Ag 1 What is Agriculture and History Question of the Day • Please go to Google Classroom to see the question of the day So….What is Agriculture? • Agriculture – Science that studies the activities of food, fiber, and natural resources Watch Video! What is the foundation of Agriculture? Supplies, Services, Mechanics, Products Processing, Marketing Production Agriculture But….Ag Producers Get the Smallest Piece of the Pie Value Added • Further processing to gain more value to consumer Value-Added Food Activity • With the people at your table, develop a value-added food product to be marketed across the US in supermarkets. Beef Cattle - video • Primarily grown for meat • Cow-calf producer – raises cows on grass, sells calves at 8 months old • Stocker Producer – feeds calves on grass for 4 months • Feedlot Finisher – feeds calves corn to fatten out for 4-8 months • MO great pasture for cow-calf (#2) • Judging Activity Swine • Most hogs raised in confinement – indoor, climate controlled, fresh feed & water • Hybrid Vigor – results of breeding that allows offspring to be better than parents with particular trait Video Field Corn • Largest crop in US • Native to North America • Used for animal feed, corn oil, & ethanol – alcohol fuel from corn • Biotechnology – genetic engineering to improve plants for producers or consumers GMO Video Soybeans • Crop Rotation – rotating grass (corn) & legume (soybeans) to help soil nutrients • Legume (nitrogen fixation) – plants convert nitrogen from the air to useable nitrogen in the soil • Used for feed, ink, food, oil, bio-diesel-fuel from soybeans (crushing) https://www.google.com/ma ps/@39.0245709,93.7257726,1452m/data=!3 m1!1e3 Wheat • Four types: 1. Soft Red Winter – cookies, dough 2. Hard Red Winter – bread flour 3. Hard Red Spring - bread 4. Durum - Pastas Vertical Farming • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JixDaIoJrAI Poultry • Poultry includes both broilers, layers, and turkeys • Largest Missouri Industry • Raised in confinement Poultry Placing Classes Activity Dairy Cattle • Raised near large cities • Dairy Farmers of America (DFA) Cooperative – business where members buy or sell together for more bargaining power • All milk is pasteurized (heated to over 140 degrees and then cooled) • homogenization – pressurizing milk to break-up fat particles Goats • Breeds for Dairy or Meat • Boer – breed of meat goat Sheep • Both wool and meat breeds • Club Lamb – lamb for show • Video Rice • Field heavily irrigated – artificially watered Cotton • Cotton boll – head on a cotton plant Common Ag Equipment / Machinery Tractor Combine Cuts the plant Video Separates grain from plant Combine Combine Plow Field Disk Video – Plowing & Disking No-Till Drill (not plowing, tilling or disking soil) Planter Cultivator Sprayer Anhydrous Applicator Anhydrous Ammonia – nitrogen held in soil for future corn land Application Video Grain Truck Auger Enclosed screw device used to transport grain Square Hay baler Round Hay Baler Video Hay Rake Cutting Hay Blades move along a channel to cut grass Tractor Wrecks History of American Agriculture “I believe in the future of agriculture…..” Source: FFA Creed The result of agricultural achievement: The average American family spends less than 10 percent of its disposable income on food – the lowest in the world. Historical achievements of “progressive agriculturists” • Mechanical inventions • Scientific discoveries • Educational improvements • Wise governance 1700’s General James Oglethorpe an Agriculture - Implemented Education program for - Georgia Established 1st experiment station in US – The Trustees Garden, Savannah, Ga Tomochici - Held conferences with settlers to teach them Native American Agriculture Mary Musgrove - Employed as an interpreter for the Agriculture Education Program 1830 ’s • Cyrus McCormick patents the reaper (increased harvest with less labor) • John Deere manufactures steel plows (cultivate larger acreages) 1840’s • Sir John Lawes invents commercial fertilizer (greatly increased crop yields) • Grain drill patented (greatly increased wheat acreage & wheat supply) • Holstein and Jersey dairy cattle imported (improved milk production) 1850’s • Factory-made agricultural machinery readily available (large scale farming) • Farmers begin to organize intro cooperatives (improved influence and marketing opportunities) 1860’s • Morrill Land Grant Act (established land grant colleges for agricultural research to improve food production methods) • U.S. Department of Agriculture established (government support for & control of agriculture) 1870’s • Steam powered tractor introduced (beginning of first agricultural revolution – the shift to mechanized agriculture) • Refrigerated freight cars introduced (ship fruit & vegetables long distances and out of season) • Barbed wire patented (confined cattle increased beef production & quality) 1880’s • First hybrid crop developed – corn (greatly increased yield and quality) • First pesticide discovered (Bordeaux mixture increased crop yield & quality) • Federal Hatch Act (established agricultural experiment stations nationwide) 1890’s • First gasoline tractor built (agriculture’s greatest achievement) • Boll weevil invades U.S. cotton (forced farmers to diversify & improve land management) • Rural Free Delivery (mail service to farmers improved communication) 1900’s • George Washington Carver found new uses for peanuts (agricultural expansion and diversification) • Hog cholera serum developed (first commercial animal health product) • First agricultural extension agent hired (dispersed agricultural research) • 4-H Clubs established (first effort to educate rural youth in agriculture) 1910’s • Disease resistant plants developed (improved crop yield and quality) • Mechanical combine developed (threshed crops on the move to harvest more acres faster) • American Farm Bureau organized (national farmer organization) • Smith-Lever & Hughes Act (established cooperative and classroom HS education) 1920’s • Small tractors developed (mechanized agriculture on small acreages) • Future Farmers of American founded (agricultural youth leadership organization) • Agricultural research lays groundwork for second agricultural revolution 1930’s • Artificial insemination of dairy cattle became commercially feasible due to development of liquid nitrogen (improved animal genetics) • Rural Electrification Association founded (made electricity available to rural America and began the move to electrical equipment) • Farm Credit Act passed (provided money for lending to farmers) 1940’s • Agricultural pesticide use becomes commercially feasible (improves crop production and efficiency) • Mechanized cotton picker developed (reduced need for manual labor) • End of the “sharecropper” era – agriculture becomes a business 1950’s • Anhydrous ammonia becomes available (greatly increased crop yields) • Screw worm eradicated by release of sterile male flies (first application of biotechnology in agriculture) 1960’s • Improved quality of life for Rural America • 83% of farms have telephones • 98% of farms have electricity • 98% of farms have automobiles • American farmers experience great prosperity 1970’s •High-yielding wheat varieties developed (increased ag exports & wheat acreage expansion) •Hog cholera eradicated (first successful elimination of disease in livestock) 1980’s • Computer use in agriculture (decisionmaking, equipment control, marketing, communication) • Boll weevil eradicated (first successful use of scientific research and biotechnology to eliminate a crop pest) • Embryo transfer in cattle perfected (permitted rapid genetic improvement in livestock) 1990’s • Genetic engineering developed (used in crops in livestock to improve production and decrease pesticide use) • Precision agriculture using GPS technology (more efficient use of fertilizer and pesticides to reduce cost and pollution) U.S.Farmer Feeds 140 120 120 100 100 75.7 80 60 47.7 40 20 9.8 10.7 15.5 25.8 0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2000+ Improvements in current technology Digital animal identification Biofuel use in farming Intense water management E-Commerce Food security Organic agriculture Ethanol With a record production of 2.92 billion gallons of ethanol in 2013, 1+ billion bushels of corn and 18 percent of the grain sorghum crop were used to produce fuel for our vehicles. In 2013, 103, ethanol plants were in operation in the United States, with 8 new plants under construction. Variable Rate Irrigation •VRI is a way to control the amount of water that is applied to a field. http://www.nespal.org/irreff/howitworks.html Precision Agriculture • Plant Breeders are working hard to create better and higher yielding crops. • GPS, Global Positioning Systems have become a helpful tool in Agriculture. Quiz 1. Annually, what percentage of their income do Americans spend on food? A. 50% B. 10% C. 98% D. 22% C. International D. Ford 2. Who invented the reaper? A. Cyrus McCormick B. John Deere 3. In what time period was 4-H founded, G.W. Carver made new uses for peanuts and the first Extension agent hired? A. 1990’s B. 1870’s C. 1740’s D. 1900’s 4. What percentage of people that live on farms today? A. 97% B. +50% C. less than 10% D. 88% C. 1990’s D. 1950’s 5. When was the USDA founded? A. 1860’s B. 2000’s Quiz Continued 6. In which decade, of those listed, did the highest percentage of people live on the farm? A. 2000’s B. 1830’s C. 1970’s D. 1850’s 7. When was the boil weevil eradicated? A. 1840’s B. 2000’s C. 1920’s D. 1980’s 8. GPS stands for Global _______ System. A. Placing B. Placated C. Picking D. Positioning 9. When was the Smith-Hughes Act passed? A. 2000’s B. 1960’s C. 1910’s D. 1890’s 10. What is a Precision Agriculture implementation to decrease the amount of water applied to a field? A. VRI B. VRE C. VRG D. VRA Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. B A D C A B D D C A
