The Rise of World Religions Religion is an organized body of thought, cultural practices, and worldviews that connect people to spirituality and, occasionally, moral principles (Paczyska, 2013). In a nutshell, global religions refer to the biggest and most well-known religions in the world, according to UVU (n.d.). This encompasses Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism. It is important to remember that the spread of specific faiths and the rise in the number of religious believers globally were both factors in the development of religion. Winnail (2016) contends that the "Axial Era" marked the beginning of the growth of universal religion. He thinks that this was the pivotal event, which took place in the first millennium BC's middle years (900–200). He asserts that at this "pivotal" time, there was a magnificent cognitive explosion that served as the foundation for the majority of modern religious traditions. The Axial Era was characterized by the rise of notable philosophers in Greece, the growth of Hinduism and Zoroastrianism in Persia, Confucianism and Daoism in ancient China, Buddhism and Jainism in India, and Judaism in Palestine. Significantly, these disparate belief systems appeared to emerge in many regions of the world about the same time and showed unexpected resemblance with regard to their basic notions about the purpose of life, moral values, and what transpires after death. Although the exact cause of the Axial Era's surge in spiritual activity that gave rise to various religious and philosophical systems is unknown, it is generally accepted that it was a response to the astounding conflict of the time, the dispersion of commercial activity, urbanization, international trade, and rising affluence (Winnail, 2016). Popular World Religions Hinduism Hinduism is a religion with its roots in India, where it emerged in the first millennium BC (Helble, 2006). Hinduism, a polytheistic religion, had a significant impact on how Indian way of life was developed. The Veddas, a collection of religious texts composed by many Rishis, are the foundation of Hinduism. Hinduism asserts that there are four appropriate goals in life: morality, material success, delight, and redemption. Judaism Helble (2006) asserts that Judaism, one of the world's oldest religions, has its roots in the Middle East. When the Israelites returned from their captivity in Babylon in 538 BC, experts believe that is when Judaism first emerged as a religion. The Torah, which consists of five volumes and establishes Jewish law, is the foundation of Judaism. Christianity Helble (2006) asserts that over the course of its 2000-year existence, Christianity has amassed the greatest number of followers everywhere in the globe. The Old and New Testaments of the Bible serve as the foundation for all Christian beliefs. The New Testament serves as the major source for guiding Christian thought, despite the fact that various Christian doctrines place emphasis on the Old Testament. Buddhism Helble (2006) asserts that the Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gautama, founded Buddhism in India approximately 525 BC. It spread from India to China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan along the trade routes, most notably the Silk Road. Theravada, which is practiced in Sri Lanka and South East Asia, and Mahayana, which is practiced in China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan, are the two primary schools of Buddhism presently. Buddhism is a dynamic religious tradition. Buddhism is a liberal philosophy with regard to other faiths. It supports the moral tenets of different religions and encourages interreligious cooperation to lessen human suffering. Islam Islam is the youngest of the five major world faiths, according to Helble (2006). Islam's central figure is Prophet Mohammed (570–632), who is also the author of the Koran, the religion's sacred book. Prophet Mohammed was raised by tradesmen. He also rose to prominence as a merchant while still a young man, gaining significant economic and political power. After gaining authority, he became more interested in religious problems, and the Koran eventually captured his ideas. How the Rise of World Religions Relate to Societal Development? According to PRESSBOOKS (n.d.), religion relates to societal development in various ways; first and foremost, giving life significance and direction. Second, the expansion of world religion is associated with societal advancement because religion acts as a social control mechanism and so reinforces social order. It is important to remember that religion teaches people morality, which aids in their learning how to be respectable members of society. The Ten Commandments are arguably the most well-known set of moral guidelines in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Thirdly, because religion promotes social cohesion and stability, the spread of world religions is linked to societal growth. Religion, in particular, builds social ties through bringing people together physically, facilitating communication, and other forms of social contact. How the Rise of World Religions Relate to Trade? Ferdousy & Binti (2020) claim that religion has a significant impact on world trade. According to Matthias Helble, having a similar religious conviction might increase confidence and hence lower transaction costs between trade partners. They also point out that countries with a strong religious tradition have lower rates of corruption and higher levels of economic growth. Matthias Helble discovered that Religion made it possible for Hindus to trade in the Veddas. He claims that Hinduism has a rather ambivalent attitude toward trade, whereby, while welcoming economic interaction, trading is traditionally limited to a particular caste. Additionally, he discovered that Judaism is a faith that not only offers a suitable framework for economic interchange but also the motivation to expand trade contacts, without necessarily discriminating between Jews and non-Jews. Buddhism and Judaism have advantageous direct and indirect institutional effects as well as trade-enhancing network externalities (Lewer & Van den Berg, 2008). Jews create tacit networks that spur more trade across nations. In addition, they discovered that Hindu culture does not encourage trade with other nations or people. Helble (2006) asserts that Christian economic thought acknowledges the market system but imposes some limitations on it that are determined by Christian ethical principles. Trade is not addressed overtly and is likely viewed more as a need than as a means of enhancing economic prosperity. Islam, on the other hand, is a very business-friendly religion. Trade is expressly acknowledged as benefiting both parties' welfare. How the Rise of World Religions Relate to Forms of Communication? In order to reveal actuality and build community, religion, according to Arena (2011), employs a variety of communication methods, including prayer, preaching, worship, observing, reading and listening to sacred texts, singing and sharing, prophetic discursive, religious rites practice, and doctrinal introspection. This supports Vestrucci's (2022) assertion that religions express their meaning through both linguistic and non-linguistic means, including natural languages, music, sculpture, poetry, rituals, and practices. Religions can be thought of as languages because they provide the rules and semantic background necessary to produce, validate, and comprehend their statements. Language is the most effective form of communication, a way of expressing cultural norms and ambitions, and a tool for maintaining culture, claim Balraj, Singh & Manan (2020). They continue by saying that one of the primary ways to convey a religion has been through language. It is important to remember that communication—which language facilitates—is necessary for a religion to endure among the next generation. For instance, Muslims have given a lot of thought to studying and analyzing Arabic as they have established linguistic studies for Qur'anic narrations, comprehending and safeguarding the exterior structure of the Muslim Ummah. How Religion is Changing over the course of history? Throughout history, religion has changed, and these changes have shaped the cultural, social, and political environment of civilization. According to Davie & Ammerman (2019), religion has as much to do with managing daily life as it has to do with the supernatural. Religion is a lived, placed, and always moving actuality. Religious transformation, according to Study Smarter (n.d.), is a reform that alters a single religion's practice of faith. It may also imply conversion, or giving up one's religious convictions in favor of another. The interpretation of the original texts, followers' changing attitudes and tendencies, geopolitics, and the need to modernize doctrine and action are all factors contributing to the religious shifts we are seeing today (Rahman, 2021). Religious conversion, or adopting a set of convictions associated with one particular religious’ denomination to the neglect of others, is the most frequent shift throughout time. Religious conversion typically occurs from one branch of the same religion to another, such as from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism or from Sunni Islam to Shi'a. For a variety of reasons, including actively converting voluntarily due to a shift in ideas, people choose to practice a different religion (Tumanggor, 2016). Secondary conversion, conversion on the deathbed, convenience conversion, conversion during marriage, and religious persecution. References Helble, M. (2006). On the influence of world religions on international trade. Journal of Public and International Affairs, 17(11), 279-88. Tumanggor, R. O. (2016). The Conversion of Religion in Psychological Perspective. In Asean Conference 2nd Psychology & Humanity (pp. 836-844). Grace Davie & Nancy Ammerman. (2019). ‘A lived, situated and constantly changing reality’: Why religion is relevant to the pursuit of social progress. LSE. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2019/01/a-lived-situated-and-constantly-changingreality-why-religion-is-relevant-to-the-pursuit-of-social-progress/ Study Smarter. (n.d.). Religious Change. https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/modern-world-history/religious-change/ Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman. (2021). How do Religions Change and Adapt in The Modern World? https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348743221_How_do_Religions_Change_and_Adapt_i n_The_Modern_World Vestrucci, A. (2022). Language of Religion, Religions as Languages. Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Religions and Languages: A Polyphony of Faiths’. Sophia, 61(1), 1-7. Balraj, B. M., Singh, S., & Abd Manan, M. H. (2020). The relationship between language and religion. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(11), 1217-1224. Arens, E. (2011). Religion as Communication. The Social Psychology of Communication, 249265. Lewer, J. J., & Van den Berg, H. (2008). The impact of religion on international trade. Laila Ferdousy & Sumaiya Hossain Binti. (2020). The Impact of Religion on International Trade: A case study approach. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344208768_The_Impact_of_Religion_on_International _Trade_A_case_study_approach PRESSBOOKS. (n.d.). Sociological Perspectives on Religion. https://pressbooks.howardcc.edu/soci101/chapter/17-3-sociological-perspectives-on-religion/ Anita Ravi. (n.d.). The Origin of World Religions. Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-citiesstates/a/the-origin-of-world-religions-1 Douglas S. Winnail. (2016). The Rise of World Religions. Tomorrow’s World. https://www.tomorrowsworld.org/magazines/2016/july-august/the-rise-of-world-religions UVU. (n.d.). World Religions. Roots of Knowledge. https://www.uvu.edu/rootsofknowledge/resources/2020dec.html Pałczyńska, A. (2015). The origin of religion and the word’s major relief systems. Zeszyty Glottodydaktyczne, (5), 249-269.
