‎
‎population growth and structure
（
‎ s develop, growth of population declines.
a
‎death rate decreases, birth rates fall at
‎greater rate reason: better healthcare,
‎education, sanitation, housing and
‎nutrition-- live longer; decline in infant
‎mortality, increased cost of bringing up
‎children, increase in women participation in
‎labour-- decline in birth rate.
）
c‎ ountries with high income & development-‎natural rate of decrease in population/ rise
‎in population ( attract net immigration)
‎causes of changes in population
l‎ ow development--high rates of growth.
‎reason: need to have children to support
‎parents in old age, lack of availability of
‎methods of birth control, low costs of raising
‎children, lack of education of women, high
‎infant mortality rate because will not expect
‎all of them to survive.
‎ igher birth rate with low development--low
h
‎average age of population--high dependency
‎ratios-- small proportion of working
‎population has to produce enough goods to
‎sustain a large number of young people
‎ igh development -- decreasing birth rate
h
‎and death rate-- ageing population-‎dependency ratio high since old people rely
‎on them. when living longer--costs of health
‎and pensions rise--to reduce the cost-‎government increase retirement age.
‎optimum population
‎ hapter 51.
C
‎Characteristics of
‎countries at
‎different levels of
‎development
‎ ptimum population when output per head
o
‎is the greatest
l‎ ow income per head-- high proportion in
‎rural areas; rapid rates of rual-urban
‎migration-- put pressure on infrastructure,
‎housing and schools in urban areas.
‎level of urbanisation
‎ igh income country--majority in urban
h
‎areas--little growth in urban population;
‎some people move out of urban area as
‎advances in tech allow more people to work
‎from home.
s‎ ome countries income unevenly
‎distributed-- income-generating assets, like
‎land, are owned by a few people-- great
‎extremes of wealth and poverty (Latin
‎America)
‎income distribution
‎Gini coefficient
‎numerical measure of extent of inequality
‎ igh income per head--most labour in
h
‎tertiary sector; low income have a high
‎dependence on primary sector--- high
‎dependency on agricultural output makes
‎the economy vulnerable to nature (drought-‎famine)
‎employment in different sectors
‎ hen develops, contribution of primary
w
‎sector declines--secondary becomes major
‎source--tertiary
‎Economic structure
‎pattern of trade
l‎ ow development and income--primary
‎products most export revenue--vulnerable
‎in trading relations-- dmeand and supply
‎change significantly.