Data Analysis
Raw scores for right foot volumes were individually normalized as a percentage of change from their values
at time 0, then averaged for each treatment group. The time-course curves for foot volume were subjected
to a two-way (treatment × time) repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post hoc t-test.
The total foot volume for each treatment was calculated in arbitrary units as the area under the curve
(AUC). The following equation was used to determine the percentage inhibition for each treatment.
Differences in AUCs were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Student-NewmanKeuls’ post hoc test. ED50
(dose responsible for 50% of the maximal effect) for each drug was determined by using an iterative
computer least squares method, with the following nonlinear regression (three-parameter logistic)
equation
Where X is the logarithm of the dose and Y is the response. Y starts at a (the bottom) and goes to b (the
top) with a sigmoid shape. The fitted midpoints (ED50s) of the curves were compared statistically using
the F test (Miller, 2003; Motulsky et al., 2003). GraphPad Prism for Windows version .03 (GraphPad
Software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used for all statistical analyses and ED50 determinations. P < 0.05 was
considered statistically significant.
Data were presented as the effect of drugs on the time course and the total edema response (Total edema
produced by each treatment is expressed in arbitrary units as AUC of the time-course curves) for 6 h using
GraphPad Prism for Windows version 9.92 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
Figures 4.1-4 show the time courses for the effects of Bombax buopozense, Acacia nilotica, Morinda
lucida and diclofenac in carrageenan-induced edema. Two-way ANOVA (treatment x time) revealed that,
except Acacia nilotica (F18, F (3, 16) = 6.362 P=0.0048, the effect of drug treatment for diclofenac (F18, F
(3, 16) = 4.591 P=0.0168), Bombax buopozense (F18, F (3, 16) = 32.25 P<0.0001), and Morinda lucida
(F18, F (3, 16) = 15.02 P<0.0001) were significant.
Negative Control
% change in paw size
20
Acacia nilotica 30mg/kg
15
Acacia nilotica
300mg/kg
10
Acacia nilotica 100mg/kg
5
0
2:00:00
-5
4:00:00
6:00:00
8:00:00
Time (Hours)
Figure 4. 1: Effect of Acacia nilotica (30, 100, and 300 mg kg-1; p.o) on time course curve
Negative Control
% change in paw size
20
Bombax buopozense 30mg/kg
15
Bombax
buopozense
300mg/kg
10
Bombax buopozense 100mg/kg
5
0
2:00:00
-5
4:00:00
6:00:00
8:00:00
Time (Hours)
Figure 4. 2: Effect of Bombax buopozense (30, 100, and 300 mg kg-1; p.o) on time course curve.
Normal saline
DICLOFENAC
10mg/kg RED
DICLOFENAC 30mg/kg GREEN
DICLOFENAC 100mg/kg BLACK
% change in paw size
20
15
10
5
0
2:00:00
-5
4:00:00
6:00:00
8:00:00
Time (Hours)
Figure 4. 3: Effect of Diclofenac (10, 30, and 100 mg kg-1; p.o) on time course curve.
Negative Control
% change in paw size
20
Morinda lucida 30mg/kg
15
Morinda lucida Extract 100mg/kg
Morinda lucida 300mg/kg
10
5
0
0:00:00
2:00:00
4:00:00
6:00:00
8:00:00
Time (Hours)
Figure 4. 4: Effect of Morinda lucida (30, 100, and 300 mg kg-1; p.o) on time course curve.
Morinda lucida (30-300 mg kg-1) dose-dependently and significantly reduced, the total foot
edema with maximal effect of 35.64±6.470% for Morinda lucida administered prophylactically
(Figure 4.5).
✱✱✱✱
✱
60
40
20
ML 300mg/kg
ML 100mg/kg
ML 30mgh/kg
0
Normal Saline
Total Oedema (Calc as AUC)
✱✱
Figure 4. 5: Total edema response (AUC) to Morinda lucida in carrageenan-induced paw edema in chicks. Values are meant ± S.D.
(n = 5). ***P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; *P < 0.05 compared to the Normal Saline (One-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keul’s post
hoc test).
Acacia nilotica (30-300 mg kg-1) dose-dependently reduced the total foot edema, with a maximal effect
of 35.01±5.32% for Acacia nilotica administered prophylactically (Figure 4.6).
✱✱
60
✱✱
40
20
AN 300mg/kg
AN 100mg/kg
AN 30mgh/kg
0
Normal saline
Total Oedema (Calc as AUC)
✱
Figure 4. 6: Total edema response (AUC) to Acacia nilotica in carrageenan-induced paw edema in chicks. Values are meant ± S.D.
(n = 5). ***P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; *P < 0.05 compared to the Normal Saline group (One-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keul’s
post hoc test).
Bombax buopozense (30-300 mg kg-1) dose-dependently reduced the total foot edema with a maximal
effect of 22.34±3.41% for Bombax buopozense administered prophylactically (Figure 4.7).
✱✱✱✱
60
✱✱✱✱
40
20
BB 300mg/kg
BB 100mg/kg
BB 30mgh/kg
0
Normal saline
Total Oedema (Calc as AUC)
✱✱✱✱
Figure 4. 7: In chicks, total edema response (AUC) to Bombax buopozense in carrageenan-induced paw edema. Valuesare
meants ± S.D. (n = 5). ***P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; *P < 0.05 compared to the Normal Saline (One-way ANOVA followed by
Newman-Keul’s post hoc test).
The Diclofenac (10-100 mg kg-1) dose-dependently reduced the edema with a maximal effect of
44.58±3.97% (Figure 4.8).
✱
60
ns
40
20
DICLO 100mg/kg
DICLO 30mg/kg
DICLO 10mg/kg
0
Normal saline
Total Oedema (Calc as AUC)
✱
Figure 4. 8: Total edema response (AUC) to Diclofenac in carrageenan-induced paw edema in chicks. Values are meant ± S.D. (n =
5). ***P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; *P < 0.05 compared to the Normal Saline (One-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keul’s post hoc
test).