TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
I.
INTRODUCTION
3
II.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
4
III.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
5
IV.
DESIGN CONCEPT
7
V.
DESIGN ILLUSTRATIONS / INSPIRATIONS
10
VI.
DESIGN GUIDELINES
14
VII.
LAWS
16
VIII.
REFERENCES
23
1
I.
INTRODUCTION
The continues demand and supply of peoples caused the emergence of shopping centers,
markets, plazas or commercial structures, but due to the unending needs and rising numbers of
buyers and sellers, different problems have risen such as crowding, and in some cases might
result to shortage of supply due to the population growth. There were also issues where urban
market place co-exist with traditional market place that causes market congestions. However,
shopping centers and hypermarkets have become important elements in the urban landscape,
though lack of planning and vision has led to chaotic developments resulting to traffic jamming
(Rajogapal, 2009).
Commerce, simply it’s an art of selling and buying goods. Law Insider Dictionary defined
Commercial Complex as building or buildings on a property or adjoining properties, under one
ownership or under the ownership of a condominium corporation, containing one or more
commercial businesses and which may include, in addition, residential uses. In this era, many
cities are evolving as a business center and Commercial complexes are the one bejeweling it,
becoming a major element of urban scape.
The present commercial complexes are the filtered form of classical market places such
as Agora of Ancient Greece, the Forum of Rome has also its shopping center and Souk of Arabian
was also a shopping center, just further improved and evolved to suffice the needs and comforts
of users nowadays. A classical architecture would be a great concept to show the origin of
Commercial Complex at the same time incorporating modern strategies like large windows or
glasses for marketing strategies, increasing transparency thus maximizing exposures. The use of
concretes and steels for its durability. Overall, the goal is to satisfy strength, utility and beauty by
incorporating Classical architecture with modern strategies.
2
II.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The increasing population in a village causes the growing necessity and their needs, and
with growing needs causes increasing purchasing power, especially with relatively high average
income of each family. Putting up a commercial complex will surely attract merchants, and will
also be offering new job opportunities to the community, especially with the issue of congestions
in urban places or cities, which prompted them to set up shopping centers in suburban places,
and according to studies most citizens of growing cities are patronizing their suburban shopping
malls and power centers, rather than downtown market places (Maronick, 2007).
The Commercial complex project will be designed in a way to provide shopping
convenience to the community since it will be erected in their suburban area, improving shopping
intensity and will raise business opportunities and economic gains at the same time. Commercial
complex has played an important role in urban development and it makes up an enormous portion
of the built environment. They serve as a platform for most of the communities’ major industries
and provide the public with areas in which to work, shop, socialize and relax.
The project will be built in a 22,500 square meter triangular-shaped lot that serves as an
entrance to the village, the design of the project should improve the conditions of the community
and to satisfy the demands of the users through architecture. Conforming to national laws, and
provisions to create well schemed plans in order to minimize shopping traffic jams which are
common problems encountering by commercial structures, thus creating a functional structure
adhering to architect Marcus Vitruvius utilitas, a fundamental characteristic of classical
architecture. Pursuing efficiency, achieving comfort at the same time promoting commercial vibes
to maximize attractiveness and distinction, since it serves as entrance to a village.
3
III.
DEFINITION OF TERM
Cash and carry stores - is a self-service wholesale store, especially for groceries, at which
customers pay at each visit and take the goods they have bought away with them.
Drug store with sandwich and fountain bar - a shop where you can buy medicine and
cosmetics, you can also buy simple meals and snacks such as sandwiches, there are also
counters where ice cream and sodas are served.
Laundry agency - washing, drying, starching, or ironing laundry for a fee. Laundry agency also
offers services provided with or incidentally to the rental of clothing, apparel, or other fabrics.
Beauty parlor - an establishment in which hairdressing, makeup, and similar cosmetic
treatments are carried out professionally.
Bakeshop – a retail shop where baked goods such as breads and pastries are prepared and
sold.
Variety store - a retail store that sells wide range of inexpensive or discounted items such as
general merchandise, apparels, automotive parts, dry goods, toys, hardware, home furnishings,
and a selection of groceries.
Shoe store and repair - a business establishment specializes in selling footwears, such as
slippers, to shoes up to boots, it also offers services such as fixing and remodeling shoes and
boots.
Barbershop – a shop that offers hair cut or grooming
Gift shop - a shop that sells souvenirs and small items suitable to be given as presents.
Dress, lingerie, and hosiery shop - a shop specialize for woman apparels such as dress,
underwear and stockings.
Haberdashery and athletic goods – a store where men’s clothes, sports apparels and gears
are sold
Candy nuts, cigarettes and tobacco – a shop that sells tobacco related products.
Liquor store – a shop that sells alcoholic drinks, wines and beverages and consumed off the
store
Florist shop – a shop where flowers and ornamental plants are sold.
4
Appliances - a retail store devoted to the sale of household equipment such as major and small
appliances, electronic devices, computers, and audio or visual equipment.
Branch bank – a bank separated from the main office for the convenience of users at which
deposits are received, checks paid, or money lent, or that serves same purpose as bank main
offices.
Restaurant - a place where people pay to sit and eat meals that are cooked and served on the
premises.
Recreation - any business which is operated as a recreational enterprise, either publicly or
privately owned, for profit.
Filling station – an establishment that selling fuels and engine lubricants or oils.
Administration office – a room or place where office works are conducted and recorded such
as day-to-day activities that are related to the maintenance of an office building, financial
planning, record keeping and billing, personal development, physical distribution and logistics,
within an organization.
Maintenance room - means a room for the maintenance of mechanical, electrical, heating and
other building systems such as boiler rooms, gas and electric meter rooms, elevator control
rooms, and workrooms for maintenance employees.
Utilities – a room where the needs of the structures are supplied, such as electrical rooms.
Parking – a portion of the site unoccupied by buildings which is intended vehicular parking.
Open Park – a public space specifically defined or set aside for active or passive recreational
uses,
5
IV.
DESIGN CONCEPT
CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
Classical architecture was derived from Greek architecture and Roman architecture.
Classical buildings are most often defined by the style and ornamentations of their columns and
pediments. Most notable examples of classical architecture are showcased on ancient temples
but ancient homes and public structures also display classical features.
The fundamental ideas of classical architecture were created by the Roman architect
Marcus Vitruvius, who said that all structures should have firmitas, utilitas, and venustas
(strength, utility, and beauty). The design philosophy of the ancient Greeks, who thought that
building should follow logic and order with perfect symmetry and proportions, was blended with
these concepts. These design concepts still have an impact on architecture today all across the
world.
The concepts of Commercial complex, shopping centers or markets structures from today
are just evolved designs from the Greek and Roman eras. Classical design will link the
commercial complex from its history thru different characteristics and features, in hope of creating
an impact to social or economy where the structure will stand.
One of the prominent features of classical architecture is its façade and pediments. The
façade features columns and ornamentations, and commonly the upper portion have a triangular
or arch shaped structure called pediments.
Source: Pantheon from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/pantheon
6
The Commercial Complex will adopt the same feature as its façade since it is one of the
identities of classical architecture, a façade with series of columns that will serve as its entrance
or entry point for the shopping area where the different retail stores and shops stands.
The façade will incorporate Composite Order by building
columns featuring this order, integrating ionic column volutes and
the Corinthian column leave like carvings. Composite columns are
the most ornamented and highly decorated in all the 5 orders of
classical columns aiming to beautify further the appearance of the
entrance.
Another identity of classical architecture is Symmetry and proportion, Greek and
Romans before, followed the philosophy that the structure they build should be mathematically
perfect proportions and harmonious symmetry, not just highly ornamented but balance in all
things.
Though incorporating symmetry in commercial complex is a challenge, especially that the
lot is triangular facing the corner with both roads on two sides but since it’s a key feature of
classical architecture, the structure will adopt proportions as much as much possible balancing
spaces evenly and distributing them evenly.
7
Furthermore, building materials are
also key features of classical architecture.
Classical structures are made up of stone
bricks and concretes making their structures
durable and sturdy, and in some cases still
standing up to these days.
The commercial complex will accommodate thousands of users and it should be given
that the structure could handle such loads, that it should be durable. In the classical periods they
were able to make sturdy structures through the use of bricks and stones, with that classical
building materials will be incorporated and integrated with steel, a known building material for
modern architecture. Usage of glasses will also be incorporated, since it has been a common
feature of commercial structures to expose the interiors for marketing strategies, with the usage
of glass windows, not just the stores and shops will be exposed but at the same time the inside
of the structure will be protected.
8
V.
DESIGN ILLUSTRATIONS / INSPIRATION
THE PANTHEON
The commercial complex project will be inspired and will be adopting some of the features of the
Pantheon, one of ancient Rome’s best-preserved monuments, was built during the Roman Empire and
features ornamented columns of the Corinthian order and a large concrete dome.
The structure will be adopting the atrium-like dome of the Pantheon, though it may not be dome, but
somehow a space that will serve as its atrium, since classical structures’ atrium can still be seen in the
present complexes, commercial structures nowadays have the same wide and high-ceiling space where
people circulate.
The pantheon’s porch or entrance will also be adopted, and will serve as an inspiration to the structures
entrance, a wide entry point will be needed since the lot where the structure will stand has two roads,
and not just that the lot also will be the entry point to the village. So, a façade like the classical days will
be a good entrance coming into the village.
9
BARBER SHOP
The typical five-chair barber shop can be accommodated in a
store 14 by 42 ft in size. A shop for a small community
ordinarily has a single shampoo basin; if individual basins are
required at all barber chairs, space requirements have to be
slightly increased
BEAUTY SHOP
The typical small beauty shop has to contain at least six to eight booths in order to do enough
business to be successful. If manicuring is to be done in booths, 20 % of the shop's total area is
devoted to waiting room. If manicure tables (15 by 30 in., with 5 ft. between tables) have to be
placed in waiting space, the 20% proportion may have to be enlarged
10
SHOE-REPAIR SHOP
Data are based on requirements for a one-man shop, possibly with helper. Door is always at one
side of show window; small window is sometimes omitted. Large window contains 10- to 12-inchwide workbench. Booths for "while-you-waif" are standardized at 1 ft. 8 in. wide, with 2-in. arm
rests between; depth is variable. Shoeshine benches are never placed opposite waiting booths
DRUGSTORES
Today's drugstore is no longer the small neighborhood pharmacy or "wet" store that included a
soda fountain with tables. It is now either a small "dry" store, primarily handling prescriptions,
sundries, and cosmetics, or the large variety type of store, very often part of a chain operation
with certain departments leased out,
11
LIQUOR STORES
The basic plan and operation of a
liquor store is that of self-service, i. e.,
open shelving, but with a sufficient
number of clerks available to help
customers. Storefronts are usually the
completely open, see-through type
without any window backs since many
states require the entire interior of the
store to be visible from the street
Cash and carry stores
Generally, free-standing markets tend to be
rectangular in shape, with the narrower portion
forming the front-to-rear dimension. Since most
often the deliveries are at the rear, the various
back-room areas (preparation and storage) are
located at the rear of the building, leaving the
selling space more or less square.
12
VI.
DESIGN GUIDELINES
COMMERCIAL COMPLEX PLANNING GUIDELINES
FOOT TRAFFIC
The shopping center is not to be planned to serve traffic, rather, traffic is to be planned to serve
the shopping center. The best assurance of high sales volume is the exposure of all individual
stores in a shopping center to the maximum amount of foot traffic. If shopping centers are to
prosper, dense foot traffic must be created.
ACCESS
Access should be easy and convenient; it should be possible to turn off the highway directly into
the site. Easy access means free-flowing traffic to reach the site.
Entrance into and out of a shopping center must be well separated from a major intersection at
least 500.00 m from the center.
STRUCTURES
There should be spaces for:
•
retail purposes (retail area)
•
service purposes (air-conditioning plants, electric sub-stations, maintenance shops, truck
roads, loading docks, and equipment storage)
•
other commercial uses (offices and recreational facilities, community center,
auditoriums, exhibition space, and children’s play area)
PARKING AREAS
May either be a surface parking lot or multilevel garage and 1 car slots for every 100 sqm. of
shopping floor area
PEDESTRIAN AREAS
There should be pedestrian areas such as:
Malls, courts, lanes, plazas, covered pedestrian areas such as arcades and covered and courts
13
SERVICE ELEVATORS
In multi-level projects, the use of strategically placed freight elevators is necessary. These
usually connect to fireproof passages at the rear of the stores and often serve also as fire exits.
With this type of development that necessitates service corridors, service courts can be fewer
and more concentrated.
SERVICE AREA
•
Service courts on the periphery of the building complex - these are usually partially
shielded/enclosed from the public view by masonry walls. Their cost is minimal but they
occupy land space that is usually expensive or could otherwise be used for parking.
•
Over the curb and sidewalk directly from the street - this is the cheapest space for
service trucks. The disadvantage of this is that it may cause traffic congestion.
CEILING HEIGHTS
These vary from 3.00m to 4.20m, with 3.60m a good average. Above the clear height, there
must be adequate spaces for air-conditioning ducts, recessed lights, structural systems, etc.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS/ HVAC
Central Plant equipment can be located in a separate building, on the roof, or elsewhere, so
long as it is economical in terms of design and length of runs. Individual plants in each store
require exterior space like a balcony, window ledge, or roof for condenser units or cooling
towers.
SPACING
The length of the mall generally should not be more than 244.00m between department stores
and other major features
BUILDING DEPTHS
For 1-story shops building are usually 36.00m to 42.50m deep, sometimes more to
accommodate bigger stores.
If there are basements or mezzanines, sometimes the depth can be reduced by 20.0 to 25.0
percent
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VII.
LAWS
i.
National Laws
Presidential Decree No. 1096 – The National Building Code of the Philippines
RULE VII - CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
OF ALL BUILDINGS BY USE OR OCCUPANCY
SECTION 701. Occupancy Classified
General USE Character of
Occupancy of
Building/Structure
USE
PRINCIPAL
Zoning Classification
C-1 (Commercial One or
Light Commercial) - a
neighborhood or
community level of
Division E-3
(Business and Mercantile,
where no repair work is done
except exchange of parts and
maintenance requiring no
open flames, welding or use
of highly flammable liquid)
commercial use or
4. Department stores,
shopping malls/centers,
commercial and sports
complexes/ areas
occupancy, characterized
mainly as a low-rise
building/structure for low
intensity commercial/trade,
service and business
activities, e.g., one to three (1
to 3) storey shopping centers,
small offices or mixeduse/occupancy buildings and
the like.
15
Table VII.4. Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking Slot, Parking
Area and Loading/Unloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use or Occupancy
Specific Uses or of
Occupancy (refer to
Section 1.3 of this Rule)
Division E-3
Reference Uses or
Minimum Required Parking
Character of Occupancies
Slot, Parking Area and
or Type of
Loading Space
Buildings/Structures
Requirements
Neighborhood shopping
One (1) car slot for every
center/supermarket
100.00 sq. meters of
(C-1)
shopping floor area
RULE XII - GENERAL DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 1207. Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
Table XII.1. General Requirements for Occupant Loads and Exits
* (In all occupancies, floors above the first (1st) storey having an occupant load of more than ten (10) shall have at
least two (2) exits)
Minimum of Two (2) Exits
Use or Occupancy
Unit Area per Occupant
Other than Elevators are
(sq. meters)
Required Where Number of
Occupants is Over
Stores-Retail Sales Rooms
Basement
2.80
50
Ground Floor
2.80
50
Upper Floors
5.60
10
Offices
9.30
30
Parking Garages
18.60
30
Drinking Establishments
1.40
30
Kitchens (commercial)
18.60
50
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RULE X – BUILDING PROJECTION
OVER PUBLIC STREETS
SECTION 1008. Corner Buildings with Chaflans
1. Every corner building or solid fence on a public street or alley less than 3.60 meters in width
shall be truncated at the corner. The face of the triangle so formed shall be at right angle to the
bisector of the angle of the intersection of the street lines, provided, that in no case shall the
length of the chaflan be less than 4.00 meters.
2. Corner buildings or solid wall fences to be built abutting property lines on corners of public
alley or street intersections shall be provided with chaflans to afford a clear view.
3. If the building is arcaded, no chaflan is required notwithstanding that the width of the public
street or alley is less than 3.60 meters.
17
ii.
Other National Laws
Batas Pambansa blg. 344 - Accessibility Law
Minimum Requirements for Accessibility
A. OUTSIDE AND AROUND BUILDINGS
1. DROPPED CURBS
1.1 Changes in level walkways should be by a dropped curb.
1.2 Dropped curbs should be provided at pedestrian crossings and at the end of
walkways of a private street or access road.
1.3 Dropped curbs at crossings have a width corresponding to the width of the
crossing; otherwise, the minimum width is 0.90 m.
1.4 Dropped curbs shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient not
more than 1:12.
2. CURB CUT-OUTS
2.2 The minimum width of a curb cut-out should be 0.90 M.
2.3 Curb cut-outs should have a gradient not more than 1:12.
3. WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS
3.1 Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-resistant
material.
3.4 Walkways should have a minimum width of 1.20 meters.
3.7 In lengthy or busy walkways, spaces should be provided at some point along
the route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn around. These spaces
should have a minimum dimension of 1.50 m and should be spaced at a
maximum distance of 12:00 m between stops.
3.10 Walkway headroom should not be less than 2.0 m and preferably higher.
18
4. HANDRAILS
4.2 Handrails shall be installed at 0.90 m and 0.70 m above steps or ramps.
Handrails for protection at great heights may be installed at 1.0 m to 1.06 m.
4.3 A 0.30 m long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start and
end of ramps and stairs.
4.5 Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance no less than 50 mm
from the wall. Handrails on ledges should have a clearance not less than 40 mm.
B. PARKING
1. PARKING AREAS
1.1 Parking spaces for the disabled should allow enough space for a person to
transfer to a wheelchair from a vehicle;
1.2 Accessible parking spaces should be located as close as possible to building
entrances or to accessible entrances;
1.4 Accessible parking slots should have a minimum width of 3.70 m.;
1.5 A walkway from accessible spaces of 1.20 m. clear width shall be provided
between the front ends of parked cars;
C. INSIDE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
1. ENTRANCES
1.1 Entrances should be accessible from arrival and departure points to the
interior lobby.
1.3 In case entrances are not on the same level of the site arrival grade, ramps
should be provided as access to the entrance level;
2. RAMPS
2.2 Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m;
2.3 The maximum gradient shall be 1:12;
2.4 The length of a ramp should not exceed 6:00 m. if the gradient is 1:12; longer
ramps whose gradient is 1:12 shall be provided with landings not less than 1.50
19
3. DOORS
3.1 All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80 m;
3.6 Out swinging doors should be provided at storage rooms, closets and
accessible restroom stalls;
7. CORRIDORS
7.1 Corridors shall have minimum clear width of 1.20 m.; waiting areas and other
facilities or spaces shall not obstruct the minimum clearance requirement;
8. WASHROOMS & TOILETS
8.1. Accessible public washrooms and toilets shall permit easy passage of a
wheelchair and allow the occupant to enter a stall, close the door and transfer to
the water closet from either a frontal or lateral position;
8.7 The maximum height of water closets should be 0.45 m.; flush control should
have a maximum height of 1.20 mts.
8.8 Maximum height of lavatories should be 0.80 m. with a knee recess of 0.60 0.70 m. vertical clearance and a 0.50 m. depth.
8.9 Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the maximum height of
the lip should be 0.48 m.
Presidential Decree No. 1185 – Fire Code of the Philippines
DIVISION 13. MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.13.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2. Sub-classification of Occupancy
Class A. AII stores having aggregate gross area of two thousand seven hundred
eighty-seven square meters (2,787 m2) or more, or utilizing more than three (3)
floor levels for sales purposes.
20
DIVISION 5. MEANS OF EGRESS
F. Minimum Width
The width of any means of egress shall not be less than nine hundred fifteen
millimeters (915 mm).
G. Number of Means of Egress
2. When the occupant load for any storey or portion thereof is more than five
hundred (500) but not more than one thousand (1000), the means of egress shall
not be less than three (3); in excess thereof, the means of egress shall not be
less than four (4).
3. The occupant load of each storey considered individually shall be required to
be used in computing the number of means of egress at each storey, provided
that the required number of means of egress is not decreased in the direction of
exit travel.
4. No doors other than hoist way door, the elevator car door, and doors that are
readily openable from the car side without a key, tool, special knowledge, or
special effort shall be allowed at the point of access to an elevator car.
H. Arrangement of Exit
1. Exits shall be located and exit access shall be arranged so that exits are
readily accessible at all times.
2. When exits are not immediately accessible from an open floor area,
continuous passageways, aisles, or corridors leading directly to every exit shall
be maintained and shall be arranged to provide access for each occupant to not
less than two exits by separate ways of travel.
3. Corridors shall provide exit access without passing through any intervening
rooms other than corridors, lobbies, and other spaces permitted to be open to the
corridor.
N. Headroom
The minimum headroom shall not be less than two meters (2 m) nor any
projection from the ceiling be less than two meters (2 m) from the floor.
21
VIII.
References
WEBSITES
prakriti. (2016, November 14). Commercial complex ~ history. Art and architecture. Retrieved
from https://prakritibhandari.wordpress.com/2016/11/14/commercial-complex-history/
Rajagopal. (2009, May 12). Growing shopping malls and behaviour of Urban Shoppers Journal of Retail & Leisure Property. SpringerLink. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/rlp.2009.3#citeas
University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2015. This edition adapted from a work
originally produced in 2010 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution.
(2015, October 27). 3.1 factors that influence consumers' buying behavior. Principles of
Marketing. Retrieved from https://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesmarketing/chapter/3-1factors-that-influence-consumers-buying-behavior/
Classical architecture: A guide to classical architecture - 2022. MasterClass. (n.d.). Retrieved
from https://www.masterclass.com/articles/classical-architecture-guide
BOOKS
CHIARA, J. de, & Callender, J. H. (1973). Time-saver standards for building types. McGraw-Hill.
etc, P. (R. L. statutes, & Pinpin, F. D. (1977). The National Building Code of the Philippines:
Presidential decree no. 1096. Cacho Hermanos.
National Council on Disability Affairs. (2010). Batas Pambansa Bilang 344 (Accessbility Law)
and its original amended Implementing Rules and regulations.
Published & distributed by A.V.B. Print. Press. (2005). Fire code of the Philippines: With
implementing rules and regulations: Presidential decree no. 1185.
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