REVIEWER WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT o Water resources are sources of water that are Agricultural: It is estimated that 69% of worldwide useful or potentially useful to humans. Uses of water use is for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation water withdrawals being unsustainable. include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. o USES OF WATER Fresh water is renewable resources like soil and Industrial: It is estimated that 15% of worldwide water use is industrial. Recreational water: use is usually a very small but air. The distribution of water on the Earth’s surface is extremely uneven. Only 3% of water on the growing percentage of total water use. Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs. surface is fresh; the remaining 97% resides in the Household: It is estimated that 15% of worldwide water ocean. Of freshwater, 69% resides in glaciers, use is for household purposes. 30% underground, and less than 1% is located in Environmental: Explicit environmental water use is lakes, rivers, and swamps. Looked at another way, also a very small but growing percentage of total water only one percent of the water on the Earth’s surface use. is usable by humans, and 99% of the usable WATER POLLUTION quantity is situated underground. Any physical or chemical change in water that Water resources are divisible into two distinct adversely affects the health of humans and other categories: organisms. ▪ Surface water resources - Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Types of Water Pollution Surface water is naturally replenished by Sewage - The release of wastewater from drains or precipitation sewers and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, and sub- ❖ Oligotrophic - Unenriched, clear water surface seepage. ▪ that supports small populations of Ground-water resources - Sub-surface water, or aquatic organisms. groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore ❖ Eutrophic Slow - flowing stream, lake space of oil and rocks. It is also water that is or estuary enriched by inorganic plant flowing within aquifers below the water table. and algal nutrients such as phosphorus Desalination is an artificial process by often due to fertilizer or sewage runoff which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. ▪ Disease-causing agents - Infectious organisms that Frozen Water - Several schemes have been cause diseases Originate in the wastes of infected proposed to make use of icebergs as a water individuals. source, however to date this has only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water. ❖ Fecal coliform test - Indicates the presence of pathogenic organisms REVIEWER Sediment pollution - Excessive amounts of suspended soil particles. Originates from erosion of agricultural lands. Groundwater Pollution Note: Read or Search about Water Pollution in Philippines, and Good and bad uses of water. Inorganic plant and algal nutrients - Chemicals such SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT as nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate the growth - of plants and algae. Organic compounds - Chemicals that contain carbon atoms Natural examples: sugars, amino acids, and oils. Republic Act No. 9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act - All discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial Inorganic chemicals - Contaminants that contain waste, street. sweepings, construction debris, elements other than carbon Examples: acids, salts, and agricultural heavy metals. hazardous/non-toxic waste (RA No. 9003) Radioactive Substance - Contain atoms of unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiation Sources. waste, and other non- Classification Of Solid Waste Agricultural waste- refer to waste generated from Thermal pollution - Chemicals that contain carbon planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or pruning atoms Natural examples: sugars, amino acids, and oils. of plants and wastes or run-off materials from farms or fields. Water Quality Today Bulky waste- refer to waste materials which cannot Types of Water Pollution • be appropriately placed in separate containers Point Source Pollution: water pollution that can be traced to a specific origin Discharge via pipes, sewage, and ditches. • Non-point Source Pollution: pollutants that enter bodies of water over large areas rather than being concentrated at a single point of pollution infectious characteristics. institutional and industrial wastes and street litters; Special waste- refer to household hazardous wastes Municipal Water Pollution such as paints, thinners, household batteries, leadacid batteries, spray canisters and the like. Industrial Wastes in Water pollutants quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or include a combination of domestic, commercial, Agriculture is one of the sources of water Different combination of solid waste which because of its activities within local government units which Water Pollution from Agriculture - Hazardous waste- refer to solid waste or Municipal waste- refer to wastes produced from entry. - because of either its bulky size. industries generate different Yard waste- refer to wood, small or chipped branches, leaves, grass clippings, garden debris, vegetable residue that is recognizable as part of a REVIEWER plant or vegetable and other materials identified by the Commission. Declaration of Principles • Basic Policies of Republic Act N0. 9003 - Ensure the protection of public health and environment. Protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthy ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature • Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary responsibility of Prohibited Acts of Republic Act N0. 9003 local - environment problems. Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, such as roads, sidewalks, • units to deal with Recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning canals, esteros or parks, and establishment, or the habitat and environment is primarily area causing or permitting the same based. Initiatives Of the LGU • • • • Recognizes that “polluters must pay” • Recognizes that a clean and healthy South Cotabato’s Clean and Green environment is for the good of all and should Program therefore be the concern of all Solid Waste Management Program (SWMP) Recycling Facilities Sanitary Landfill’s Declaration of Policies - Fines And Penalties Any person who violates Sec. 48, paragraph (1) The State shall pursue a policy of balancing development and environmental protection. (SLF) Cell No.2 - government Recognition of Rights - Rights of citizens are sought to be recognized shall, upon conviction, be punished with a fine and the State shall seek to guarantee their of not less than three hundred pesos (P300.00) enjoyment. but not more than one thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or render community service for not less than one (1) day to not more than fifteen (15) days to an LGU where such prohibited acts are committed, or both. THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 Otherwise known as Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, is a comprehensive air quality management policy and regulatory framework aimed at reducing air pollution and protecting public health and the environment. This landmark legislation was enacted on June 23, 1999, and serves as the primary law addressing air quality issues in the country. The Clean Air Act covers various aspects of air quality management, including the following: 1. National Air Quality Control Action Plan: The Act mandates the development of a comprehensive plan to address air pollution. 2. Emission Standards: The Act sets specific emission standards for different types of vehicles and industries. These standards are based on best available technology and are regularly reviewed and updated. 3. Monitoring and Enforcement: The Act empowers the Department of Environment and REVIEWER Natural Resources (DENR) and its regional offices, along with other relevant government agencies, to monitor air quality, and enforce compliance with the emission standards and other requirements. Beneficial Uses of Water Domestic purposes - means the utilization of water for drinking, washing, bathing, cooking or other household needs, home gardens and watering of lawns or domestic animals 4. Fuel Quality: The Act sets standards for the quality of fuel used in vehicles and industries to reduce harmful emissions. This includes limits Municipal purposes - the utilization of water for supplying water requirements of the community on sulfur content, benzene, and other pollutants Irrigation - the utilization of water for producing in gasoline and diesel fuel. agricultural crops 5. Airshed Management: The Act establishes Power generation - the utilization of water for airsheds, which are geographic areas with producing electrical or mechanical power similar air quality characteristics and pollution Fisheries - the utilization of water for the propagation sources, and requires the development of of culture of fish as a commercial enterprise airshed management plans to address air quality Livestock raising - the utilization of water for large issues in these areas. herds or flocks of animals raised as a commercia 6. Public Education and Information: The Act enterprise promotes public awareness and education on air pollution, its effects on health and the environment, and ways to prevent and reduce it. Industrial purposes - the utilization of water in factories, industrial plants and mines, including the use of water as an ingredient of a finished product 7. Penalties and Incentives: The Act imposes penalties for violations of its provisions, including fines, imprisonment, and the suspension or revocation of permits. It also provides incentives for individuals and industries that adopt cleaner technologies or practices. Recreational purposes - the utilization of water for swimming pools, bath houses, boating, water skiing, golf courses and Law signed to "pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters." similar facilities in resorts and other places of recreation. Pollutants - REPUBLIC ACT 9275 (PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004) other any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive. Sources of Pollutants Waste - Hazardous waste, Industrial waste, potentially infectious medical waste, Septage, and Sewage. Water Quality Management Area - The Department (DENR), in with National Water coordination Resources Board (NWRB), shall designate certain areas as REVIEWER water quality appropriate management physiographic watershed, river basins or areas units water using such as resources regions. other concerned agencies and academic research institutions, shall establish a national research and development program for the prevention and control of water pollution. National Sewerage and Septage Management Rewards - Rewards, monetary or otherwise, shall be Program provided to - Such program shall include a priority listing of sewerage, septage and combined sewerageseptage projects for LGUs based on population density and growth. Domestic Sewage Collection, Treatment, and Disposal - individuals, private organization and entities, including civil society, that have undertaken outstanding and innovative projects, technologies, processes and techniques or activities in water quality management. Incentive Schemes - An incentive scheme is hereby provided for the purpose of encouraging LGUs, water districts (WDs), enterprises, or private entities, and Within five (5) years following the effectivity individuals, to develop or undertake an effective water of this Act, the Agency vested to provide water quality management, or actively participate in any supply and sewerage facilities. program geared towards the promotion thereof as National Water Quality Management Fund - A water provided in this act. quality management fund. Prohibited Acts Water Pollution Permits and Charges - Discharging, depositing or causing to be The Department (DENR) shall implement a deposited material of any kind directly or wastewater charge system in all management areas indirectly into the water bodies or along the through the collection of wastewater charges/fees. margins of any surface water, where, the same shall be liable to be washed into such surface Lead Agency water, either by tide action or by storm, floods or otherwise, which could cause water pollution The Department (DENR) shall be the primary or impede natural flow in the water body. government agency responsible for the implementation and enforcement of this Act unless otherwise provided Fines, Damages, and Penalty herein. Role of Local Government Units Any person who commits any of the prohibited acts provided in the immediately preceding the section or violates any of the provision of this management and improvement of water quality within Act or its implementing rules and regulations, their territorial jurisdictions. shall be fined by the Secretary, upon the Shall share the responsibility in Pollution Research and Development Program The Department, in coordination with the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), recommendation of the PAB in the amount of not less than ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) nor more than Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00) for every day of violation.
