Chapter 1
THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
"The study of structure and function of the body"
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
Ana means"apart" Tomy means"to
cut"
The scientific discipline
that deals with the
processes or FUNCTIONS of
living things
The scientific discipline that
investigates the STRUCTURE of the
body
Systemic Anatomy- by SYSTEM.
Regional Anatomy- by AREAS.
Surface Anatomy- external features
The Major Goals of
Physiology
Anatomical Imaginginvolves the use of X-Ray,
MRI, Ultrasound, etc.
(DNA) & Glucose
Structural and
3. TISSUE LEVEL
Function
1. 2.
To understand and
predict the body's
responses to stimuli
part works
1.
Organizational
of the Body
group of cell that
perform the same
function
HISTOLOGY- study of
tissues 4 TYPES OF
CHEMICAL LEVEL
TISSUE
simplest level of the
1. Epithelial Tissue-
structural ladder
covers body surface;
includes atoms and
lines hollow organs and
To understand how the
molecules Ex:
body
cavities and forms
Deoxyribonucleic Acid glands.
2. CELLULAR LEVEL
basic structural and
cell
Ex: Muscle Cell, Nerve Cell,
Epithelial Cell
functional units of an
2. Connective Tissue- connects,
organism that are composed
supports and protects body
of chemical.
organs while distributing blood
CYTOLOGY- study of the
vessels to other tissue
microscopic appearance of
3. Muscle Tissue- contracts to
make body part move and
information through nerve
generates heat
impulses
4. Nervous Tissue- carries
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
4. ORGAN LEVEL
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
achieves physical and
composed of two or more
chemical breakdown of food
tissues that perform the sam
absorb nutrients
function
eliminates solid wastes
Ex: Stomach, Heart, Brain,
Skin, Bones, Lungs
PERISTALSIS- movement of
gastrointestinal organs
5. SYSTEM LEVEL
consists of related organs
6. ORGANISM LEVEL
any living thing considered as
a whole whether composed of
one cell such as bacterium, or
of trillion of cells, such as
human.
with a common function
Ex: Digestive System- breaks
down and absorbs food
mouth, salivary gland,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small inestine, large
Anatomy and
Physiology of Body
Systems
intestine, gallbladder, liver
and pancreas.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
generates action potentials
(nerve impulses) to regulate
body activities
detecs changes in body's
internal and external
environments, interpret
changes and respond.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
heart pumps blood through
vessels
blood carries oxygen and
nutrients to cells and carbon
dioxide and wastes
leps regulate acid-base
balance, temperature and
helps regulate acid-base
water content of body fluid
balance of body fluids
air flowing out of lungs
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
transferred oxygen and
through vocal vocal cords
produces sound.
carbon dioxide
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
gonads produce gametes
(sperm or oocyte) that unite
to form a new organism
gonads also releases hormone
that regulate reproduction
and other body processes
transport and store gametes
URINARY SYSTEM
produce, store and eliminate
wastes
eliminate wastes and
regulates volume and
chemical composition of blood
maintain body's mineral
balance
helps regulate production of
red blood cells
ERYTHROPOETIN
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
returns proteins and fluid to
blood
carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract to blood
contains sites of maturation
and poliferation of B cells and
T cells that protect against
disease-causing microbes
SKELETAL SYSTEM
supports and protects body
provides surface area for
muscle attachment
aids body movements
houses cells that produce
blood cells (flat bones)
store minerals and lipids
(fats) (long bones)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
participates in body
movements
maintain posture
produce heat
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
protects body
store fat and provides
regulate body temperature
insulation
eliminates some wastes
helps make vitamin D
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
detects sensation such as
regulates body system by
touch, pain, warmth, and cold
releasing hormones
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
2. MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION
Basic Life
Processes
refers to the specific
interrelationships among the
parts of an organism and how
those parts interact to
perform
3. REPRODUCTION
1. METABOLISM
ability to use energy
Two Phases of Metabolism
1. CATABOLISM (catabol=
throwing down; -ism= a
condition) - breakdown of
formation of new cell for
tissue growth, repair or
requirement
production of new individual
4. RESPONSIVENESS
complex; produce energy
ability of an organism to
ANABOLISM (anabol= raising
sense changes in the
up) - building up smaller to
complex; uses energy
environment
5. GROWTH
increase in body size; increase
in the number of cells
regulated
SET VALUE POINT- normal
6. DEVELOPMENT/ DIFFERENTIATION
range
changes of an organism through
time
DEVELOPMENT- growth but
also involves differentiation
DIFFERENTIATION- changes in
Component of
Homeostatic Control
System
cell structure and function from
generalized
RECEPTOR- detects changes
Homeostasis
Homeo- sameness
Stasis= stand still
"The existence and
maintenance of the balance"
VARIABLE- factor being
and signal the control center
CONTROL CENTER- analyzes
the information it receives and
determine the appropriate
response
EFFECTOR- receives output
and produce the response
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
Feedback System
1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
reverse a chage in variable
2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
strengthen or reinforce a
change
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
BODY POSITION
have an initial
reference point
standard position
called ANATOMICAL
POSITION
ANATOMICAL
POSITION
RECLINING POSITION
PRONE- face down
SUPINE- face up
facing the observer;
face forward
lower limbs are
parallel and feet are
flat
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
TARSAL- ankle
Directional
Terms
DIGITAL- toe
PEDAL- foot
DORSUM- top of foot
HALLUX- great toe
CRANIAL- skull
SUPERIOR/CRANIAL- upper
part
INFERIOR/CAUDAL-lower
part
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL- front
POSTERIOR/DORSAL- back
MEDIAL- inner side
LATERAL- outer side
INTERMEDIATE- in between
SUPERFICIAL- more external
DEEP- more internal
INSPILATERAL- same side
CONTRALATERAL- opposite
FACIAL- face
CEPHALIC- head
FRONTAL- forehead
TEMPORAL- temple
ORBITAL/OCULAR- eye
OTIC- ear
BUCCAL- cheek
NASAL- nose
ORAL- mouth
MENTAL- chin
CLAVICLE- neck
STERNAL- breastbone
AXILLARY- armpit
side
PROXIMAL- near to the trunk
THORACIC- chest
DISTAL- far to the trunk
MAMMARY- breast
BRACHIAL_ arm
DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger
PUBIC- pubis
FEMORAL- thigh
PATELLAR- front of knee
CRURAL- leg or shin
ANTECUBITAL- front of elbow
ANTERBRACHIAL- forearm
ABDOMINAL- abdomen
UMBILICAL- navel
COXAL- hip
INGUINAL- groin
MANUAL- hand
PELVIC- pelvis
PLAMAR/VOLAR- palm
POLLEX- thumb
CARPAL- wrist
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
OCCIPITAL- base of
skull SCAPULARshoulder blade
VERTEBRAL- spinal
column DORSAL- back
LUMBAR- loin
SACRAL- between hips separates right and left
OLECRANAL/CUBITAL side
back of elbow
A. MIDSAGITTAL/
GLUTEAL- buttock
1.
MEDIAN PLANE- eqaul
SAGITTAL PLANE
vertical plane that
left and right side
B. PARASAGITTAL
PLANE unequal side
PERINEAL- region of anus & external organs
DORSUM- back of hand POPLITEAL- hollow behind knee
SURAL- calf
PLANTAR- sole
CALCANEAL- heel
Body Planes
& Section
PLANES
flat surface that pass
through the body parts
pertains to cut
SECTION
image/view of the body or one of its organ
pertains to the view
2. FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE vertical plane that separates anterior (front)
and posterior (back) portions
cut runs from right to left side or vice versa
3. TRANSVERSE PLANE
horizontal plane that
separates superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions also known as
CROSS
SECTIONAL/HORIZONTAL PLANE
4. OBLIQUE PLANE
diagonal cut; angle other than the right angle (90 degree)
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Body Cavities
CAVITIES
The body contains many cavities. Some of these cavities, such as the nasal
cavity, open to the outside of the body, and some do not. The trunk
contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body:
the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity The
thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the
abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm. It is divided into right and
left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum. The mediastinum
is a partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the
esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side of
the mediastinum.
The abdominal cavity is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and
contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas,
and the kidneys.
The pelvic cavity is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and
contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal
reproductive organs.
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and
sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Serous Membrane
Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these
cavities.
To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ,
imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon.
The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist represents the visceral
serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall represents the
parietal serous membrane.
The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes
is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by
the membranes. As an organ rubs against another organ or against the
body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction
surface of the thoracic wall, the lateral
The thoracic cavity contains three
serous membrane lined cavities: a
pericardial cavity and two pleural
cavities.
surfaces of the mediastinum, and the
superior surface of the diaphragm. The
pleural cavity is located between the
visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
and contains pleural fluid
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
PLEURAL CAVITY
A pleural cavity
surrounds each lung,
which is covered by
visceral pleura. Parietal pleura lines
the inner
The pericardial cavity surrounds the
heart. The visceral pericardium covers
the heart, which is contained within a
connective tissue sac lined with the
parietal
pericardium. The pericardial cavity,
which contains pericardial fluid, is
peritoneum covers many of the organs
located between the visceral
of the
pericardium and the parietal
abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal
pericardium.
peritoneum lines the wall of the
abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
surface of the diaphragm. The
peritoneal cavity is located between the
The abdominopelvic cavity contains a
visceral peritoneum and the parietal
serous membrane-lined cavity called
peritoneum and contains peritoneal
the peritoneal cavity. Visceral
fluid.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
The serous membranes can become inflamed—
usually as a result of an infection.
PERICARDITIS (per′i-kar-dı′tis) is inflammation
of the pericardium, PLEURISY (ploor′i-s̄) is
inflammation of the pleura, and PERITONITIS
̄
(per′i-t-nı′tis) is inflammation of the peritoneum.
MESENTERIES (mes′en-ter-z̄ ), which consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect
the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body
wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs. The mesenteries anchor the
organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have
mesenteries. Parietal peritoneum covers these other organs, which are said to be retroperitoneal
̄
(re′tr̄ -per′i-t-n̄′̆l; retro, behind). The retroperitoneal organs include the kidneys, the adrenal
glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
The upper limb is divided into the arm,
Body Parts & Region
The central region of the body
consists of the HEAD, NECK, and
TRUNK.
The trunk can be divided into the
thorax (chest), abdomen (region
between the thorax and pelvis), and
pelvis (the inferior end of the trunk
forearm, wrist, and hand.
The arm extends from the shoulder to
the elbow, and the forearm extends
from the elbow to the wrist.
The lower limb is divided into the
thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
The thigh extends from the hip to the
knee, and the leg extends from the
knee to the ankle.
associated with the hips).
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Body Parts
& Region
The abdomen is often subdivided superficially
into four sections, or quadrants, by two
imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical
—that intersect at the navel.
The quadrants formed are:
right-upper,
left-upper,
right-lower,
left-lower quadrants.
The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into
regions by four imaginary lines—two horizontal
and two vertical. These four lines create an
imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen,
resulting in nine regions:
epigastric (ep-i-gas′trik),
right and left hypochondriac (hı-p̄-kon′dr̄ -ak),
̆
umbilical (̆m-bil′i-kl),
̆
right and left lumbar (lm′bar),
hypogastric (hı-p̄-gas′trik), and
right and left iliac (il′̄-ak).
Clinicians use the quadrants or regions as
reference points for locating the underlying
organs. For example, the appendix is in the right
lower quadrant, and the pain of an acute
appendicitis is usually felt there.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
SUMMARY
ANATOMY
1. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body.
2. Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems. Regional anatomy is the
study of the body by areas.
3. Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures, and anatomical
imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deep structures.
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body.
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. The human body can be organized into six levels: chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ
system, and organism.
2. The eleven organ systems are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic,
respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive
systems.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
The characteristics of life are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth,
development, and reproduction.
HOMEOSTASIS
1. Homeostasis is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the
internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life. 2.
Negative-feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
3. Positive-feedback mechanisms make deviations from normal even greater. Although a
few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the body, most positive-feedback
mechanisms are harmful.
BODY POSITION
1. A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides,
and the palms facing forward is in the anatomical position.
2. A face-upward position is supine and a face-downward one is prone.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual
position.
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. 2. The
abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are useful
for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
SUMMARY
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. 2. The
abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are useful
for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.
PLANES
1. A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts, a transverse plane divides the
body into superior and inferior parts, and a frontal plane divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts.
2. A longitudinal section divides an organ along its long axis, a transverse section cuts an
organ at a right angle to the long axis, and an oblique section cuts across the long axis at an
angle other than a right angle.
BODY CAVITIES
1. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm. The mediastinum divides
the thoracic cavity into two parts.
2. The abdominal cavity is bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.
3. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic bones.
SEROUS MEMBRANES
1. The trunk cavities are lined by serous membranes. The parietal part of a serous membrane
lines the wall of the cavity, and the visceral part covers the internal organs. 2. The serous
membranes secrete fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral membranes.
The serous membranes protect organs from friction.
3. The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, the pleural cavities surround the lungs, and
the peritoneal cavity surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs.
4. Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and
provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs.
5. Retroperitoneal organs are found “behind” the parietal peritoneum. The kidneys, the
adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder are examples
of retroperitoneal organs.
REFERENCE
Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition.
No Copyright Intended.