Page 83 1. Rituals-No-one really knows how theatre began but it most likely evolved from religeous and tribal rituals (storytelling) and other activities of primitive man. Greek Drama was presented exculusively at festivals honouring Dionysus the Greek god of wine and fertility. Plays recreated Greek myths and celebrated the seasons which relate to the circles of life. The early theatre develeped from hyms in honour of Dionysus which were performed by a chorus of men lead by a priest. These early plays were performed by a group of men and boys called chorus. They work as a group to provide commentary on the action of the story. But even with the introduction of the actors, they still remain in the background, acting as narrators providing insight to the action on stage and the characters` thoughts. They were very a few people on stage in general, which meant that everyone has to play multiple roles. The drama masks were used for this purpose. The smiling comedy and frowning tragedy mask were visual representations of Greek muses and were used to enhance the songs and actions on stage. Famous plyawrights: Sopochles Aeschylus Euripides MIDDLE AGES Roman Theatre.-In the third century BC the Roman people translated many of the Greek plays and presented them in Roman theatres. As Rome began to expand as a power Greek theatre began to disapear and up until 600AD the theatre was particularly Roman.The Romans used masks like the Greeks. For several hundred years after the fall of the Roman empire there was hardly any theatre because of the opposition of the church who banned theatre for moral and ethical reasons. The irony is that the church was the group that reintroduced theatre and plays to the people. This was done by performing bible stories and church plays based on brilliant miracles. RENAISSANCE The rebirth of interest in drama across Europe that introduced many of the elements we still think of when we imagine an theatre: indoor theatres, an arched stage, a curtain dropped between scenes, more elaborate set designs. The purpose of drama transitioned from stories told by church to stories primarily for entertainment both for the royalty and commoners. Renaissance actually began in Italy, where music, song and dances were implemented into plays produced in the new indoor theatres. From there, the rebirth of the arts moved to the other countries in Europe. The French imitated Italian theatre and boasted the talent of playwright, Moliere, whose plays poked fun at the people in important positions. In spain, they kept some of the religious drama, but also began performing action-based plays. England- embraced renaissance during the reign of queen Elizabeth I and continued through the reign of king james I and king Charles I. theate flourished this time and produced greatest playwrights such as: Christopher Marlowe- known for his tragedies Ben Johnson- known for his comedies William Shakespeare- most well-known until today who wrote both tragedies and comedies ROMANTICISM Theatre remained popular with a few minor changes when women began acting on stage. By 1800`s, romanticism, which began in Germany, began to influence the content of scripts written on stage. The typical play focused on a hero who was fighting against an unjust society to maintain his rights as a human being. These plays embraced nature and the supernatural. The most popular of these days were the melodrama, a play where the hero always succeeds. It has lots of suspense with "good" always winning and "evil" punished. Johann wolfgang von Goethe – faust Alexander dumas- the three musketeers, the count of monte cristo 8. Realism With new scientific and psychological discoveries, people began to want more realistic stories that reflected the world around them. This transition was a reaction against the romanticism idealism. The Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), is credited with establishing realism and naturalism also is often referred to as the father of modern drama.This type of drama focuses on presenting the audience a realistic slice of life with strict observations to staging costumes and acting. . MODERN PERIOD Realistic theatre is extremely popular in spite of some attempts to move away from the style. Among these attempts is absurdism. The primarily European theatre of the absurd of the 1950s sprung from the belief that our existence has no purpose, as a result, there is little in the world that is logical or rational. In absurdism, the dialogue is illogical and actions irrational. These plays usually end in silence. Minority theate- plays that focused on minority groups and their struggles, 1960s Lorraine Hansberry- first African-american woman to find success in American theatre Today modern theatre is a mix of style that expanded with the use of multimedia Well-known modern playwrights: Eugen O`Neill- nobel laureate, first American playwright to find success abroad Long day`s journey into the night- autobiographical that explores his family`s struggles with addiction and loss Arthur miller- The Crucible: in response of the mccarthy trials of the 1950s Death of a salesman: won 1949 pulitzer prize Tenessee Williams- the glass menagerie, a streetcar named desire 2. I liked the renaissance period the most because this is the time when the greatest playwright, Shakespeare, flourished and that drama has reached its highest peak in this time for many people loved it from all social classes. 3. He conducted it by using a bare stage for the audience to focus on the dialogues of the characters and lets them have the freedom to imagine the setting, giving his characters a monologue to speak, actors are all men and their acting are exaggerated, and the lines are usually blank verse in iambic pentameter. 4. Victorian- New theatres were opened to satisfy a growing demand for entertainment from the workers who flooded into the major cities as the Industrial Revolution took hold. Transpo was better, Elizabethan- It was an affordable entertainment (costing as little as a penny for a two hour play). The theatre was a good place to socialise. The plays dealt with topics that appealed to Elizabethan audiences 5. he followed Aristotle`s concept of tragedies. 6. I like the comedies most because these have complex plot lines that makes it interesting and exciting, frequent use of puns that lessens the tension and the happy endings that the characters get to have. 7. A great drama has the power to communicate universal truths that bring civilizations from all over the world together on a personal level. Because of their humanistic essence, these stories transcend boundaries no matter where they are told. 5. A usurer is someone who takes advantage of the kindness of people and uses it for his own good. I feel disgusted by them because they are rude and selfish with regards to their integrity 6. The moneyleader lost his wealth and dignity. I dont have any reasons for sympathizing with them for they were usurers. 7. Shylock asked for a pound of Antonio`s flesh 8. Shylock didn’t want to temper justice with mercy because he believed that it was his revenge from all the bullyings he had received. 9. He refers to Portia as a "Daniel," after Daniel, a renowned judge in the Bible. 10. Antonio is saved by Portia's witty wit. The words "a pound of flesh" are written on the bond, but she analyzes it and swiftly discovers that no blood is written, which she uses against Shylock and wins the case. 11. She punished him by losing all his wealth 12. A. I do agree by this passage because being merciful is like following God`s words and likes that is innate in people with good hearts. b. I agree on this because money is essential in the life of a person. Most common problems of the people living are about money so I can say that it gives you all your needs. 9. Antonio is a generous MAN who offers money to those in need without charging interest. In this way, he differs from Shylock, who is a usurer. 10. shylock doesn’t need sympathy for his misbehavior and cruel attitude towards Antonio but I do symphathize him for the misfortunes and racism he had went through. Page 88 1. Yes I have experienced it. I feel unappreciated and envy the attention and love that my parents gave to the favorite child. 2. The traitors died because of their selfishness. I am satisfied of the consequences they had experienced after all. 3. King lear disliked her because of her silence on how much she loves her father for flattery words aren’t enough to describe it. 4. She died because she was an ally of King Lear and was against Edmund and her sisters. 5. He did it because he has lust for money and power. His goal of becoming an earl in his own right necessitates him inheriting all of his father's riches and power. To convince his father that Edmund is deserving of the estate, he convinces him that Edgar is about to murder him. Edmund persuades Edgar to conceal and not speak to their father at the same time.Edmund chose to betray his father in order to receive a prize from Cornwall. Edmund betrays his father by informing Cornwall of the impending arrival of an army to attack Cornwall in Britain. 6. He regrets how he treated his son and is grateful to his beggar friend for assisting him. 7. His daughters eventually betray him by depriving him of his remaining authority and rights 8. I characterize her as a sincere, loving and courageous daughter and individual. 9. To avoid being captured by the men who are hunting him, 10. It is tragic because disloyalty and betrayals were showed by the people who they thought are the one to be distrusted while the good people died and were accused of crimes they haven’t made. Page 89 1. repentance brings forgiveness, which in turn leads to reconciliation by The restoration of Hermione and Perdita which is almost a miracle 2. Paulina as the admirable agent of reconciliation who has a crucial role for increasing the dramatic intensity/ 3. The Winter's Tale is said to have an hourglass structure with the same sand (content) running through in different directions (genres) for each half. This, "diptych" allows for the exploration of many contrasts and similar themes. 4. yes because these things are very important to a person that when its taken away, the future life 5. is difficult to navigate and it feels like there is a missing part of you. yes for he just jumped into conclusion that his wife and guest are lovers without presenting reliable evidences of their affair. 6. He presents the good-natured relationship of the parent-relationship like how leontes and hermione spoke affectionately of his son and also the difficulties of it like how Polixenes hindered Florizel`s marriage proposal to Peridita. 7. Autolycus provides illuminating, if playful, counterpoint to Leontes` story.his role serves to advance a variety of themes on art and nature, appearance and reality 8. It suggests that people with great power wasn’t used properly rather than of those with less power have great decisions yet weren’t considered. 9. The impact it these bring are it makes the story more interesting and takes us away from the bitter realities of life. 10. He treated it like of the winter season and the warm weather in which death is represented by winter where loneliness and coldness creeps like how death of a person leaves the living, unhappy and alone. With birth, the warm weather is associated as nature begins to grow after a long winter which brings hope and joy like the essence of birth. 11. Its significance is that the atmosphere of the drama is marked by winter and mist, fog of suspicion, jealousy and injustice that makes it a good choice of a title. Page 92 1. He is better for he can withstand the wind. 2. Vision: humility Persona: humble person Addressee: people with egoistic pride Meter: Stanza: Lines: 31 Form: free verse 3. If for you that's is a forceful wind of death to me that's only a breath of gentle breeze. The oak tree pities the reed for having such strength to face the wind. 4. It said that if the reed had been born in the protection of the foliage, it would defend the reed. 5. It thinks it`s safe for it just bends when the wind comes. It is proven when the oak tree was uprooted. 6. The powerful and prideful people like kings represent the oak tree while the reed represents the poor people who can adapt to the challenges they face. 7. The poem shows how adaptation and resilience might be more vital than strength in some situations. Page 93 1. The crow is carrying a piece of cheese. 2. Vision: be careful of who you trust Persona: a person who experienced being tricked Addressee: innocent people who haven’t got tricked yet Meter: Stanza: Lines: 18 Form: free verse 3. The fox said its voice is beautiful and it is a handsome and good-looking. It wasn’t true because it was a trick 4. The purpose was to get the cheese from the crow. His flattery worked for the crow opened its beak and dropped the cheese. 5. The crow learned that flattery could be a trick and promises to be careful of it. 6. Yes it is. Page 96 1. I don’t want him/her to feel likeable especially if his/her behavior is intolerable and immoral. There is a place for them in a civilized atmosphere. 2. He wants to end it because he hated philintes` friendliness to a man he barely knows which for him is a pretense that he should be shameful of. 3. He said that he was angry and didn’t like to be friends with a corrupt heart after seeing his politeness. 4. From the Alceste’s point of view his former friend showed low hypocrisy, incompatible with a genuine spiritual advantage. In response to the Philinte’s objection that living in a society, a person is not free from the habits and customs required of decency, Alceste strongly condemned ungodly secular of infamy lies and pretense. 5. Philinte defended himself through stating that we must be "a bit merciful to human nature" and not "judge it with the utmost rigor for we are merely humans, innately imperfect. 6. “Be sincere; by a strict code of honor abide; let in all that you say your heart be your guide.” He answered him by explaining things to do in order to conform to society norms. 7. I don’t agree with it because you can still be honest and brave in a polite way. There is no need to be harsh on saying the truth. 8. He means that strict candor has an impact that may inevitably hurt a person even if one wants to uphold nothing but the truth. 9. Philinte argues that it is important to behave in a pleasant, friendly manner with all people and that people have flaws. He was disappointed on this matter. 10. I do agree with Philinte because all of us have our own flaws yet we need to display our modest behavior for us to be able to live in peace. If people just blatantly tell their opinions, everything would be in chaos. Page 97 1. It was when my parents had a misunderstanding and my mom went away from home for awhile that made me worried about her and our family. I prayed to God for guidance and strength to keep this family intact and pleaded my father to try talking and reconciling with my mom. 2. Vision: being strong and hopeful in times of weariness Persona: man who had endured and passed through tough times Addressee: people who are struggling and losing hope Meter: Stanza: 5 Lines: 20 Form: rhymed poetry 3. The three words are faith, hope and love 4. The values that we should cultivate are faith, hope and love for these will guide us to overcome our difficulties in life. 5. These values help us through reminding us that we are not alone and that we can find a way to solve these problems and just have faith in yourself and in God. 6. It means there is a silver-lining in every problem that you will encounter. 7. Yes there are like meditation which can help a person be able to reflect on oneself and improve it. Page 101 1. I am aware of the Ukranian-Russian war. I feel distraught about it knowing many innocent lives are at stake and it will affect other countries also. 2. Setting: Canada Characters: animals, genealogist, Bourdaloue, prince, Massillon, the prince`s people Plot: Exposition: the awareness that all animals are constantly at war; every species is created to consume another in order to survive. This piece serves as a reminder to men to use their rational thinking in good use rather than resembling animal instinct. War always brings destruction, famine and death to many people. Rising action: a genealogist comes to a prince that he descends in a right line from a count, whose parents made a family compact, three or four hundred years ago, with a house the recollection of which does not even exist. This province which is some hundred leagues distant from him in vain protests that it knows him not; that it has no desire to be governed by him; that to give laws to its people, he must at least have their consent. Three 3. The author`s view on war is that it is a waste of human lives and resources that never results good to humans. I agree with them because it is obvious that war does nothing but damage the lives of the people and the world, it is unjustifiable. 4. It doesn’t justify war for it means that being at war makes human`s logical capacity degrade in a way that we act like lowly animals. 5. The most wonderful part of this infernal enterprise is that each chief of the murderers causes his colors to be blessed, and solemnly invokes God before he goes to exterminate his neighbors. Yes, I have seen it in real life. 6. The author suggests that 7. I suggest that nation leaders should allow one another to have a meaningful conversation before they pull their triggers. Compromise with one another and be open to connections and peace. Page 104 1. I think they do but it may be difficult to be given oppurtunities to start anew. 2. The author thinks that the society is unjust especially to the poor. There are differences but still the prejudice are still present. 3. He was offered shelter by the bishop myriel in the cathedral in the town of Digne. He was declined by innkeepers knowing that he was an ex-convict yet bishop myriel treated him like a guest. He couldn’t sleep well because he wasn’t used to sleeping in a comfortable bed and he kept thinking of bishop myriel`s silverware. 4. He intends to steal the bishop`s silverware. It was shown that he was undecided when had second thoughts on bashing the bishop`s head yet went away with the silverware in a sack. 5. The bishop had given the silver to Jean Valjean so that he can use the money to stay away from stealing and turn himself into an honest man of God. 6. He saved him by telling that the silverware he stole were actually a gift for Valjean. 7. It means that the bishop is a life saver to valjean and that he is ashamed of his actions towards the bishop. He hopes that the bishop will forgive him. 8. I learned that mistakes will never define who you are as a person, it simply encourages the person to be better. I learned as well that there is goodness in every person. Page 108 1. The acacia trees are signs of strength and endurance for me because of the magnificence of their trunk and the spreading out of their branches which endures a lot of years. 2. It felt superior because it had lived more years than of the other inhabitants and that it saw all of the things that the others couldn’t see. 3. They are different through the time they spent in sleeping. Trees have to sleep throughout winter while people have to sleep for just couple hours a day. 4. I would prefer the latter because I like to rest after a long day than working many months before resting through a whole month. 5. He felt pity for them. 6. It means that life is living for the moment not having more moments in life. 7. I think it did because the oak tree dreamed of the things he wanted. I did expect his death. 8. I predicted it when its roots were loosening and it went upward the sky and it praised God.
