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10b
Odysseus’ Journey
Overview
Odysseus’ journey is a long one fraught with many dangers. The
geography of his journey does not correspond exactly to locations in the
Aegean and the Mediterranean—nonetheless, it is possible to suggest a
general route that the story of the journey may have inspired in the minds
of ancient audiences. Odysseus travels from Asia Minor to Africa, Italy,
and as far as the Straits of Gibraltar (there are many overlaps between his
adventures and those of the Greek heroes Heracles and Jason).
Geography: Odysseus’ Journey
The map below shows the places Odysseus visited in his epic voyage. To
display the different locations visited by Odysseus during his journey, you
can display the map legend by clicking the “show/hide icon” (on the left
side on the black toolbar). You can click the “view larger map” icon (on the
right side of the black toolbar) to display the full-size map that you can
bookmark to inspect different locations mentioned later in this module.
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This map was created by a user Learn how to create your own
Google Maps. "Odysseus’ Journey." [Map.] Google Maps. . ().
https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?
mid=1lcCHomOHo3sLk_meAMGzhIM7Vwc&hl=en_US&ehbc=2E312F.
You may also want to check out and bookmark the interactive “Interactive
Map of Odysseus' Route
(https://www2.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/homer/index.php?
page=odymap)
” created by the Department of Classics at the University
of Pennsylvania.
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Principle Adventures in Odysseus’ Journey
1) Cicones
The first stop on Odysseus’ journey from Troy is the Thracian city of
Ismarus, where the Cicones live. Odysseus and his companions sack the
city, but they spare the life of Maron, the priest of Apollo, who gives them
twelve jars of wine. These jars become significant later in the journey.
Geography: Ismarus
Ismarus (or Ismaros) is the city of the Cicones mentioned in
Homer’s Odyssey. It is believed to be located near a mountain with the
same name near the south coast of Thrace in modern Greece.
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Google Maps. "Ismarus." [Map.] Google Maps. . (). https://www.google.com/maps/embed?
pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d532804.8097472244!2d25.212738606477405!3d41.07314254481523!2
m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x14adfc36addbd2c3%3A0xe2d7c3e8b80
36aa7!2sOros%20Ismaros!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sca!4v1662995508205!5m2!1sen!2sca.
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The Fight with the Ciconians, a nineteenth-century image by Friedrich Preller appearing on an
early-twentieth-century card.
Friedrich Preller, Der Kampf mit den Kikonen [The Fight with the Ciconians], ca. 1907–14,
cardstock, 14 × 9 cm, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS35428_35428_31795718.
Battle with Cicones, one of twenty collages made by artist Romare Howard Bearden based on
Homer’s Odyssey.
Romare Howard Bearden, Battle with Cicones, 1977, collage on board, 32 × 44 in.,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/ABEARDENIG_10313650542.
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2) Lotus Eaters
The magical part of their journey begins after Odysseus and his
companions leave the Cicones behind. A storm drives them off course to
northern Africa, the land of the Lotus Eaters. Whoever eats the fruit of the
lotus forgets everything and wants only to stay. With great difficulty,
Odysseus gets his men away.
The Lotus Eaters episode inspired some literary and artistic
works, including a poem called The Lotos-eaters
(https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45364/the-lotoseaters)
by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and a painting
entitled Land of the Lotus Eaters by landscape artist Robert
S. Duncanson. You may want to read Adam Lauder’s article “
In the Atmosphere (https://canadianart.ca/features/robert-sduncanson-in-the-atmosphere/)
,” which reflects upon how
Duncanson’s painting uses the mythological scene to
challenge the tradition of landscape painting with Black and
Indigenous presences.
3) Polyphemus
Polyphemus is the proper name of the one-eyed character often referred
to as the Cyclops (the Cyclopes are in fact a race of giant humanoids that
Polyphemus is part of).
Polyphemus attacks Odysseus and his men and traps them in his cave.
When trapped in the cave, the entrance of which is covered with a huge
stone, some of Odysseus’ companions are eaten: Polyphemus eats two
when he first traps them, two more for breakfast, and two more when he
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returns the second night. Odysseus uses the wine of Maron to get
Polyphemus drunk and plays a trick on him by introducing himself as
“Nobody” (“Outis” in Greek).
In return for the wine, Polyphemus promises to eat him last. But when
Polyphemus gets drunk, Odysseus sharpens a wooden stake, heats it in
the fire, and drives it through the Cyclops’ one eye with the help of his
companions. As he cries for help, the other Cyclopes hear him shouting
“Nobody is killing me” and pay him no attention. Odysseus and his
remaining companions sneak out the next morning hidden under
Polyphemus’ sheep. As he leaves, Odysseus tells Polyphemus his real
name, which is a mistake. Polyphemus prays to his father, Poseidon, that
Odysseus should not return home.
Detail from a seventh-century BCE vase painting depicting the blinding of Polyphemus.
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A late-sixth-century BCE ceramic vessel depicting the blinding of Polyphemus.
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Early nineteenth-century engraving and etching depicting Odysseus giving wine to
Polyphemus, beneath which appears the following couplet: "More! Give me more he cried,
the boon be thine. / Whoe’er thou art that bear’st celestial wine."
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Ulysses Fleeing the Cave of Polyphemus, an early nineteenth-century painting by Christoffer
Wilhelm Eckersberg.
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Odysseus Escaping from Polyphemus’ Cave under the Belly of a Ram, a bronze statuette
from the first or second century CE.
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Odysseus and Polyphemus, a late nineteenth-century painting by Arnold Böcklin showing
Polyphemus throwing a rock at Odysseus’ vessel when it is escaping from the island of the
Cyclopes.
COPYRIGHT FOR CAROUSEL SLIDES
Slide 1: Attic Black Figure Amphora, Detail; Blinding of Polyphemus, seventh
century BCE, vase painting, Archaeological Museum, Eleusis, Greece,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/LESSING_ART_10311442120.
Slide 2: Hydria from Cereto; Blinding of Polyphemus, ca. 530–510 BCE, ceramic,
Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/SCALA_ARCHIVES_10310474667.
Slide 3: The Odyssey of Homer, after John Flaxman, 1805, engraving and etching
on paper, 17 × 24.7 cm, Tate, https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/flaxmanulysses-giving-wine-to-polyphemus-t11200, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Unported.
Slide 4: Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, Ulysses Fleeing the Cave of Polyphemus,
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1812, oil on canvas, 80 × 63.5 cm, Princeton University Art Museum,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/APRINCETONIG_10313684955.
Slide 5: Odysseus Escaping from Polyphemus’ Cave under the Belly of a Ram, first
or second century CE, bronze statuette, British Museum, London,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/LESSING_ART_10311440415.
Slide 6: Arnold Böcklin, Odysseus and Polyphemus, 1896, oil and tempera on
panel, 66 × 150 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,
https://collections.mfa.org/objects/564102.
4) Aeolus and His Winds
After leaving the Cyclopes, Odysseus and his crew sail to the floating
island of Aeolus, the keeper of the winds.
Aeolus gives him a leather bag containing the winds and shows him which
one to release to sail home. He does this and nearly reaches home. But
his crew, thinking the bag contained gold, open it when Odysseus is
asleep, and are blown back to the island of Aeolus. In the Roman poet
Virgil’s Aeneid, Aeolus releases a storm at Aeneas at the behest of Juno
(Hera).
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Juno Asking Aeolus to Release the Winds, a late eighteenth-century painting by François Boucher.
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François Boucher, Juno Asking Aeolus to Release the Winds, 1769, oil on canvas, 278.2 × 203.2
cm, Kimball Art Museum, Fort Worth, https://kimbellart.org/collection/ap-197208.
5) Laestrygonians
Next, Odysseus sails to the land of the Laestrygonians, a savage group of
giant cannibals who sink all of Odysseus’ ships except for his own and eat
his crews.
Mid-first century BCE painting depicting Odysseus’ visit to the land of Laestrygonians.
Wall (Second Style), ca. 50–30 BCE, painting, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/AWSS35953_35953_31686097.
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6) Circe
Circe is a witch who is connected to the east (she is a descendant of the
sun). When Odysseus and his crew land on her island, Odysseus sends
some of his men to explore. They find her house and Circe invites them in,
but she then turns Odysseus’ men into pigs, except for Eurylochus, who
returns to Odysseus to report on what has happened. Odysseus goes to
rescue them and with the help of the god Hermes resists her magic. He
then sleeps with Circe without being turned into an animal and gains
important information from her. Circe sends him to the underworld to see
Tiresias and to learn from his prophecies how to complete his journey.
A fourth-century BCE vase painting depicting Odysseus and Circe.
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Detail from a fifth-century BCE vase painting depicting two of Odysseus’ companions having
been turned to pigs by Circe.
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Ulysses on the Island of Circe, a mid-sixteenth-century painting by Stradanus.
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Odysseus and Circe, a late-sixteenth-century painting by Bartholomäus Spranger.
COPYRIGHT FOR CAROUSEL SLIDES
Slide 1: Skyphos: Odysseus and Circe, fourth century BCE, vase painting,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000407377.
Slide 2: Attic Red Figure Lekythos, Detail; Ulysses’ Companion Changed into Swine
by Circe, fifth century BCE, vase painting, National Archaeological Museum,
Athens, https://library.artstor.org/asset/LESSING_ART_10311441318.
Slide 3: Stradanus, Ulysses on the Island of Circe, 1561–62, oil on panel, Palazzo
Vecchio, Florence,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/SCALA_ARCHIVES_1039779219.
Slide 4: Bartholomäus Spranger, Odysseus und Kirke [Odysseus and Circe], ca.
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1580–85, oil on canvas, 108 × 72 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna,
https://www.khm.at/objektdb/detail/1815/.
7) Journey to the Underworld
We looked in detail at this visit in the module on death and the afterlife.
Recall and Reflect
The earliest developed literary account of the
underworld is found in Homer’s Odyssey,
written in the eighth or seventh century BCE.
This myth is told as part of the return of
Odysseus from Troy. In another module, we are
introduced to Odysseus’ journey to the
underworld, where he encounters Tiresias,
Elpenor, Achilles, Tantalus, and Sisyphus
8) The Sirens
The Sirens are two (in the work of other authors sometimes more than
two) creatures, either with female form or with female heads and the
bodies of birds. As men pass their island, these creatures lure them in
with their beautiful singing, which promises to give deep wisdom and
knowledge, and then kill them once they approach. Odysseus passes
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them without harm by putting wax in his companions’ ears. Odysseus
himself wishes to hear the Sirens’ song and has his companions bind him
to the mast so that he can hear them without harm.
A mid-fourth-century BCE bell krater depicting Odysseus, bound to the ship mast, listening to the
sirens.
Asteas and Python Workshop, Bell Krater, Side A: Odysseus and the Sirens, ca. 340 BCE, ceramic
vessel, 38 cm (height), 37 cm (diameter), Staatliche Museen, Berlin,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/BERLIN_DB_10313750046.
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A mid-sixth-century BCE ceramic cup with the image of the siren at the bottom.
Little Master Cup: Inside, a Siren, ca. 530 BCE, ceramic cup, 14.6 × 29.8 cm, Michael C. Carlos
Museum, Emory University, Atlanta, https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS35538_35538_29886592.
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Ulysses and the Sirens, an early twentieth-century painting by Herbert James Draper.
Herbert James Draper, Ulysses and the Sirens, 1909, oil on canvas, Ferens Art Gallery, Kingstonupon-Hull, England, https://library.artstor.org/asset/23045962.
Reflect
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Based on what you have read about Odysseus,
what are the main qualities and traits you have
noticed in Odysseus’ character so far?
9) Charybdis and Scylla
Odysseus’ ship must pass by the wandering rocks that can destroy his
ship. Odysseus avoids them by sailing close to two high cliffs. In the lower
cliff lives the Charybdis, who three times a day sucks in all the water from
the strait and spits it out. He sails closest to the higher cliff where the
Scylla lives. She was originally a sea-nymph but had been changed by a
jealous Amphitrite (the wife of Poseidon) into a monster with six dogs’
heads and twelve feet. She takes six men from Odysseus’ ship, but he
nonetheless passes by successfully.
Geography: The Strait of Messina
The myth of Charybdis and Scylla takes place in the Strait of Messina,
which is a small strait between the island of Sicily and mainland Italy.
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Google Maps. "Strait of Messina." [Map.] Google Maps. . ().
https://www.google.com/maps/embed?
pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d1349249.7945441!2d14.793978639973735!3d38.236304405220736!2
m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x131452fc94c7b677%3A0x75e0d4c8580
4c8e6!2sStrait%20of%20Messina!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sca!4v1662559234199!5m2!1sen!2sca.
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Photograph by Allessandro Grussu of the Strait of Messina in Italy.
Allessandro Grussu, Messina—Panorama, November 5, 2006, photograph, Flickr,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/alessandrogrussu/3365520064, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.
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A fifth-century BCE relief plaque depicting Scylla the sea monster.
Scylla the Sea Monster, fifth century BCE, terracotta relief plaque, British Museum, London,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/LESSING_ART_10311440410.
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Remains of a sculpture, dated between the late first century BCE to the late first century CE,
depicting Scylla attacking Odysseus’ ship.
Encounter with Scylla, Detail, Ship of Odysseus, ca. 30 BCE to 70 CE, marble sculpture,Museo
Archeologico Nazionale, Sperlonga, Italy,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/CANYONLIGHTS_DB_10311363219.
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Odysseus between Scylla and Charybdis, a late eighteenth-century painting by Henry Fuseli.
Henry Fuseli, Odysseus between Scylla and Charybdis, 1794–96, oil on canvas, 126 × 101 cm,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822000674059.
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The adventures of Odysseus were portrayed in several
cinematic works including the movie The Odyssey
(https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118414/?
ref_=tt_sims_tt_i_1)
(1997) and the movie Troy the
Odyssey (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5734548/?
ref_=tt_sims_tt_i_8)
(2017).
Interactive Visualization: Reconstruction of Sculpture of
Scylla Attacking Odysseus’ Men
Now, you can explore the reconstruction of a sculpture depicting Scylla
attacking Odysseus’ men.
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 Scylla Group (Sperlonga Type)
by Flyover Zone
Flyover Zone. "Skylla Group (Restoration of Bernard Andreae)." [Visualization.] . . (July 17, 2022).
https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/skylla-group-restoration-of-bernard-andreaea2a31b7824924a5986bcd4c937209878.
10) The Cattle of the Sun (Helios)
Once he has passed by the Scylla, Odysseus goes to the island where the
cattle of the Sun (Helios) have their pastures. Both Tiresias and Circe have
told him of this island and warned him not to touch the animals. Odysseus
refrains, but his men cannot. They kill some cattle and eat them. Zeus thus
causes a storm as punishment and the ship is destroyed by a thunderbolt.
Odysseus alone survives by floating on part of the mast. He drifts across
the sea to the island of Calypso, where he lives for seven years.
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Mid-sixteenth-century painting by Pellegrino Tibaldi depicting Odysseus’ companions stealing
cattle.
Pellegrino Tibaldi, Adventures of Odysseus; Theft of the Cattle of Helios; Story of Ulysses; Ulysses’
Companions Stealing the Oxen of the Sun, ca. 1550–51, fresco painting,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/SCALA_ARCHIVES_1039614099.
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Cattle of the Sun God, a mid-twentieth-century collage by Romare Bearden.
Romare Bearden, Cattle of the Sun God, 1979, colour screenprint on wove Lana paper, 53.76 × 50.8
cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/ANGAIG_10314015085.
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Odysseus and Calypso, a late-nineteenth-century painting by Arnold Böcklin.
Arnold Böcklin, Odysseus and Calypso, 1883, tempera on canvas, 104 × 150 cm,
https://library.artstor.org/asset/AWSS35953_35953_31705902.
Watch: Troy the Odyssey (Trailer)
Watch the trailer for the movie Troy the
Odyssey (2017).
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TROY THE ODYSSEY TRAILER
The Asylum—Official Trailers. "Troy the Odyssey Trailer." [Video.]
YouTube. 1:14. (2017 November, 2017).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI-eEdpni4c.
Reflect
After reading about the adventures of Odysseus,
reflect on the following questions:
In your opinion, what is the most challenging
adventure throughout Odysseus’ journey? Why?
Based on your knowledge of Greco-Roman
mythology, why is Odysseus facing all of these
hardships? Can you recall characters from the
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previous modules who went through similar
difficult situations?
Check Your Understanding
Instructions: Match each name or figure on the
left to the description on the right. Drag
response options on the left into empty boxes
placed before options listed on the right. Correct
responses will remain locked in place.
Instructions
When you have correctly placed an item, it
will lock into place, turn green and show a
checkmark. When all items have been placed
correctly, feedback will appear in the first
column.
Click
to the
so that
and
appropriate
the
drag
dropzone
item
items
in this
matches
column
the
description
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from
from
this
this
column
column.
the
Laestrygonians
Cicones
Polyphemus
Aeolus
Circe
the Sirens
the Lotus
Eaters
Charybdis
and Scylla
live in the
Thracian city
of Ismarus
whoever eats
their fruit
forgets
everything
and wants
only to stay
the one-eyed
Cyclops
the keeper of
the winds
a savage
group of giant
cannibals
a witch who
turns
Odysseus’
men into pigs
creatures that
lure people
with their
singing, then
kill them
sea monsters
living near the
Strait of
Messina
https://contensis.uwaterloo.ca/sites/courses/CLAS-104/lecture-content/module-10/10b.aspx
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10b. Odysseus' Journey
https://contensis.uwaterloo.ca/sites/courses/CLAS-104/lecture-content/module-10/10b.aspx
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