ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
Section I. Annotated Sources
1. Low fertility trend in the Republic of Korea and the problems of its ... (n.d.). Retrieved
November 27, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334267330_Low_fertility_trend_in_the_Republic_of_
Korea_and_the_problems_of_its_family_and_demographic_policy_implementation
Abstract: The article analyzes the population trends and the family and demographic policy in the
contemporary Republic of Korea. The main emphasis is made on the analysis of low birth rate in the
country. Until the end of the 20th century, the two-child family model prevailed in South Korea,
however, in the last decade birth and marriage rates have become among the lowest in the world. Why
has fertility fallen so dramatically far below replacement level? The article discusses the causes of
fertility decline, as well as the social factors that contribute to and hinder the implementation of state
measures to stimulate and increase the birth rate in the Republic of Korea. In particular, the social and
gender aspects of solving the problem of low fertility are analyzed.
Evaluation: Essentially, the objective of this article is to discuss the promotion and increase of Korea's
fertility rate by analyzing the major social and gender factors that contribute to the country's low fertility
rate. According to the article, it took place in a publication dedicated to economics and population and
discussed the reasons for why the Korean birth rate is declining. To better understand how sexism
contributes to the declining fertility rate in Korea, I found this article very useful on the gender aspect of
declining fertility rates. It should be noted that the author of this article is a professor at the Institute of
Sociology. He has a very deep understanding of sociology and is among the most credible authors in this
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
field. With numerous references and real data, graphs, and numbers, it is not clear that the author has a
biased viewpoint. There is a very clean and readable style to the author's writing.
Summary : A lack of adequate social policies at home and in the workplace has led to an increase in the
issue of gender inequality on both occasions. This has clearly been a failure of South Korean social
policy. Throughout the years, they have failed to instill confidence in the future by adopting social
policies that instill confidence in the past. Thus, it is essential to consider the social system in which
childbirth is performed, as well as the patriarchal structure within the social system that determines the
sociocultural environment that needs to be created when developing social policies in the area of
childbirth. A major reason for the decline in marriages and birth rates among working mothers has been
the high cost of child support, as well as the double burden of basic housework and childcare as a result
of the growing cost of child support. It is often said that the rigidity of the education system, and the
competitive nature of society, as well as the marketplace, are key factors contributing to the low
percentage of jobs available. In order to eliminate socioeconomic inequalities and overcome factors that
lead to a woman abandoning marriage and childbirth, it is essential for family and demographic policies
to incorporate the respect for fundamental rights and freedoms.
Usage: This article was written in 2019 and expects the fertility rate to drop to 0.86 in 2021. The fertility
rate in 2021 was 0.81, which was significantly lower than expected. It can be seen that the flow of this
article is continued in the future, and it can have the credibility of reading this article now. So, let's see
how this article uses the evidence and draws the results. The artist believes that the fertility rate of most
countries in Asia as well as Korea is declining, which they all have in common. The first reason is that
the marriage age of men and women and the age at which the first child is born are increasing as an
example. The social causes and factors of the low fertility were summarized and explained based on
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
Korean history and sentiment, and practical laws were used to explain that the government's
countermeasures were also insufficient.
2. Kim JH;Oh SS;Bae SW;Park EC;Jang SI; (n.d.). Gender discrimination in the workplace: Effects
on pregnancy planning and childbirth among South Korean women. International journal of
environmental research and public health. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31357386/
Abstract: Introduction: This study aims to investigate the association between gender discrimination in
the workplace and pregnancy planning/childbirth experiences among working women in South Korea.
Methods: We analyzed data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF)
for the years 2007 to 2016. The study population consisted of 7996 working women, between the ages
of 19 and 45. Gender discrimination was measured through the 6-item Workplace Gender
Discrimination Scale, evaluating discrimination in terms of recruitment, promotions, pay, deployment,
training and lay-offs. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to measure the association
between gender discrimination and the pregnancy planning/childbirth experience.
Evaluation: This article was published to end sexism in the workplace, and the target audience is people
who do not know how much sexism in the workplace affects women's fertility rates. do. This article may
feel biased, but I have used very credible citations. Since this article was published in 2019, it can be
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
seen as recent, so it is suitable for use as evidence, and the writer's writing style is quite professional, but
everything is neat and appropriate.
Summary: An investigation of the relationship between workplace gender discrimination and
pregnancy planning and birth experiences has been done in this study involving a nationally
representative sample of working women in South Korea. The study found that, as a result of the
discrimination of women at work, pregnancy planning and childbirth experiences, including recruitment,
promotion, pay, deployment, training and layoff, have a significant exposure-response relationship to
gender discrimination. Further research must be conducted to examine the effects of additional factors
on this association, which include low socioeconomic status, such as the effect of higher education on
this relationship. Similar studies can also measure cohort or period effects to determine if gender
discrimination at work has a lasting effect on the pregnancy planning process for women over the course
of their lives based on what happened in the past.
Usage: This article is closely related to the research I am conducting. The occurrence of sexism in the
workplace represents the gender imbalance in society, and this article, which presents these evidences in
a convincing manner, increases my credibility in my writing, and I can also use the contents of this
article to support my stance.
3. Kim S;Won E;Jeong HG;Lee MS;Ko YH;Paik JW;Han C;Ham BJ;Choi E;Han KM; (n.d.).
Gender discrimination in workplace and depressive symptoms in female employees in South
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
Korea. Journal of affective disorders. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35341812/
Abstract: Workplace gender discrimination (WGD) may have long-term negative impacts on female
workers' mental health. We aimed to investigate the association between WGD and the prevalence of
depressive symptoms using a nationally representative sample of female employees in South Korea.Data
of 3190 adult female employees were obtained from the 2018 nationwide Korean Longitudinal Survey
of Women and Families. Women's perception of WGD was assessed using a 6-item questionnaire.
Respondents were classified into high, medium, and low levels of WGD according to the 25th and 75th
percentile scores. A score of ≥10 on the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies for
Depression Scale was defined as having significant depressive symptoms.A high level of WGD was
significantly associated with a higher odds ratio (OR) for depressive symptoms compared to the low
level (OR = 1.87, 95% confidence interval = 1.45–2.41). In the subgroup analyses, high WGD levels
were associated with the highest OR for depressive symptoms in the following subgroups: younger age
(19–39 years), those with a college degree, non-standard workers, pink collar workers, those with a
workplace size of 10–29 employees, those with high levels of job autonomy, or low levels of emotional
labor. Causal interpretation is limited owing to the study's cross-sectional design. A high level of
perceived WGD was associated with depressive symptoms among female employees. Certain groups of
female employees may be particularly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of WGD on depression.
Evaluation: This article was written to find a way to reduce the depression of women who suffer from
gender discrimination in the workplace as much as possible. It was written for the general public and
those who were not aware of this fact, and it is very appropriate to my intention in that it also
investigates how much such workplace sexism affects women's depression and whether this depression
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
has a direct effect on the birth rate. matches This author is a very credible writer, and despite the
possibility that the topic of sexism can be biased, it is written very neutrally. This article was written in
2022, so it is very recent and the author's writing style is very neat and tidy.
Summary: There has been a study conducted by the Korean National Labor Relations Agency that
focuses on the female employees working for a national office. As a result, there persists the belief that
there exists gender discrimination against female workers even though many government regulations
have been implemented to prevent this kind of discrimination from occurring. As a result of this
perception, women have a negative impact on their mental health. This is despite the fact that there are
numerous government regulations that prevent this form of discrimination from happening. This study
indicates that the gender of a particular group of female employees makes them more susceptible to
discrimination as a result of their gender than any other female employee group, because of their
demographic characteristics and because of the conditions in the workplace in the company in which
they work. I believe that this is a result of factors such as those mentioned above.
Usage: A study will determine how much depression ultimately affects women's fertility rate and
whether this effect will persist until the second child is born. People who are discriminated against in the
workplace experience mental stress and depression, which leads them to make conservative decisions.
4. Women's wages and fertility hazards in South Korea. Asian Women - The Research Institute of
Asian Women. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from http://www.easianwomen.org/_PR/view/?aidx=4340&bidx=350
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
Abstract: In an attempt to understand lowest-low fertilities in South Korea, this paper assesses the
relationship between women’s wages and fertility hazards. Both women’s wage levels and the
percentages of women’s wages in household income have been considered to evaluate gender equity
theory. Drawing data from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study 1998-2008, we fit the data into the
Cox proportional hazards model. We find that women whose monthly wages were more than 2 million
KRW were more likely to give birth to a first child than those earning up to 1 million KRW. Women out
of the labor force were more willing to bear a second child than any other women. Women whose wages
were between 30% and 70% of household income were least likely to deliver a second child. These
results suggest that policy formulation should focus on promoting gender equity in work and family to
boost lowest-low fertility rates.
Evaluation: This article shows consideration and research on whether Korea currently has the world's
lowest fertility rate, and whether it is possible to guess the reason by examining the relationship between
women's wages and fertility rate in this matter. This article is primarily aimed at women and a general
audience interested in this issue. This article is very appropriate to me beause my writing is also about
the working women’s fertility intentions affected by gender-discriminatory enviroment. The author is
assistant professor in sociology in Kyunghee university so the author is very reliable and her sources are
also not biased and reliable as she used the sources that are very trustful in this problem. This article was
written in 2015 which is not that old. The writing style of this author is very clear and has good
readability.
Summary: Observing that women's wages made a positive contribution to fertility hazards during the
first childbirth, but not during the second . Due in part to the negative impact of women's wages, they
are encouraged to speculate about the underlying reasons for the positive impact of the first childbirth.
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
They are only able to provide two plausible scenarios, leaving further research for future studies. As a
first step, Korean theory may favor positive mechanisms over negative ones. Koreans' childbearing
behavior could be better explained with the economic resource argument than with the opportunity cost
argument. The work-family conflict is also plausible to be under appreciated by women who chose to
bear a first child. Accordingly, the fertility-enhancing effect of women remaining out of the labor force
could be translated into a low wage effect as a consequence of previous studies assigning women out of
the labor force to the zero wage category. According to them, men and women in the labor force should
be compared in order to understand the wage effect of women.
Usage: Women's wages have a significant impact on their fertility rate. Various aspects of the workplace
discriminate against women, including the working environment, promotion, and wage. There is no
doubt that the wage portion of this essay will assist me in writing about the discrimination against
women and the effect it has on women's desire to become pregnant.
5. Preis H;Tovim S;Mor P;Grisaru-Granovsky S;Samueloff A;Benyamini Y; (n.d.). Fertility
intentions and the way they change following birth- a prospective longitudinal study. BMC
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
pregnancy and childbirth. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32303192/
Abstract: Introduction: Women's fertility intentions, their desired number of children and desired interpregnancy interval (IPI) are related to micro (personal) and macro (socio-cultural) level factors. We
investigated factors that contribute to changes in women's fertility intentions in Israel, a developed
country with high birth rates. Methods: Pregnant women (N=1163), recruited from prenatal clinics and
hospitals in two major metropolitan areas, completed self-report questionnaires prenatally (≥24 weeks
gestation) and postpartum (two months after childbirth). Women reported their socio-demographic
background and obstetric history prenatally, their desired number of children and IPI at both time-points,
and their objective and subjective birth experiences postpartum. Results: The findings indicated that
background characteristics were related to prenatal fertility intentions. The strongest contributor to
prenatal fertility intentions was women’s degree of religiosity- the more religious they were, the more
children they desired and the shorter their intended IPI. Women's postpartum fertility intentions were
mostly consistent with their prenatal reports. In regression models, women who were very-religious,
more educated and had previously given birth were less likely to report a lower number of desired of
children at postpartum, compared to their prenatal report. Women who reported greater birth satisfaction
and gave birth for the first time were less likely to change desired IPI. Conclusion: Having a negative
birth experience could adversely affect women's fertility intentions. Yet, in a pronatalist and medicalized
birth culture, social pressures may decrease the effects of birth experiences on fertility intentions.
Evaluation: It was written to explain and study women's intention to give birth and to study changes
after childbirth. The target audience of this article is basically set up to see the officials of institutions,
women, and the general public who have a goal to increase the birth rate based on this birth rate. You
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
will benefit from this article very much because what I have covered in the article is, after all, fertility
intentions. The credibility of this source is very high because the author has been active as a professor of
sociology at various universities. The article was written in 2020, so it is very recent, and the author's
writing style is very clean and readable.
Summary: When it comes to the factors that influence women's conception and pregnancy, such as
social norms, government policies, and religious beliefs, the birth experience is less likely to influence
the decision to have children. Consequently, women may feel pressured to have another child in spite of
not being ready for another baby and may feel pressured to have another child despite not being ready to
do so in response to these social pressures because of negative birth experiences. Especially women who
have a very religious belief are likely to feel pressured to conceive, despite the fact that they are less
likely to speak about their difficulties and use birth spacing methods less often than women who do not
believe in religion. As a result of mistimed or untimely pregnancy, a pregnancy can suffer additional
distress, especially if it occurs after a negative birthing experience or if the pregnancy comes after the
mistimed or untimely pregnancy. It is therefore essential to identify and address these difficulties as
early as possible during a pregnancy in order to improve well-being in subsequent pregnancies as well as
satisfaction with future childbirths.
Usage: It may be very useful in my article to discuss the second pregnancy after the first pregnancy as I
investigated the exact explanation for the intention of childbirth and the effects of this intention on
women and the postpartum period.
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
6. Ma, L. (2016, March 25). Female labour force participation and second birth rates in South
Korea - Journal of Population Research. SpringerLink. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12546-016-9166-z
Abstract: In recent decades, while female labour force participation rates in South Korea have
increased, the country’s total fertility rates have declined dramatically. This study explores the
association between women’s labour force participation and second birth rates in South Korea over the
period 1980–2006. An event-history analysis is applied to longitudinal data from waves 1–10 of the
Korea Labour and Income Panel Study. The study shows that post-birth labour force participation
significantly reduced women’s propensity for having a second child, whereas non-employment after first
birth was associated with an increased propensity. Women with highly educated husbands had a higher
likelihood of enlarging the family. Further, the second birth trend in Korea fluctuated in tandem with the
country’s institutional and socio-economic development. The childbearing propensity of homemakers
was especially sensitive to the business cycle.
Evaluation: The purpose of this article is to convey information to women and a general audience
interested in these issues. This information is in relation to how women's participation in labor affects
women's second child. There are two distinct themes in my article, labor participation and the intention
to have a second child. Both of these themes are interconnected. It will consequently have a tremendous
impact on my writing, which is why it is expected to have a huge impact on me. The author holds a very
credible position as a professor at Stockholm University of Commerce. The citations used are also very
credible, which increases the credibility of this article. It is unbiased and neutral in its research and has
been written in a neat and professional manner.
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
Summary: It has been found that in a conservative society like Korea, where the breadwinner-caregiver
paradigm is prevalent, a husband's capacity to generate economic resources can play an important role in
determining the growth of a family. According to the findings of this study, those findings are similar to
those found in other countries in southern European countries and the German-speaking countries,
where traditional gender norms predominate and policies promoting the balance between work and
family are insufficient. There are many factors that contribute to maintaining the two-child norm in these
situations, but one that plays a crucial role is the ability of the husband to aggregate economic resources.
As one of the major contributions of this study, it is its ability to demonstrate how changes in
institutional and socioeconomic factors have an effect on Korea's second-birth fertility, one of its major
contributions. Because of the ongoing economic downturn and the consequences that follow it, it has
been hard for many women to have another child, especially women who are single.
Usage: Research results presented in this article will significantly benefit me, as they will provide a lot
of insight into the women's intentions to have a second child in relation to their husband's willingness to
help them with housework, which is a crucial aspect of women's labor participation, which is super
helpful because it is the topic of my paper.
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
Section II. Research Synthesis
The research that I am conducting on the intention of working mothers to give birth to a second child
within a sexist working environment requires a great deal of evidence and methods of gathering
information. The study explores a number of topics, including fertility rates, as part of its analysis.
According to most sources, Korea has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world, and these facts can
be attributed to a number of factors. (Seo Seung-hyun, 2019) states that one of the reasons why Korea's
cost of raising a child is higher than that of other countries is the cost of raising a child, and (Kim Ji-hye,
2019) accentuates the fact that there is also a lot of discrimination against women on the Korean labor
market. According to a recent article (Kim Soo-yeon, 2022) which mentions that sexism was the most
fundamental issue, however, this author believes that the male-centered labour market culture could
have a detrimental effect on women's educational opportunities because of these factors. As a result of
the wage gap in Korea, the OECD LIBRARY cites the wage gap as a major factor in gender
discrimination, as cited in their research. Currently, Korea's policy factors are taking a very passive
approach with regards to addressing gender discrimination in the labor market as well as at home, so this
seems to be one of the major problems that have yet to be resolved according to Seo Seung-hyun (2019).
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the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
The Korean government, according to Kim Ji-hye (2019), has consistently treated sexism against
women in the workplace with a great deal of casualness and has not taken action against this problem
seriously. In my research, I also found many different sources that discussed various aspects of the most
important topic, which was "why women give birth to children and quit their jobs.". As a working
mother, (Seo Seung-hyun, 2019), she recognized that the reason for the low birth rate may be due to the
ability of her mother to raise her children on an adequate income for the family. Due to the conservative
idea that women need to quit their jobs when they become pregnant during the time when they are still
working, many women continue to quit their jobs in the modern era (Kim Ji-hye, 2019). As regular
working women are more likely to become mothers than non-regular working women, this situation
places pregnancy at a disadvantage for regular working women in many aspects of their contract due to
the greater likelihood of regular working women becoming mothers. It was finally discussed in (Seo
Seung-Hyun, 2019) that a significant part of the solution had been found. In order to find a solution to
this problem, the goal should be to look at various welfare and social policies that are not encouraging
couples and mothers to give up marriage and childbirth, thus policies should be adopted that encourage
them to think deeply about their human rights.
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
Section III. Research & Rhetorical Evaluation
As a result of changing my research methodology, I have been mainly looking at the credibility of those
who wrote the articles and articles I used in order to gain a greater level of credibility for the citations
and sources I used in my research. Annotated Bibliography teaches that credibility in a text is only as
important as the degree of trust that the writer has placed in the text when he or she is writing it, and I
learned this in my course. There was just as much importance placed on the type of site that published
the article, the reputation, and the reliability of the institution as it did on the position of the author, so
verified sources were utilized every time possible, as opposed to the position of the author. The question
of my research changed throughout my research. In this article, I have not diverged much from the topic
of women and fertility rates. However, the fertility rate has changed to the intention to have a second
child, and Korean women have changed to become Korean mothers with children in the workplace. I
still need to gather a lot of information in order to be able to make the right decisions. It is very
important to know how to view these issues in the world, as well as information in Korean in order to be
able to write an article that applies them.
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ENGH 100 K06
Writing assignment#2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Evaluation Assignment
Date 27-11-2022
The journal 'Time Asia', where my article will be published, will provide me with a very objective and
informative academic environment, which I look forward to working in. When magazines and audiences
encounter stories that sound biased, it is crucial that they are able to digest them neutrally by filtering
them through their own filters so that they can digest them in a neutral manner. TIME, which caters to
an overwhelmingly educational audience, does a good job of this, but it needs to do more. It is important
to note that the reader is the most important player in my rhetorical situation. This is a serious subject
and there is an urgent need for the reader to realize it and take action as soon as possible. There is no
doubt that a writer must be very persuasive in order to get the reader to take action. I made my decision
based on the fact that I wanted to convince everyone with my research and reach my desired conclusion
by the end of my project.
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