNA – store and replicate genetic information (enzymes) Enzymes = catalyst for chemical reactions critical for life (ribozyme) ➔ RNA can store and replicate genetic information like enzymes it can catalyze chemical reactions that are critical for life (Ribozyme) 9. SIMPLE METABOLISM AND REACTION ➔ Suggest that the primordial soup simple continued to react with itself over time. ➔ Produce more complex molecules yielding life. 10. SUBMARINE HYDROTHERMAL VENTS o or deep-sea vents o contains vast and diverse ecosystems. o NUTRIENT RICH ENVIRONMENT = filled (reactive gases and catalyst) -> creates a habitat teeming with life ➔ Life = originated from within these vents 11. CLAY BREEDING GROUND - Research (University of Glassgow, Scotland) o Clay : served as an area of concentrated chemical activity proving a breeding ground for DNA and other components o Research at the university of Glasgow, Scotland suggested that clay may have served as an area of concentrated chemical activity, proving a breeding ground for DNA and other components. UNIFYING THEMES OF IN THE STUDY OF LIFE 1. Biological System ➔ has properties that depend its interaction to other parts ➔ system that has properties based on the arrangement and interaction of its parts. ➔ System : combination of parts can form a more complex organization HUMAN SYSTEMS: (11) 1. Skeletal System 2. Muscular System 3. Nervous System 4. Immune System 5. Digestive System 6. Circulatory System 7. Integumentary System 8. Respiratory System 9. Endocrine System 10. Reproductive System 11. Excretory System Human Body: ➢ Nervous : type on a keyboard/click a computer mouse ➢ Musculoskeletal : o JOINTS : finger and wrist give your hand a wide range of movements o o o o o BONES: cannot move. Movements depends on contractions of the much attached to the bones. MUSCLES : coordinates by signals from the brain [carried by the nerves] BLOOD VESSELS: supply parts of the body with oxygen and food that enable to work More than sum of your parts (biological system) Ecosystem | Forest ➔ ECOSYSTEM: has properties that depend on how its parts interacted Example: > organisms in the ecosystem require a steady supply of certain chemicals to live. ➔ 1. PLANTS - obtain most necessary chemicals from the soils, water and air. ➔ 2. ANIMALS – most require chemical (eating plants or other animals CHEMICALS – returned to soil (bacteria & fungi) decompose the wastes and remains organism INTERACTIONS OF ORGANISMS – put the system in ecosystem BIOLOGICAL THEME – applies to all levels of life (biosphere to interaction of molecules in cells) A. Cellular Basis of Life - All organisms are made of cells Multicellular = have specialized cells for different functions = cells are organized into higher levels of organizations Cell -> Tissue (group of similar cells that perform a specific function) -> Organ (several types of tissue together) -> Organ System ( Several organs that together carry out a major body function) -> Organism Multicellular Organism Development and Survival = based function and interaction of many cells B. FORM AND FUNCTION - form-fits-function theme - extends down to the cellular level - harmony in form and function - how something works related to its structure - form first function - Aerodynamic shape of birds wing - BIRD STRUCTURE: Bone - ability to fly Inside Bones (open honeycomb like structure) - great strength with little weight. Have long extensions of nerve cells that control their flight muscles C. REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE ➔ Genes = responsible for family resemblance = made of information rich molecules (DNA) ➔ Each cell in our body = contains a copy of the entire DNA that we inherited form our parents ➔ CELL DIVIDES = copies DNA (passes genetic information to each cells) o INHERITED DNA = directs the transformation of the fertilized egg into a person with his/her characteristics ➔ When a cell divides, it copies its DNA and passes this genetic information on to each of the cells it produces. ➔ The inherited DNA directs the transformation of the fertilized egg into a person with his/her characteristics Note: ➢ Each organisms interacts continuously with its environment ➢ No organisms is completely isolated from its surroundings. • PLANT obtains = water, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and energy from its surroundings to make food. • has impact on its surroundings [plant grows, roots break up rocks, release acids that change the soil] ➔ Organism live in soil = affected ➔ PLANTS: release oxygen [other organisms use for their own survival] ➔ Living requires a daily balance [“inputs” and “outputs”] D. ENERGY AND LIFE ➔ ENERGY - obtained in chemical form in sugar, fats, and other “fuel-like” molecules in your ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ food. CELLS use energy for all works Your cells use this energy for all their work. Trace energy through an ecosystem ENERGY flows into ecosystem: o Starts: Sunlight o Exit : form of heat Simplified Energy through forest ecosystem Chemical energy stored in our food Stored energy converted to other forms of energy as the organisms carries out works and its life activity E. REGULATION ➔ REGULATION: ability of organisms to regulate their internal conditions o Example: homeostasis or, steady state ➔ Mechanisms that makes organisms regulate their internal condition (despite changes in external environment) ➔ For example: o A “thermostat” in your brain that reacts whenever your body temperature varies slightly from 37 Celsius. If this happens, your brain signals your skin to produce sweat. ➔ Sweating helps cool your body F. ADAPTATION • • inherited trait that helps the organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its particular environment a change in the species over generations in order to better SURVIVE in the environment. G. EVOLUTION • • EVOLUTION – a process of change NATURAL SELECTION: mechanism by which evolution occurs. • • • BIOLOGIST -> EVOLUTION = generation to generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population Example: • The beetle genes for dark color are becoming more common and genes for light color are becoming less common over the generation of beetles. • Dark color – light color The beetles population is said to be undergoing evolution of evolving. H. BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY • • • • More than ever before, modern biology is changing humans everyday live New findings about DNA affect such fields and medicine and agriculture Example: • Research on the nervous system is improving the treatment of certain mental illness. The study of evolution is helping health professionals UNDERSTAND how disease-causing bacteria become resistant to antibiotic drugs. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES - Water and air population (changing how people think about relationship to the biosphere) BIOLOGY ISSUES - Stem Cells Research Animal Cloning Environmental Issues Genetically Modified Crops New ways to Treat Diseases Earth & Life SCIENCE FIRST SEMESTER | SECOND QUARTER LESSON 1: Asexual Reproduction ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION -> No mating is occur = low organisms -> Can produce by itself -> No using of sex cells (Sperm Cell & Egg Cell) = Gametes Body – Body cells REPRODUCTION -> able to produce/create another offspring -> replication -> > because seas cover more than two-thirds of its surface. -> only planet or moon in the solar system with:
