population growth and structure
（
s develop, growth of population declines.
a
death rate decreases, birth rates fall at
greater rate reason: better healthcare,
education, sanitation, housing and
nutrition-- live longer; decline in infant
mortality, increased cost of bringing up
children, increase in women participation in
labour-- decline in birth rate.
）
c ountries with high income & development-natural rate of decrease in population/ rise
in population ( attract net immigration)
causes of changes in population
l ow development--high rates of growth.
reason: need to have children to support
parents in old age, lack of availability of
methods of birth control, low costs of raising
children, lack of education of women, high
infant mortality rate because will not expect
all of them to survive.
igher birth rate with low development--low
h
average age of population--high dependency
ratios-- small proportion of working
population has to produce enough goods to
sustain a large number of young people
igh development -- decreasing birth rate
h
and death rate-- ageing population-dependency ratio high since old people rely
on them. when living longer--costs of health
and pensions rise--to reduce the cost-government increase retirement age.
optimum population
hapter 51.
C
Characteristics of
countries at
different levels of
development
ptimum population when output per head
o
is the greatest
l ow income per head-- high proportion in
rural areas; rapid rates of rual-urban
migration-- put pressure on infrastructure,
housing and schools in urban areas.
level of urbanisation
igh income country--majority in urban
h
areas--little growth in urban population;
some people move out of urban area as
advances in tech allow more people to work
from home.
s ome countries income unevenly
distributed-- income-generating assets, like
land, are owned by a few people-- great
extremes of wealth and poverty (Latin
America)
income distribution
Gini coefficient
numerical measure of extent of inequality
igh income per head--most labour in
h
tertiary sector; low income have a high
dependence on primary sector--- high
dependency on agricultural output makes
the economy vulnerable to nature (drought-famine)
employment in different sectors
hen develops, contribution of primary
w
sector declines--secondary becomes major
source--tertiary
Economic structure
pattern of trade
l ow development and income--primary
products most export revenue--vulnerable
in trading relations-- dmeand and supply
change significantly.
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