Chapter 12
1. The human genome contains approximately 21,000 genes.
2. What is the definition of a “transgenic organism”? An organism containing a gene
from another species
3. Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA
shared by chimpanzees and humans? Humans and chimpanzees share a
relatively recent common ancestor
4. A vaccine works by stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defense
5. What is the best definition of recombinant DNA? DNA that includes nucleotides
from two different sources
6. In which type of organism was the CRISPR-Cas9 system discovered? Bacteria
7. Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding
DNA? 98.5%
8. The process of making multiple copies of the gene by inserting it into a host
genome and culturing the host is an example of gene cloning.
9. What can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell? Plasmids
10. What was the goal of the Human Genome Project? To determine the nucleotide
sequence of all of the DNA in the human genome.
11. In human gene therapy, normal versions of human genes are transferred to
patients who carry a mutated allele.
12. Golden Rice 2 is a genetically modified form of rice that was developed to treat
what nutritional deficiency? Vitamin A
13. What is the definition of a genetically modified organism? An organism carrying a
gene that was acquired by artificial means.
14. What is the main function of the CRISPR-Cas9 system? To alter the nucleotide
sequences of specific genes in a living cell.
15. Genetically modifying human eggs and sperm may directly affect future
generations.
Chapter 13
1. The total collection of alleles in a population at any time makes up that
population’s gene pool
2. The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for
evolution is Mutation
3. Aristotle believed that species are fixed forms that do not change over time while
Lamarck believed that evolution is the refinement of traits that equip organisms to
perform successfully in their environments
4. Years ago, farmers determined that suppressing flower development in the wild
mustard plant gave rise to the plant we know as broccoli. This is an example of
artificial section
5. Which is NOT a requirement of natural selection? Gene flow
6. Which anatomical features are homologous? The forelimb of a dog and the
forelimb of a cat
7. Disruptive selection can lead to an increase in both large and small lobsters in
comparison to medium-sized lobsters
8. After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists
of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which statement is most
likely to apply to this population? The post-bottleneck population exhibits less
genetic variation than the pre-neck bottleneck population
9. The similarity of the embryos of chickens and humans is evidence of common
ancestry
10. The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect
involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from larger population
11. During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that plants and animals living on a
continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals
living in similar regions on other continents
12. Natural selection can be defined as a process in which organisms with certain
inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with
other traits
13. Which result might be a consequence of stabilizing selection? Infants born with
weights between 3 and 4 kg have a higher survival than infants much lighter or
heavier at birth.
14. A change in the gene pool due to chance results in gene drift
15. Natural selection generally results in a population that is adapted to its current
environment.
16. In The Origin of Species, Darwin argued that the mechanism of descent with
modification was natural selection
17. What does evolutionary fitness measure? Relative reproduction success
18. Which statement is TRUE? Natural selection works on variation already present
in a population
19. Natural selection results in evolutionary adaptation
20. Which process can create new alleles? Mutation
Chapter 14
1. Analogous structures are evidence of convergent evolution
2. Sympatric speciation specifically EXCLUDES geographic isolation
3. What is the currently recognized classification scheme? Three-domain system
4. The science of naming, identifying, and classifying organisms is called taxonomy
5. Homology is evidence of common ancestry
6. What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in
which female fireflies mate only with males who emit light in a particular pattern?
behavioral isolation
7. The tailbone of a human is homologous to the tail of a monkey.
8. Under the biological species concept, what criterion is used to assign populations
of organisms to the same biological species? Ability to interbreed and produce
fertile offspring
9. A period of mass extinction is often followed by explosive diversification
10. The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when reproductive structures of
different species are physically incompatible is referred to as mechanical isolation