ETHICO MORAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATION OF
CLIENT EDUCATION
Code of ethics- represents an articulation of nine
provisions for professional values and moral
obligations with respect to the nurse–patient
relationship and with respect of the profession and
its mission.
The 9-nursing role in each provision:
1. Honor the human dignity of all patients and coworkers.
2. Establish appropriate nurse–patient boundaries and focus on
interdisciplinary collaboration.
3. The nurse–patient relationship is grounded in privacy and
confidentiality.
4. The nurse is accountable for the personal actions and the
behaviors of those persons to whom the nurse has delegated
responsibilities.
5. The nurse is responsible for maintaining competence,
preserving integrity and safety, and continuing personal growth.
6. The nurse has a responsibility to deliver high-quality care to
patients.
7. The nurse contributes to the advancement of the profession.
8. The nurse participates in global efforts for both health
promotion and disease prevention.
9.Involvement in professional nursing organizations supports
the development of social policy.
Autonomy (self-determination)- is derived from the
Greek words auto (“self”) and nomos (“law”) and
refers to the right of self-determination.
-
Laws have been enacted to protect the
patient’s
right
to
make
choices
independently.
1. Competence- which refers to the capacity of the patient
to make a reasonable decision.
2. Disclosure of information- which requires that sufficient
information regarding risks and alternative treatments.
including no treatment at all.
3.Comprehension- which speaks to the individual’s ability
to understand or to grasp intellectually the information
being provided.
4. Voluntariness- which indicates that the patient can
decide without coercion or force from others.
5. Confidentiality- refers to personal information that is
entrusted and protected as privileged information via a
social contract, healthcare standard or code, or legal
covenant.
Nonmaleficence- defined as “do no harm” and
refers to the ethics of legal determinations involving
negligence and/or malpractice.
Negligence- a “conduct which falls below the
standard established by law for the protection of
others against unreasonable risk of harm”.
Malpractice- “refers to a limited class of negligent
activities committed within the scope of performance
by those pursuing a particular profession involving
highly skilled and technical services”.
Beneficence- is defined as “doing good” for the
benefit of others.
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Justice (equal distribution of benefits and burdens)speaks to fairness and the equitable distribution of
goods and services.
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Veracity- (truth telling) is closely linked to informed
decision making and informed consent.
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Etiology: Auto (Greek) means self and
Nomos means governance
manifest in AUTONOMY OR THE RIGHT OF
NONINTERFERENCE
3 Basic Elements of Autonomy
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ABILITY TO DECIDE- there should be
adequate information and intellectual
competence to decide.
THE POWER TO ACT UPON ONE'S
DECISION- example is a person who is in
prison might have made a lot of decisions
pertaining to his personal development but
lacks the power to implement them.
RESPECT
FOR
THE
INDIVIDUAL
AUTONOMY OF OTHERS- involves both
the practitioner and the client.
INFORMED CONSENT-the client understands the
reason for the proposed intervention.
Doing a good Samaritan.
It is unjust to treat one person better or worse
than another person in a similar condition or
circumstance, unless a difference in
treatment can be justified with good reason.
Confidentiality (privileged information)- refers to
personal information that is entrusted and protected
as privileged information via a social contract,
healthcare standard or code, or legal covenant.
-
To safeguard clients’ rights.
Privacy- to withdraw seclusion. To avoid other pipol
Confidentiality- to trust. Our duty.
The Ethics of Education in Classroom and
Practice Settings
The Student–Teacher Relationship
A balance of power exists between the teacher (expert)
and the student (novice).
The teacher possesses discipline-specific expertise,
which is key to the student’s academic success, career
achievement, and competent care of patients. Students
must be able to trust their teachers even instantaneously,
and believe that the instruction provided by them will be
accurate, appropriate, and up to date.
The Patient–Provider Relationship
Health Education Team
Nurses (and nursing students) and the patients they
care for also have their own worldviews that come
together in the practice setting.
A. Role of a Nurse as a Health Educator
Student–teacher relationship, it is important to
recognize the balance of power that exists between
a nurse—even a nursing student—and a patient.
* Facilitator of Learning -create an environment
conducive to learning
Financial Terminology
Direct costs are tangible, predictable expenses, a
substantial portion of which include personnel
salaries, employment benefits, and equipment.
Giver of information
• Coordinator of Teaching- to promote learning and
provide an environment conducive to learning
Advocate for the client.
B. Role of Other Members of the Health Team
C. Role of Family in Health Education
Fixed costs are those expenses that are predictable,
remain the same over time, and can be controlled.
Variable costs are those costs that, in the case of
healthcare organizations, depend on volume.
Indirect costs are those costs not directly relate to
the actual delivery of an educational program.
Hidden costs—a type of indirect cost— cannot be
anticipated or accounted for until after the fact.
Cost savings when patient lengths of stay are
shortened or fall within the allotted diagnosis-related
group (DRG) time frames.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR CLIENT EDUCATION
A. Greater Emphasis on Wellness
Wellness – the optimal state of health of individuals
and groups.
2 cardinal concerns; 1. achievements of individuals
potential physically, psychologically, mentally,
socially, spiritually, and economically. 2. Carrying
out individuals’ expectations
8 dimensions of wellness
Patients who have fewer complications and use less
expensive services will yield a cost savings for the
institution.
Cost benefit occurs when there is increased patient
satisfaction with the services an institution provides,
including educational programs such as childbirth
classes, weight and stress reduction sessions, and
cardiac fitness and rehabilitation program.
Cost recovery results when either the patient or the
insurer pays a fee for educational services that are
provided.
Revenue generation (i.e., profit) refers to income
earned that is over and above the costs of the
programs offered.
Cost-benefit analysis measures the relationship
between costs and outcomes.
cost-benefit ratio the measurement of costs
against monetary gains, which is the cost of
education per patient divided by the total savings per
patient.
Cost-effectiveness analysis measures the impact
of an educational offering on patient behavior.
B. Increased Third Party Endorsement
TPR is receiving payment from a source other than
the patient for services provided to patients by a
provider. This other source is the "third party."
Filipino Cultural Characteristics and
Health Care Beliefs and Practices in
Health Education
CULTURE - The "totality of socially transmitted
pattern of thoughts, values, meanings and beliefs"
1. Namamana (Inheritance)- a belief that when a
relative has the condition, it is possible that he/she
will pass on the trait to the younger generation.
- genetic conditions with accompanying physical
deformities such as achondroplasia - unano, maliit
na tao, and pandak are the colloquial term.
2. Lihi (Conception or Maternal Cravings)- the
pregnant woman develops intense craving for
certain foods and intense liking for certain objects.
✓ It is believed that an offspring will take the features
of the food that the mother has craved for while she
is in the lihi period.
3. Pasma (Hot and cold syndrome)
✓roughly defined as an "exposure illness" which
occurs when a condition considered to be "hot" is
attacked by a " cold " element and vice versa.
• woman who recently gave birth should not exposed in
hot environment and must not eat "hot" foods because
these would just aggravate her condition.
4. Sumpa and Gaba (Curse)- beliefs in the Filipino
culture pertaining to a curse.
- the curse inflicted by a divine being and it is usually
God.
- inflicted to a person because he/she committed a
social sin.
5. Namaligno (Mystical and supernatural causes)
✓ a Filipino belief that a disease is caused by an
intervention of a supernatural or a mystical being.
-A person with Marfan syndrome was said to be born
of a mother who was impregnated by a kapre .
- The kapre must have been in love with the mother
and sneaked inyo her bed when the father was out
or asleep.
6. Kaloob ng Diyos (God's will)
✓When a Filipino individual experience an
unexpected event in their life, whether negative or
positive, it is typically attributed to the grace of God.
✓allows affected families to emotionally move
towards acceptance.
What are the common Filipino coping styles?
Patience and Endurance (Tiyaga)- the ability to
tolerate uncertain situations
Flexibility (Lakas ng Loob)- being respectful and
honest with oneself
Humor (Tatawanan ang problema)- the capacity to
laugh at oneself in times of adversity
Fatalistic Resignation (Bahala na)- the view that
illness and suffering are the unavoidable and
predestined will of God, in which the patient, family
members and even the physician should not
interface.
Health Education in a TechnologyBased World
The use of technology in education reflects what is
happening on a much larger scale in our
communities. Hence, it is useful to think of
educational technology within the broader context of
the environment in which we live and work.
Strategies for Using
Healthcare Education
Technology
in
World Wide Web- a virtual space for information
that covers a wide range of topics and displays a
variety of formats, including text, audio, graphic, and
video.
Search engines and search directories are
computer programs that allow users to search the
Web for specific subject areas.