Uploaded by Jerry Kasambayi

Research Exam 1

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Outline/Study guide Exam # 1 Nursing research
Nursing research is significant to the profession of nursing because it promotes generation of
a specialized body of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practice
A new BSN graduate has to have a basic understanding of the processes of research.
Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise,
and the needs and values of patients.
The initial step when developing a research study is Identifying the research problem.
Parts in a research study Hypothesis, Purpose, Methods and results
A hypothesis is a statement that expresses a possible relationship between variables or
phenomena, based on existing knowledge, theory, or observation. A research question, on the
other hand, is a question that seeks to explore or explain an aspect of your topic, without
making any assumptions or claims.
The mean (average) of a data set is found by adding all numbers in the data set and then
dividing by the number of values in the set. The median is the middle value when a data set is
ordered from least to greatest. The mode is the number that occurs most often in a data set
Principal investigator (PI) refers to the person(s) in charge of the research (person actually
leading or doing study). The principal investigator prepares and carries out the research.
A research subject is an individual that participates in research.
An operational definition is used to define concepts.
Know PICO question what mnemonic stands for (Population, Intervention, Comparison,
Outcome)
Bracketing (when a researcher writes down his/her ideas, perceptions, thoughts, and biases
about the topic of a study before starting data collection)
Know the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative data
The two paradigms in research that affect the research methodology of any research are
Quantitative and Qualitative
Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable.
Quantitative data tells us how many, how much, or how often in calculations.
Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language. Research
designs collect data through interviews, observations, and interactions
Qualitative data can help us to understand why, how, or what happened behind certain
behaviors.
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Ethics in research
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (unethical study in previous history involved withholding a
treatment from subjects to study the effects of a disease progression on subjects)
When obtaining informed consent from study subjects, the researcher will ensure that subjects
freely choose whether or not to participate and will provide subjects with General knowledge
and overview of the study
Cognitive impairments subjects need a legally authorized guardian must give informed
consent
The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) in a university or clinical agency is to
protect the human rights of subjects in proposed studies
The ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence (doing good to others), and
justice are considered essential elements in research involving human subjects and are
identified in the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in the Belmont
Report.
Justice (subject’s right to fair selection and treatment in a study)
Beneficence (ethical principle protects human subjects from harm)
Respect for persons means that we recognize that each person has the right and capacity to
make her or his own decisions. Respecting a person ensures that dignity is valued.
In a blind review for a peer-reviewed journal the reviewers of the article did not know the
identity of the author
For a study to be considered current, it should be published within the last 5 years.
Only Groundbreaking or landmark studies will be cited in a literature review may be decades
old
A summary and critique of another's scholarly work is an example of a secondary source in a
literature review
Types of research/studies:
Correlational study  Quantitative research method that examines the relationship of two
variables and describes the strength and direction of the relationship between them
Experimental study focuses on introducing an intervention to one group and comparing the
outcome to that of another group that has not experienced the intervention?
Longitudinal study  A nurse researcher monitors women with breast cancer for depression
before and throughout their chemotherapy treatment. Research participants were involved in
this research study for 2 years
Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or
phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
Quasi-experimental research are studies that aim to evaluate interventions but that do not use
randomization. Quasi-experiments aim to demonstrate causality between an intervention
and an outcome. An example of a quasi-experiment is studying a specific classroom of students
to determine certain learning outcomes. Participants are predetermined because they were
students in that specific classroom prior to the study
Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single
point in time. They are often used to measure the prevalence of health outcomes, understand
determinants of health, and describe features of a population. Example Cross-sectional
studies measure the cause (exposure) and the effect (disease) at the same point in time. They
compare the rates of diseases or symptoms of an exposed group with an unexposed group.
Retrospective study investigates outcomes specified at the beginning of a study by looking
backwards at data collected from previous patients. (Example) a sample is selected and the
researcher looks back at the history of the members of this sample. A researcher might
examine the medical histories of 1000 elderly women to identify the causes of health
problems.
Applied study/research is a type of examination looking to find practical solutions for existing
problems. These can include challenges in the workplace, education, and society.
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