AHD & IP CCTV Fundamentals
Manual
Purpose of this manual:
This manual includes the basic components of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) training, which is
designed to teach individuals the proper installation, maintenance, and operation of Analog and IP
Based CCTV systems. Through this training, participants will gain a comprehensive understanding of
the different types of CCTV systems and cameras, as well as the software and hardware required to run
them effectively.
Table of
CONTENTS
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
1. CCTV Dictionary................................................................................................................................... 5
2. IP and IK vandal rate Ratings Explained ............................................................................................ 12
3. CCTV Equipment Basics ..................................................................................................................... 13
4. Defining the Camera in CCTV ............................................................................................................ 14
5. Display and Recording Resolutions ................................................................................................... 23
6. Cables & adapters ............................................................................................................................. 25
7. Power Adapters................................................................................................................................. 26
8. Storage devices ................................................................................................................................. 26
9. Types of CCTV Recorder .................................................................................................................... 28
10. Introduction to Video Analytics ...................................................................................................... 28
11. Router ............................................................................................................................................. 34
12. Switch .............................................................................................................................................. 34
13. Microphone..................................................................................................................................... 35
14. PTZ controllers ................................................................................................................................ 35
15. Remote view ................................................................................................................................... 35
16. Understanding IP Camera Bandwidth ............................................................................................. 36
17. IP/Digital Systems ........................................................................................................................... 37
18. Site Survey and Installation Techniques ......................................................................................... 39
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 42
Introduction
Newly designed CCTV systems have an advantage over existing systems because they can be designed
from start to finish with current technology components from manufacturers that are easy to integrate.
When selecting CCTV devices, organizations should consider future needs and requirements, such as
the potential for expansion, scalability, integration, and upgrading.
Some additional technology considerations include:
 Ability to use a consistent hardware platform throughout the enterprise.
 Off-the-shelf software and equipment, not proprietary.
 Compatibility for data collection and storage.
 Advanced software graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to integrate controls and displays.
 Ability to create single security user profiles used by multiple security applications; and
 Vendor support to facilitate, test, and commission system integration.
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) security systems are gaining popularity, especially as more and more
commercial businesses combat rising property crimes, thefts, and internal fraud.
When installing any CCTV security system to safeguard any business, basic components should include
cameras, recording systems, monitors, video management software (VMS), and other accompanying
equipment.
Also referred to as video systems, CCTV technology can be added within commercial settings, schools,
and small businesses. It can also assist law enforcement agencies with crime prevention.
CCTV systems provide surveillance capabilities used in the protection of people, assets, and systems.
A CCTV system serves mainly as a security force multiplier, providing surveillance for a larger area,
more of the time, than would be feasible with security personnel alone.
CCTV systems are often used to support comprehensive security systems by incorporating video
coverage and security alarms for barriers, intrusion detection, and access control.
For example, a CCTV system can provide the means to assess an alarm generated by an intrusion
detection system and record the event.
A CCTV system links a camera to a video monitor using a direct transmission system. This differs from
broadcast television where the signal is transmitted over the air and viewed with a television.
New approaches within the CCTV industry are moving towards more open architecture and
transmission methods versus the closed-circuit, hard-wired connection systems of the past.
CCTV systems have many components with a variety of functions, features, and specifications. Key
components include cameras, lenses, data distribution, power, and lighting, among others.
CCTV technologies continuously undergo feature refinements to improve performance in areas such as
digital equipment options, data storage, component miniaturization, wireless communications, and
automated image analysis.
The components, configuration options, and features available in today’s CCTV market create a
complex set of purchasing options. This manual intends to provide information on the capabilities and
limitations of CCTV components that will aid an agency in procuring a new CCTV system or upgrading
an existing one.
1. CCTV Dictionary
ABF (Auto Back
Focus)
Access Control
(Physical)
Access Control
System
AC Adaptor
ActiveX
AF (Autofocus)
AGC
(Automatic Gain
Control)
Alarm Input
ALC (Automatic
Light Control)
Analog
Angle
ANR (Automatic
Network
Recovery)
Aperture
Aspect ratio
Audio
Technology that allows the camera to adjust the position of the image sensor to
obtain optimal focus. This feature can also be accessed via the Web Client.
Restrictive measures in the form of a device or system that restricts access to an
area or facility to authorized personnel. Such measures include keypads, card
readers, security turnstiles, and more.
A network of devices and hardware setup to help restrict access to entrances and
exits of a specified area or building to designated parties.
An external power supply or transformer for electronic devices like wireless
security cameras, gaming systems, laptops, and more. Also known as an AC
converter, it converts the alternating current (AC) from the wall outlet into a
direct current (DC) that the device will better handle.
ActiveX is a standard that enhances software to connect in an appropriate
environment. However, the programming language of different software does
not matter in ActiveX. Internet browsers might encounter ActiveX controls,
ActiveX archives, and ActiveX scripts. Therefore, ActiveX controls are
regularly downloaded on their own in the system.
A system by which the camera lens automatically focuses on a selected part of
the subject.
An electronic circuit that amplifies the video signal when the strength of the
signal falls below a given value.
An aspect of selecting security cameras, DVR recorders, and NVR recorders
that accept signals from sensor devices. Such sensor devices include door or
window sensors, motion detection lasers, and more that emit a signal upon being
activated. This signal will set the home or business alarm off while also causing
a security camera system to start recording.
A motion detection aspect of security systems that activate floodlights or
connected devices that emit light upon activation by connected motion detectors
or other devices.
In CCTV, simple alludes to a Camera Video Format. This depicts the
frameworks and parts that utilize the Video standard NTSC/PAL composite
video designs. Also, innovation has permitted Analog to accomplish high goals
which are referred to as HD Analog or HDCCTV. Current HD Resolutions are
up to 8MP starting in 2019.
The field of view where the angle of view is determined by the focal length of
the lens. A wide-angle lens has a short focal length and covers a wider angle of
view than standard or telephoto lenses, which have longer focal lengths.
A function that can be found in or downloaded to NVRs (Network Video
Recorders) that automatically store video data on IPC (Internet Protocol
Camera) storage cards when the network is disconnected. After the recovery of
the network, The NVR with this function automatically transfers the data stored
through this method.
The opening of the lens controls the amount of light reaching the surface of the
pickup device. The size of the aperture is controlled by the iris adjustment.
A ratio of width to height in images. A common aspect ratio used for television
screens and computer monitors is 4:3. High-definition television (HDTV) uses
an aspect ratio of 9:16.
Defined as one or several capabilities in a camera or electronic device. Such
capabilities include producing noise, allowing for remote communications
through the device, providing prerecorded messages, or scaring off intruders
with loud alarms.
Auto Iris Lens
AVI (Audio
Video
Interleave)
Bandwidth
Bitmap
Bit rate
BLC (Back
Light
Compensation)
Bonjour
Broadband
Cable
CCD (Charged
Coupled Device)
Client/server
CMOS
(Complementary
Metal Oxide
Semiconductor)
Coaxial cable
Codec
Composite
video
Compression
Contrast
Control unit
A function of security cameras that quickly adjusts the incoming light to allow
for a superior image quality even during varying and shifting light conditions.
A video format that supports simultaneous playback of audio and video.
With the given capacity a connection can transfer data in a given time. Often,
the measurement used for this transfer of data is megabits per second or Mbps.
A data file representing a rectangular grid of pixels.
The measurement of bits per second is transferred through a digital network.
A function of the camera compensates for excessive light directed at the camera,
which causes the video to bloom or the images in front of the light to be
unusable.
Also known as zero-configuration networking, this Apple-designed set of
protocols provides network devices, applications, and services with a specific
type of communication. Applicable with Windows and Apple devices in a
network.
High-speed data transmission.
A catch-all term that can refer to sturdy metal ropes used in construction or
insulated wiring crafted for a specific purpose like transmitting power or
signals. For security systems, it is the wiring that circulates data and constantly
powers each device.
This light-sensitive image device used in many digital cameras is a large
integrated circuit that contains hundreds of thousands of photo sites (pixels)
that convert light energy into electronic signals. Its size is measured diagonally
and can be 1/4″, 1/3″, 1/2″ or 2/3″.
Describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one
program, the client, makes a service request from another program, the server,
which fulfills the request. Typically, multiple client programs share the
services of a common server program. A web browser is a client program that
requests services (the sending of web pages or files) from a web server.
A widely used type of semiconductor that uses both negative and positive
circuits. Since only one of the circuit types is on at any given time, these devices
require less power than chips using just one type of transistor. Image sensors in
the same category also allow processing circuits to be included on the same chip,
an advantage not possible with CCD sensors, which are also much more
expensive to produce.
The standard means of transmitting analog video is a CCTV system that is also
used by cable companies to distribute television in residential buildings.
It is the means of compression/decompression, in which case it is generally
taken to mean an algorithm or computer program for reducing the size of large
files and programs.
A type of video signal in which the red, blue, and green signals (sometimes audio
signals too) are mixed.
Encoding a video or image file to efficiently take up less data and be more easily
shared.
Defines the degree of difference between the lightest and darkest parts of an
image or video stream.
If a CCTV system has more than one camera, there must be a way to control the
video signals going to recorders and monitors. There are three basic types of
Video Control Units: Multiplexer, Switch, and Quad.
Day and Night
Camera
Decoder
DOF (Depth of
Field)
Digital
Watermark
EIS (Electronic
Image
Stabilization)
Encoder
Ethernet
Factory default
settings
Field of View
Focal Length
Fixed Iris
Frame
Frame Rate
FPS
HD-TVI (HighDefinition
Transport Video
Interface)
HDCVI
HDD (Hard disk
drive)
HLC (High
Light
Compensation)
Infrared
A security camera that records quality video in full daylight and low light
settings. This capability is done through an advanced CCD chip or sometimes
an adjustable internal system that uses infrared technology that automatically
covers during the day.
Paired with an encoder, this device breaks down incoming data that comes from
newer cameras and is encoded by the following encoder for older systems.
The regions in front of and behind the focused distance where the image remains
in focus. When greater, more of the scene near to far is in focus. Lens aperture
and scene lighting will greatly influence the D.O.F.
This technology embeds the device’s information onto the recorded video. They
may be used to verify the authenticity or integrity of the video or to show the
identity of its owners.
Reduces the effects of vibrations or slight movements from environmental
effects like wind, machinery, or other sources.
A device used to adapt data captured by an analog camera into a signal that
matches what newer IP camera systems use. Generally, this device is paired with
a decoder to make older cameras work with modern camera systems.
The most widely installed local area network technology typically uses special
grades of twisted pair wires. The most installed systems that include the
technology are 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T10, which provide transmission
speeds up to 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps respectively.
These are the settings that originally applied to a device when it was first
delivered from the factory. If it should become necessary to reset a device to its
factory default settings, this will, for many devices, completely reset any settings
that were changed by the user.
The horizontal or vertical scene size at a given length from the camera to the
subject.
The distance from the center of the lens to a plane at which point a sharp image
of an object is viewed at an infinite position. The focal length determines the
size of the image and the angle of FOV seen by the camera through the lens.
This is the center of the lens to the image pickup device.
The function of security cameras forces the system to remain consistent when
receiving light when recording. This function is ideal in indoor environments
like homes, schools, and offices.
Is a complete video image.
The number of consecutive frames that are recorded or shown in a video within
a given amount of time. Modern entertainment and security cameras generally
focus on achieving well over 24 frames in one second, measured explicitly as
frames per second or FPS.
Frames per second.
Is an open standard for analog video transmission and is based on the original
analog transmission media. Advantages of such a standard include Farther
transmission distance, Higher video resolution, and Reliable anti-interference
performance as it carries low-frequency signals.
High-Definition Composite Video Interface
is the mechanism that controls the positioning, reading, and writing of the hard
disk, which furnishes data storage.
A function that handles conditions with a strong light source towards the camera,
there will be over-exposed areas, or “high light.” The function automatically
recognizes and constrains the high lighting to make objects more
distinguishable.
The light is low frequency and used by devices like security cameras with night
vision to allow recording in low light or complete darkness.
IRIS
Megapixel
MOD
(Minimum
Object
Detection)
Motion
Detection
Multi-Address
Mode
Night Vision
Camera
Noise Reduction
Outdoor Camera
Pinhole Lens
Pixel
Power Supply
RAID
(Redundant
Array of
Independent
Disks)
Resolution
SD Card Support
A mechanical diaphragm that can be controlled manually or automatically to
adjust the lens aperture.
A unit of measurement in digital imaging is equal to one million pixels.
The closest distance a given lens will be able to focus upon an object. Generally,
the smaller the focal length the shorter the closest distance. This distance can be
altered with the use of extension tubes.
If there is any motion in the configured detection area, the camera will
automatically detect the event and can trigger preconfigured alarms or
recordings. Users can set the sensitivity level, detection area, and arming
schedule accordingly.
Is an NVR (Network Video Recorder) function on networks with more than one
NIC (Network Interface Controller). Each NIC works independently with
separate parameter settings, which can be assigned with a different IP address in
a different network. The function can be used to establish network isolation.
Specific security cameras that use infrared technology to provide a clear view
into low light or completely dark environments. Unlike night and day cameras,
these surveillance cameras can see in total darkness at a specific distance
dependent on the camera.
A feature in modern security cameras for home and business use that improves
the quality of recorded data by mitigating the visible effects brought by noise.
Especially effective for low light videos and known as DNR on commercial
security cameras, this feature incorporates frame-by-frame analysis known as
2D, or scans multiple frames at once in a given time known as 3D. Either can
be accompanied by spatial noise reduction, which smooths out areas of highfrequency noise.
The specific classification of security cameras is made more sturdy through
features that may include a weatherproof exterior, cold weather resistance,
infrared, anti-glare lens, and a tamper-proof design. Additionally, such parts of
security systems require more durable security camera mounts for enhanced
viability.
Lenses are used primarily in covert applications where the camera/lens must
remain out of sight.
The smallest controllable unit of measurement in digital imaging while also
improving resolution when more in number.
Devices that connect to a home or business electrical supply through standard
electrical outlets filter a specified current to instruments like security cameras
and other electronic systems. Examples of such devices include AC adapters,
which detail the specific amount of electricity that will pass through them.
A storage technology that combines multiple disk drive components into a
logical unit. The setup stores data over multiple hard disk drives to provide
enough redundancy so that data can be recovered if one disk fails. Data is
distributed across the drives in one of several ways called “RAID levels,”
depending on what level of redundancy and performance is required.
The specific reference to the number of pixels in each frame on a monitor,
television
screen,
or
any
other
electronic
display.
240p/360p/480p/720p/1080p/4K Resolution, these terms are the resolution
qualities of a video where 240p is of the least quality and 1080p is full high
definition (HD). The ‘p’ stands for pixels. The 4K is the clearest resolution of
all. It is four times a 1080p resolution. However, a 4K resolution still has two
standard resolution ratios i.e., 3840 x 2160, or 4096 x 2160.
The capability of any electronic device to receive an SD card and use it as
internal storage.
Tracking
VARI-FOCAL
A zoom lens’s ability to remain in focus throughout the entire zoom range.
A low-cost version of a zoom lens designed to meet installers’ needs for
versatility. This lens cannot track from wide to telephoto.
VCA (Video
Content Analysis)
VIDEO TYPE
LENS
VQD (Video
Quality
Diagnosis)
Weatherproof
WDR (Wide
Dynamic Range)
Wireless Camera
Zoom Lens
is the capability to analyze video automatically to detect and determine
temporal and spatial events. Many smart functionalities can be implemented
with the capability such as intrusion detection, line crossing detection, etc.
An auto-iris lens with internal circuitry for processing of the video signal which
controls the iris movements.
Is a feature that monitors the video for abnormal qualities (i.e., blurred image,
abnormal brightness, and color cast). An alarm will be triggered and linked with
configured response actions.
A description applied to the exterior of a product like outdoor cameras,
sometimes the product entirely, signifies it can be reliable outside. This
description should, however, be seen as a quality only for regular weather
patterns. It may not be as effective in extreme cold, coastal environments, water
submersion, or to tampering.
In conditions with very bright and dark areas, such as at an entrance door in an
office building or an entranceway to an indoor parking garage or tunnel, a
camera may capture over-exposed images in bright areas and under-exposed
images in dark areas, which greatly affects image quality. A camera with the
capability can help solve this issue. By combining images with short exposure
(for bright areas) and long exposure (for dark areas) into one image, the
technology captures both bright areas and dark areas.
Cameras are defined by the lack of wiring used for installation and the use of
Wi-Fi, radio, Bluetooth, or another signal to transfer data. While these devices
use much less wiring during installation, they generally require power through
AC adaptors or ethernet cables.
A lens with the ability to change its focal length manually or use a controller to
cover a variety of needs.
2. IP and IK vandal rate Ratings Explained
IP and IK ratings are used to indicate the level of protection provided by an electrical enclosure or
housing against the ingress of solid objects, dust, and water, as well as the level of resistance to
mechanical impact. Here's what each rating means:
IP ratings: The IP (Ingress Protection) rating includes two digits that indicate the level of protection
against solid objects and liquids. The first digit indicates the level of protection against solid objects
and the second digit indicates the level of protection against liquids. The higher the number, the greater
the protection level.
The first digit is always in the range 0-6, and the second digit is always in the range 0-9. For example,
an IP65-rated enclosure would be protected against dust and particles and could withstand water jets up
to a certain pressure.
IK ratings: The IK (Impact Protection) rating indicates the level of resistance to mechanical impact.
This rating ranges from 00 to 10, with 00 meaning no protection against impact and 10 offering the
highest level of impact protection.
The IK rating is determined by measuring the amount of energy the enclosure can absorb when struck
by a pendulum. The higher the IK rating, the more resistant the enclosure is to physical damage.
In summary, these ratings help users choose the appropriate enclosure or housing for their electrical
equipment based on the level of protection required.
3. CCTV Equipment Basics
CCTV stands for Closed-Circuit Television and refers to a system of cameras and monitors used for
surveillance purposes. CCTV equipment typically includes the following components:
Cameras: CCTV cameras come in different types, such as
fixed, dome, PTZ (pan-tilt-zoom), and bullet cameras.
They capture video footage and transmit it to the DVR or
NVR for storage and viewing.
DVR or NVR: A DVR (Digital Video Recorder) or NVR
(Network Video Recorder) is a device that is used to
record and store surveillance video footage from cameras.
It also provides a user interface for viewing and managing
the footage. NVRs usually cost slightly more than DVRs,
but the high resolution of IP cameras typically outweighs
the added expense.
Cables: CCTV systems require cables to transmit video
signals from the cameras to the DVR or NVR. Different
types of cables are used, such as coaxial cable, Ethernet
cable, and power cable.
Power supply: CCTV cameras and other equipment
require electricity to operate. Power supplies may be built
into the cameras or be provided separately.
Monitors: Monitors are used to view live or recorded
footage from the CCTV system. They come in different
sizes and types, such as LCD and LED monitors.
Mounts and brackets: CCTV cameras are typically
mounted on walls, ceilings, or poles using mounts and
brackets. These accessories enhance the security and
stability of the cameras.
In addition to these basic components, CCTV systems may also include accessories such as video
encoders, lenses, housings, and infrared illuminators, depending on the specific surveillance
requirements.
4. Defining the Camera in CCTV
Cameras are an essential component of any CCTV system. Matching the right CCTV camera to a
particular application is increasingly complex due to rapid technological developments and a greater
range of applications. Effective camera selection requires detailed knowledge of the camera,
application, supporting architecture, and host environment.
All CCTV cameras include the following elements:
Image sensor – Converts light
(photons) into electronic signals.
Lens – Gathers light reflected from a
subject and focuses the light on the
image sensor.
Image processing circuitry –
Organizes, optimizes, and transmits
video signals.
The type of camera best suited for a CCTV system depends on the operational environment and how it
will integrate into the system.
Many types of cameras are designed to perform under specific environmental conditions, but cameras
can be grouped into two primary categories: fixed and pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ).
Fixed cameras are intended to constantly view a single scene, while PTZ cameras are motor driven and
can pan left or right, tilt up or down, and zoom in or out to instantly customize the view as needed.
A combination of fixed and PTZ cameras are often used to provide the required surveillance coverage.
Different Types of CCTV Cameras:
Dome Camera
Bullet and Turret Camera
Covert/Discreet
OSD Cameras
Varifocal Camera
Auto Iris Lens
Box Camera
PTZ (Pan Tilt Zoom) / Speed
Domes
IP/Network Camera
IVS Camera (Intelligent Video Surveillance
System)
Wireless IP Camera
4.1 Consider CCTV Camera Types
There are two camera types for CCTV systems: Internet Protocol (IP) and Analog. The former is the
preferred choice due to its compatibility with most applications. An analog camera is best for a digital
recording system with older technology.
An analog camera captures images using a lens, image sensor, and the internal circuitry system that
generates the analog electrical signals that are sent through coaxial cables to an external recorder
(known as DVR) that converts analog signals to digital format for local recording and remote access.
Both wired and wireless CCTV cameras are suitable for most applications. Operating via Power over
Ethernet (PoE), wire is ideal for larger properties featuring multiple devices.
Consider wireless for smaller spaces not requiring several cameras or extended coverage, since these
lack wires and can be easily removed.
At first, a CCTV camera has characteristics similar to any traditional camera known (such as the camera
on a cell phone) because it has a lens that directs light to an internal image sensor, but the similarities
end there because, in an analog camera, there is no internal SD card for recording.
When to say the right camera? It means the right focal length or field of view and the right resolution,
depending on the distance to the object to respond to specific requirements such as detection,
observation, recognition, or identification.
4.2 D.O.R.I (Detect, Observe, Recognize, and Identify)
Pixels specify resolution requirements and that’s what is labeled as "DORI".
The DORI defines the number of pixels/m(ppm) respectively:
 (D)etection requirement - the minimum image quality is: 25 pixels/m(ppm), the quality is not
as sufficient to see the detailed behavior of smaller objects. It is impossible to recognize any
personal features of the individual in the image.
 (O)bservation requirement - the minimum image is: 63 pixels/m (ppm), It is possible to view
the behavior of individuals but neither recognition nor identification of persons is possible.
 (R)ecognition requirement - In an image, a person is identifiable by someone familiar with
the person.
 (I)dentification requirement - In an image, a person is safely identifiable by someone
unfamiliar with that individual, by identifying personal details, for example, such as glasses,
jewelry, or tattoos.
The camera in general is similar to the human eye. The important components of the camera to know
are the lens, iris, and sensor.
 The Lens is manufactured out of glass or transparent plastic, and it focuses on near and/or far
objects.
 The Iris controls the lens opening to control the amount of incoming light.
 The Sensor filters the color frequencies and transmits this into electronic signals.
4.3 Lighting
Light sensitivity, or minimum illumination, refers to the smallest amount of light needed for the camera
to produce an image of usable quality. Minimum illumination is presented in lux (lx), which is the
measure of illuminance.
The image will be better with the lighter available in the scene. If the amount of light is insufficient, the
image will be noisy or dark. The amount of light that is required to produce a good-quality image
depends on the camera and how sensitive to light it is.
Many manufacturers specify the minimum level of illumination needed for a camera to produce an
acceptable image. This is because different manufacturers use different methods and have different
criteria for what is an acceptable image.
Many natural scenes have complex illumination, with both shadow and high lighting, this gives
different lux (lx) readings in different parts of a scene. It is important, therefore, to keep in mind that
one lux (lx) reading does not indicate the light condition for an entire scene.
Most crime happens during the night or in dark environments. With good illumination combined with
security cameras, it is easier to recognize details during criminal activities. To capture a good quality
image in low light or dark conditions, a day and night camera that takes advantage of near-infrared light
is required. For detection in complete darkness and difficult conditions, such as smoke, haze, and dust,
use infrared light, white light, or a thermal network camera that provides the best solution. The noise is
picked up from a variety of sources including the image sensor, and the other electronic components of
the camera, but also from the light itself. Infrared reduces the noise in the image.
4.4 Field of view
Field of view is measured by millimeters (mm),
and it defines how much of a scene and level of
detail is captured by the camera, the area of
coverage and the degree of detail to be viewed.
The field of view is determined by the focal
length of the lens and the size of the image
sensor, both are specified in a camera’s
datasheet. A lens focal length is defined as the
distance between "the lens" and "the sensor" of
the camera.
4.5 Iris
An iris is used to maintain the optimum light level to the image sensor, to sharpen the image, clear and
correctly expose the image with good contrast, and good resolution. The iris can also be used to control
the depth of field.
Iris control types:
 Fixed iris - used in indoor and
outdoor environments, where the light
level may be constant.
 Manual iris - this is not convenient in
an environment with a changing light
condition, such as outdoor
surveillance applications.
 Auto-iris - a motor-driven,
automatically adjustable iris opening
that responds to changes in light
levels.
4.6 Depth of field
Depth of field refers to the distance in front of
and beyond the point of focus. Depth of field
may be important, for instance, in monitoring a
parking lot, where there may be a need to
identify the license plates of cars. Depth of field
is affected by three factors: focal length, iris
diameter, and distance of the camera to the
subject.
4.7 Lenses
Three types of lenses:
 The Fixed lens - offers a focal length that is fixed and only has one field of view (either normal,
telephoto, or wide angle).
 The Varifocal lens - offers a range of focal lengths and different fields of view.
 Zoom lens - is similar to a varifocal lens, the lens enables the user to select different fields of
view.
However, with a zoom lens, there is no need to refocus the lens if the field of view is changed. Focus
can be maintained within a range of focal lengths lens:
 2.8mm
 3.6mm
 4 mm
 6mm
 8mm
 12mm
 16mm
4.8 Sensor definition
The camera operates when direct or reflected light enters the camera. As the light passes through a lens,
it is focused on the camera’s image sensor. An image sensor is made up of light-sensitive elements,
micro lenses, and micro-electrical components that create a pixel. Each pixel on an image sensor
registers the amount of light it is exposed to and converts it into a corresponding number of electrons.
The brighter the light, the more electrons are generated.
Two main technologies can be used for the camera’s image sensor:

CCD sensors - have been used in cameras for more than 30 years and present many
advantageous qualities. Generally, they still offer slightly better light sensitivity and produce
less noise than CMOS sensors. A higher light sensitivity translates it into a better image in low
light conditions. However, this sensor is more expensive and more complex to incorporate into
a camera. A CCD can also consume as much as 100 times more power than an equivalent
CMOS sensor.

CMOS sensors - lower the total cost for cameras since they contain all the logic needed to
build cameras around them. In comparison with CCDs, CMOS sensors enable more integration
possibilities and more functions. It has a faster readout, which is advantageous when highresolution images are required. Megapixel CMOS sensors are more widely available and are
less expensive than megapixel CCD sensors. Sensor sizes are expressed in inches notation as
you can see here, there are different sizes of the sensor in the market: 1” or 1/2” and others.
4.9 Infrared Cut Filter Removal
During the day there is a lot of light in the
environment due to sunlight. A security camera
needs to filter out the excess light that hits the
image sensor to generate good-quality video
and that's done by using an infrared light filter
that blocks unwanted light, that comes through
the camera lenses. ICR is a filter that sits
between the lens and the image sensor (CCD or
CMOS) of a security camera and is used to filter
the excess light that comes through the camera
lenses. This filter helps the camera to produce
good-quality images with accurate color.
Removing the filter at night time due to the reduced light available in the environment at night, the
camera automatically removes the infrared filter from its position. This is done to have more light
reaching the sensor and the camera shows black and white images. The removal of such a filter at the
moment it is occurring can be viewed on a monitor. The security camera works according to the ambient
light, with sunlight it operates in "Day mode" and at night-time, it operates in "Night mode". Sometimes
it is possible to have problems related to the use of infrared light, which can blur the camera image at
night.
4.10 Dynamic Noise Reduction
This technology preserves all the important forensic details you need, while lowering bandwidth and
storage requirements. DNR is the process of removing noise from dynamic or time-varying signals such
as audio or video signals. 3D DNR works better for areas of the frame that contains motion, as it is
more effective at reducing noise without creating motion blur. 2D DNR is more efficient at decoding
and cleaning up the static parts of a frame.
4.11 Wide Dynamic Range
WDR mode is a technology that extends the camera’s range, to cover a greater span between the bright
and the dark areas in the image. Typically, the camera will produce an image where objects in the dark
areas will hardly be visible. WDR solves this by applying techniques, such as using different exposures
for different objects in a scene, to enable objects in both bright and dark areas to be visible. For better
performance in low light conditions, the AE (Automatic Exposure) automatically detects the light level
and maintains a clear picture if this mode is activated.
4.12 Auto Tracking
this technology is dedicated to PTZ Cameras as
it automatically detects, zooms in, and follows
moving objects. This facilitates live monitoring
by helping the operator to effectively discover
and handle incidents. This technology
automatically detects fog in the scene and
digitally filters it out of view to provide clearer
video.
4.13 Motion detection
Motion detection is included on most cameras
and encoders. It adds intelligence to a video
surveillance solution by sending alerts when it
detects motion from moving objects, such as
persons or vehicles, within predefined areas.
The application also reduces storage and
bandwidth as cameras only record when there
is movement.
4.14 Darkness Visible
This technology has different names at different brands for example, it’s called Starlight at Bosch, or
Lightfinder at Axis, or Darkfighter at Hikvision.
This technology can provide a color image in little lux light.
5. Display and Recording Resolutions
Selecting a single monitor, or multiple monitors after settling on a camera and system, the next steps
include selecting a monitor and supporting equipment, such as recording software. 1080p or 4Kresolution cameras require a high-definition monitor for the sharpest details. Consider lower resolution
components if on a set budget or have older cameras. Deciding how many monitors is dependent on
where and what will be observed. Unless it’s a large-scale facility, three to five screens should be
sufficient.
5.1 Analog resolution
The resolution of an old traditional analog camera (CVBS) is measured in TV lines, which is nothing
more than the number of vertical lines that appears on a monitor. The higher the number of lines, the
higher the resolution.
There are lines on the monitor screen that make up the image, depending on the number of lines the
camera can generate, it is only considered then a higher resolution camera, although it is an old
technology, we still find cameras with resolutions of 480, 540, 600 and 1000 TV lines, however, do not
recommend the use of such cameras. The DVR receives the signals in traditional analog format with 600
TV lines (TVL) that are converted to the digital format 4CIF that represents 704 x 480 pixels
horizontally and vertically respectively. This video in digital format is displayed on a computer screen
with specific software.
5.2 Video Resolution
The Standard resolution is the horizontal number of pixels multiplied by the vertical number of pixels
on the image sensor. For example, if the HD resolution has 1280 by 720 pixels then the total pixel count
is 921,600. The resolution of the video simply influences the bandwidth, a higher resolution means
higher pixel usage. This means a higher stream uses higher bandwidth. As an FYI, modify the full
stream of the camera resolution by a lower one to optimize the recording storage. Video compression
reduces the data for reducing the transmission bandwidth.
Video Compression Formats:
 MPEG  MPEG4  H.264 -

H.265 -
5.3 Digital resolution
When converted to this format another measurement unit is used to refer to the resolution of the camera.
The term TV lines are not used for digital resolution because the number of pixels that is available in
the image is used. Names such as CIF, 2CIF, 4CIF, VGA, SVGA, XVGA, HD, Full HD, Mega Pixel,
and 4K are used to refer to CCTV digital resolution.
It is possible to have thousands of pixels in an image, cameras generate 0.3 to 8 million pixels, and
that's the reason the resolution is referred to as Megapixels (MP).
6. Cables & adapters
Usually, if you are using IP cameras, use Cat
5 or Cat 6 (for more than 90 meters run
length) cable which comes in boxes of 100
meters.
For analog, HD cameras use Powax cable
(RG59 twin, for power and video together).
This is supplied in rolls of 100 meters.
Powax RG-59 cable
Cat 5 and Cat 6 cable
Maximum Cable Distances:
Optical Adapters are used for connecting RG59 cable in AHD CCTV systems identified as:
BNC
BNC 3-piece connector
BNC 2-piece connector
BNC twist on connector
BNC screw on connector
Passive Balun
Active Balun
7. Power Adapters
Depending on the CCTV system, various supporting technologies are necessary for seamless
integration. Analog cameras require a coaxial cable and an additional power cable to connect to a DVR.
IP cameras can connect to the NVR recording center for PoE from one cable. Wireless systems also
require a router, while wired versions do not.
Power Adapter
Centralized Power
Distribution Unit
PoE Switches and Injector
8. Storage devices
Calculating for Storage Requirement.
Surveillance Hard Disk Drives:
Most new CCTV systems maximize the advantages
of digital technologies by utilizing electronic
databases, compact components, and wireless
transmission techniques. With larger quantities of
data being collected, the system must be capable
of retaining data by the organization’s policies and
procedures.
And now let's move to the storage types.
We will classify storage into the following types:

Direct attached storage - is recommended to ensure a reliable connection and high write
speeds resulting in high video database integrity.
 Storage area networks - or SAN are mostly accessed through the network, using connection
technologies such as iSCSI. iSCSI means internet small computer system interface. it’s a virtual
SCSI connection. which is attached to the recording server with a fiber-optic data link.
 And Indirect attached storage It could be NAS, Network Attached Storage, or DAS as USB
drives. These storage technologies are typically larger in total volume and resemble file
servers. Indirect storage devices are also less responsive than direct attached. Indirectly
attached storage can consist of any combination of hard disks and added redundancy
measures.
In video security the risk of losing recorded video could lead to serious problems, that’s why we use
“RAID”.So, the “RAID” is extremely useful if you require:
 Reliability
 Data redundancy
And also it allows to survive a disk loss without data loss. Without Raid, you have no form of
redundancy
9. Types of CCTV Recorder
Analog security cameras send signals to a DVR (Digital Video Recorder) which is usually located in a
rack or a surveillance room.
This type of system is not purely analog because there is a conversion of analog signals to digital, it is,
in fact, a hybrid system, but it is very common to hear technicians referring to this type of system as
analog.
Different types of CCTV recorders:
Multiplexer (Non-Recorder)
Standalone Digital Video
Recorded
PC Based Digital Video
Recorder
Standalone Network Video
Recorder
Hybrid DVR
VMS
10. Introduction to Video Analytics
Intelligent video analytics features found in analog cameras are simple and limited because there is no
bidirectional and dynamic communication with the monitoring system, software, or applications.
You can program a camera to identify motion in the image and display an alert message on the screen,
show pixel tracking, or trigger an external device such as a siren or alarm system via I/O contacts (dry
contacts) available on the own camera.
The major limitation, however, lies in the fact that an analog security camera cannot send information
from such events to the recording and monitoring system, nor can it send messages such as e-mails and
alerts via SMS.
10.1 Intelligent video analytics are embedded in professional IP cameras.
IP cameras have long been used in modern monitoring recording systems since their invention by Axis
Communications. IP cameras have caused a major revolution in the electronic security market since it
has embedded intelligence and the possibility of efficient communication with recorders, servers,
software, and applications over a traditional network of computers and the Internet.
The intelligent video analytics of an IP camera is more advanced compared to that of a traditional
analog camera previously discussed and the possibility of communicating with external devices makes
this function even more interesting.
A professional IP camera has an internal processor that can identify specific events in the image and
trigger recording on a remote device such as an NVR (Network Video Recorder), and record to a
memory card located in the camera itself, which enables the use of redundancy systems.
By performing intelligent video analytics and identifying specific events, an IP camera can send alerts
via e-mail and SMS directly to specific individuals who may react according to some pre-established
security protocol.
Based on events, an intelligent IP camera can also trigger presets and patrols on mobile cameras (PTZs)
located at key points in an environment, as well as the possibility of triggering siren systems, lighting,
alarms, access control, or any other system that allows interaction via traditional universal TCP / IP
network protocol.
10.2 Intelligent video analytics for Digital Recorders (DVRs)
A digital video recorder, popularly known as DVR converts analog signals to digital format to record
on an internal hard drive and allows the images of the cameras to be shared via a traditional computer
network.
In addition to recording, a DVR can also work with intelligent video analytics as it receives the video
signals from the cameras in each of its channels.
Since it is connected to a computer network, a DVR can send event information and intelligent video
analysis to the software and applications, which allows the use of alerts via e-mails and SMS in the
same way as an IP camera.
The intelligent video analytics available on a DVR depends on the make and model of each
manufacturer, there are devices with more or fewer features and obviously, the more expensive
professional models usually have more features available.
10.3 Intelligent video analytics for Network Video Recorders (NVRs)
Network video recorders, popularly known as NVRs, are used for recording management of IP cameras
and thus have a natural way of communicating via a computer network, which allows them to send
messages and trigger devices on the network.
An NVR can work with the intelligence embedded in its processor and analyze the images it receives
from each of the IP cameras, or it can receive the result of the analysis carried out by the cameras
themselves which relieves processing on the recorder.
It is usually more interesting to let the IP camera itself perform the intelligent video analytics and
communicate with the NVR through pre-set events, but there are cases where the IP camera does not
have the desired video analysis function or even has no type of intelligent analysis, and in these cases,
the recorder is fundamental to allow the use of intelligence in the recording and monitoring system.
10.4 Intelligent video analytics on Servers
Software-specific servers are used for intelligent video analytics that is generally not available on IP
cameras because of the device's processing limitation or simply because software companies need to
provide more robust and scalable solutions.
Many companies provide solutions for large projects where it is critical to use systems that can make
video analysis more complex and more accurate.
There are software developers who do not provide cameras or hardware for security projects because
they are focused only on intelligent video analytics and integration with cameras and recording systems
from different manufacturers.
Secutel Technologies, for example, provides complete solutions with cameras, recorders, and intelligent
video analytics software that have powerful algorithms that can identify and classify events and interact
with devices connected to the local network or the Internet.
The use of such intelligent software often requires the acquisition of servers, although there is a trend
in the market for distributed utilization of processing among IP cameras working in partnership with
the server to achieve a result with less centralized processing.
10.5 Types of Intelligent Video Analytics
Several types of intelligent video analytics can be used to assist the monitoring operator or even to alert
people or activate external devices. Each situation requires an analysis of what intelligence is to be
implemented and there is usually a cost associated with the use of such technology.
Numerous types of advanced video analytics can help identify specific events that are classified and
named by different companies that develop or adapt the algorithm for particular applications:
 Face detection and recognition
This type of resource is very common in places
where it is desired to control the access of
people to certain restricted areas or to later
identify who had access to a specific place.
Security cameras are installed at specific
entrances or places where there are movements
of people who must have a picture of their faces
inserted into a database of a security system.
Although there are complex algorithms behind
the software responsible for recognizing faces,
the practical application concept is quite
simple, a security camera must identify what a
face is and capture an image as clearly as
possible to store it in a database for later
consultation and comparison with people
registered in the system.
 Vehicle license plates recognition
This type of advanced video analytics is very
common on roads, tolls, and areas where there
are vehicle entrances. The process of
recognizing vehicle license plate numbers can
be done on the camera itself or in a combination
of camera and specialized software.
To capture a vehicle plate’s numbers, it is
necessary to follow specific camera installation
and positioning procedures with adequate
angles to obtain images of sufficient quality for
analysis and recognition by the camera itself or
by a server that runs a specific software.
 Tracking
Tracking the movement of people and vehicles
is also something that can be very useful as it
analyzes behavior and records occurrences
automatically based on specific, preestablished events. There is intelligent software
that can accurately track the movements of
people and vehicles and generate alerts for an
action to be taken immediately, or to record the
 Vehicle counting
A very common application in intelligent
monitoring systems is the counting of vehicles
or objects that enter a specific area or cross a
virtual line. The concept of video analytics used
here is very simple, a virtual line is drawn on
the camera image to count the entrance of cars
in a certain direction and the same process is
performed for the vehicles that are leaving the
place, changing only the direction in which the
vehicle moves.
 Behavioral analysis
Some specific cases can be identified as
behavioral analyzes, a person approaching a
fence or wall to try to jump to the other side or
lowering himself to perform some suspicious
activity such as digging or putting something on
the spot. The combination of advanced video
analytics such as tracking, crossing lines, and
entering and exiting areas allows the generation
of events that can be classified as behavioral
analysis. In some cases, this type of video
analysis is already part of the software and in
other cases, it can be customized as a
combination of different functions.
event with date and time and allow smart
searches to be performed later. Tracking
technology is very useful in situations where
there is an interaction between people and
vehicles and alerts can be generated with great
accuracy.
 Virtual Fence
This type of intelligent video analytics allows
an event to be generated as soon as a person or
object crosses a virtual line that must be preconfigured in the camera. Virtual Line Crossing
analytics allows you to generate events in
different directions and in this way, it is
possible to know if a person or object is
crossing a virtual line horizontally, vertically,
from left to right, or vice versa. There are many
.

practical applications for this type of feature
such as the identification of vehicles traveling
in forbidden directions or the movement of
people entering or leaving a store. Sensitivity,
format, and object size adjustments allow for
more accurate video analytics and reduce the
number of possible errors that are common to
this type of application.
Motion Detection
This is one of the simplest analyses found in
cameras and monitoring recording systems. It is
present in professional analog cameras, IP
cameras, recorders, and professional software.
The principle is very simple when there is some
kind of movement in front of the camera the
pixels that form the image are changed and this
is identified as motion detection by the device.
When a person passes in front of a surveillance
camera it is possible to identify this pixel
change in the image and generate an event for a
device to start recording and record the "motion
recording" information.
10.6 Other types of video analysis
Intelligent video analytics is basic but very efficient for the application in different situations where it
is necessary to generate alert events.
 Video Playback/Review
 Video Backup
 User Account Management
RSTP is an acronym for "Real Time Streaming Protocol", meaning it was designed to send audio or
video live from one device to another. This protocol was not created exclusively for CCTV, it was
already used in other sectors where there is a need for real-time transmission and was adopted by video
surveillance device manufacturers and became a standard protocol. The RTSP protocol can be used to
transmit images on CCTV systems and due to its compatibility with several devices, it is a great option
for hybrid projects. When purchasing an IP camera and a video network recorder from different
manufacturers, you can have them communicate using this universal protocol.
11. Router
By default, most DVRs are set up to obtain a
network IP address from the router they are
connected to. Routers assign IP addresses to
devices, such as DVRs and IP cameras using
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
Routers have a range of IP addresses that they
can use to assign.
12. Switch
A PoE switch for IP cameras or CCTV cameras
is a device used to connect and power the IP
cameras via Ethernet cables. The primary
function of a PoE switch in an IP camera system
is to interconnect the cameras to an NVR
(Network Video Recorder) and transmit the
data (video and audio) to be recorded on such a
device.
13. Microphone
Most CCTV cameras can record sound either
through an integrated microphone or have an
input for an external microphone. In CCTV
systems, microphones are very often mounted
in small spaces, such as in a switch box or the
junction box under the cameras.
14. PTZ controllers
A PTZ camera controller allows remote
operation of cameras by specifying an area on
the camera screen displayed, to Pan/Tilt/Zoom
that specified area displayed in a full screen.
The buttons/slider GUI of the software can
perform Pan/Tilt/Zoom operations of the
camera. Remote control pan tilt zoom cameras
can be controlled via a special remote called a
PTZ Keyboard or PTZ Joystick. This keyboard
or joystick allows the operator to control the
camera's features and functions with the press
of a button, including Tilt. Pan. Zoom.
15. Remote view
Remote camera security surveillance is the
ability to view, manage, and operate video
cameras from afar. In some cases, this just
means looking in at a live feed on the go, while
some systems are set up to be managed entirely
offsite. Remote monitoring uses an internet
connection to take the images your CCTV
cameras are picking up and send them to an
external remote monitoring station. These
stations are specifically designed to respond
rapidly to any suspicious activity, protecting
your business or property from criminal
damage.
16. Understanding IP Camera Bandwidth
Bandwidth influences are the most important information to know because bandwidth is the main
influencer of the amount of storage required for recording. The higher the bandwidth, the more storage
space is required to store the video, and the more expensive the solution is.
The bandwidth is influenced by:






Video Resolution – The higher the resolution, the higher the bandwidth
Video compression type – it is recommended to use lower compression to utilize bandwidth.
Images per second - The images per second influence the bandwidth. The more activity on a
scene, the higher the bandwidth.
Scenery – Detailed intensity or overactive scenes can influence higher bandwidth.
Number of cameras - The number of cameras has an impact on the bandwidth of the system.
Continuous recording or event-based - Alarm-based recording only records specific events
such as motion detection, perimeter detection, or other types of alarms to minimize bandwidth.
Some technologies that reduce bandwidth (DNR) Dynamic noise Reduction or (AE) Auto Exposure,
therefore it's important to know how to measure bandwidth for IP cameras, especially if there is a need
for transmission for remote monitoring via mobile devices. Bandwidth usage for IP cameras or any
other digital system that transmits data via a computer network or the Internet, an operator must know
how to quantify the amount of data that is transmitted or received per unit of time and in this case, bits
per second. Do not worry too much about the term bit, it is the digital information unit represented by
0 or 1, at that point, it is only needed to know that this term is the information that is transmitted over
the network and the larger the number of bits to be transmitted the higher is the necessary bandwidth.
16.1 Measure the bandwidth usage with the Windows task manager.
This is a very simple and practical way of measuring the bandwidth usage of an IP camera, once the
camera image is displayed on the computer this traffic can be measured. Be careful when measuring
network traffic as there is an option to measure what is coming in through the Ethernet interface (to
which the network cable is connected) since there is another option to measure network traffic over the
Wi-Fi interface, so please don't get confused. Make sure you are measuring the correct interface and
that there is no other traffic than the camera being used, otherwise the measurement will not be correct.
17. IP/Digital Systems
IP-based systems have emerged as an attractive alternative to other technologies, due in large part to
their ability to achieve high-performance video capabilities at a low cost. The industry has found ways
to implement IP-based systems that use existing cameras, cables, and other equipment. However,
organizations planning and designing new systems should consider IP-based technology.
IP-based CCTV systems are designed to provide the ability to monitor, record, and stream video over a
network to computers or other equipment. The system can use existing local area networks (LANs),
wide area networks (WANs), and/or wireless LANs (WLANs) to save on installation costs.
However, for added security, an organization could install its private area network (PAN) cabling and
support hardware. Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology is also an option within an IP-based system
to increase savings and reliability. PoE enables various networked devices to receive power and data
through one standard cable, which can be significant cost savings when designing CCTV systems.
Digital systems, in general, have a variety of advantages over analog systems such as ease of use,
advanced search capabilities, simultaneous recording and playback, improved image quality, and
efficient compression and storage options.
IP-based systems also provide many benefits that include:
 Remote accessibility
 High image quality
 Future integration with digital technologies
 Flexibility
 Scalability and
 Cost-effective transmission.
17.1 IP-Based System Components
A simple IP-based CCTV system consists of a network camera (although analog cameras can be used
with additional equipment), a network switch, and a PC for viewing, storing, and analyzing data and
managing the CCTV system. For IP cameras up to 16 channels (16 cameras) are possible on an NVR
with the built-in network POE port (Power Over Ethernet). If more than 16 channels are required then
POE switches can be added, as the NVR only can power 16 cameras.









Cameras – Both IP network cameras and analog cameras can be used in an IP-based system.
Video Encoders – When using analog cameras, a video encoder or video server needs to be
connected to the analog cameras to convert the video to a digital format. The encoder then sends
the data over an IP network.
Network Switches – Switches allow CCTV devices to communicate with each other and share
information.
Networks – A network can be small or extensive, wired, wireless, or a combination thereof.
The most common approach taken by organizations is to use LANs or WANs.
Power over Ethernet – PoE is an option for using a wired network to distribute both data and
power.
PC with Web Browser – PCs can access live and recorded video over the Internet as needed.
PC with Video Management Software – PCs can record and store video from cameras, as
well as view, live and recorded video as needed. Additionally, video management software can
support video being accessed over smartphones or tablets.
Storage Devices – Video transmitted through an IP system can be stored on a server, a network
device such as direct attached storage (DAS), storage area networks (SAN), network attached
storage (NAS), or a PC hard disk.
Mobile Devices – IP-based systems can be easily configured to facilitate access to video via
the Internet from smartphones, laptops, and other mobile devices.
17.2 Cyber Security
The confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data are critical for any organization. CCTV systems,
especially IP-based systems, present a cyber-security risk because their video images and critical
operational surveillance data are transferred and stored on a network. Protecting information should be
a high priority in security planning. Cyber security is a large and complex issue that extends far beyond
the implications of a CCTV system.
However, issues such as hardware and software control measures, network control measures, and
network security should be considered by any agency incorporating an IP-based CCTV system.
18. Site Survey and Installation Techniques
“By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.” – Benjamin Franklin. Planning and preparation are
central to installing a CCTV system successfully.
18.1 Site survey
A visit on-site assists to identify and document the number of cameras, placements, distances to objects,
and fields of view. A site survey also determines what challenges exist regarding physical conditions
like mounting, lighting, cabling, power, and environmental issues. To determine the camera
requirements based on defined objectives and the site survey. Each camera should assist in meeting an
objective. For that, determine camera placement, resolution, focal length, technologies, features, and
accessories to use, for example, pole mount, wall mount or corner mount, POE injector, or other
accessories to make things easy.
Next, identify the workstation, determine how many monitors each workstation will have, and the
maximum number of cameras that will be viewed at each workstation. Identify the key system
requirements, the basic system capabilities, and how to deploy and manage the system.
After identification has been achieved, product selection will be the next step. The goal is to ensure that
the video surveillance system always performs to the customer's expectations and functions stably, to
prevent image or recording loss.
Respect certifications and regulations of SAIDSA and PSIRA, company regulations, and standards for
system installation.
Of course, cost is also an important matter for the customer. Find the optimal balance between price
and performance.
18.2 Drawing a Diagram of House and Garden
It is very useful when working out where to position CCTV cameras to draw a diagram of a property.
This makes it clear before starting where the cameras need to be placed to maximize security and the
effectiveness of the CCTV system. The most basic question for addressing CCTV System
Requirements is to ask what is to be seen and how far it is to be seen.
To determine the appropriate devices for a given surveillance situation, consider the surveillance
objective. Depending on the situation, -Detection, -Observation, -Recognition, and -Identification.
18.2 CCTV System Design Considerations
System design considerations include factors such as lighting, power, transmission, and cost. These
factors are important in the design and layout of a CCTV system. In addition to these factors, camera
types, lenses, monitors, multiplexers, and other components are also important considerations.
The selection of the CCTV components is an iterative process that takes place in conjunction with the
design phase.
18.3 Where to Position CCTV Cameras?
Firstly, an assessment of where to position CCTV cameras needs to be completed to find the ideal
placements, to maximize the cameras’ range. Consider the length of their cables; they must be long
enough to reach the nearest power sockets.
Below are the ideal placements for home security cameras:
 Front, side, and back entrances - Point the camera toward the walkway or sidewalk to capture
the faces of everyone coming up to a door. To keep people from throwing items at or tampering
with a camera, fit a wire cage around it or mount it at the second-floor level. French and patio
doors are especially vulnerable to break-ins so make sure to install cameras in these areas.
 Ground-floor windows - Windows that aren’t facing the street are common entry points for
burglars. Other than CCTV cameras, install smart window locks as security reinforcements.
 Garages and detached buildings - Burglars target detached structures because many
homeowners don’t think to secure these areas.
 Backyard - Make sure outdoor cameras cover every inch of a backyard to eliminate blind spots.
Supplement a backyard CCTV with security lights to discourage burglars from going near the
property.
 Second floor - Secure the second-floor main hallway with an indoor camera to safeguard
valuables.
18.4 Installation of CCTV system
 Mark the spot where the camera bracket is to be placed for mounting. Drill the holes, then insert
raw plugs before screwing the bracket on. For wired cameras, thread the wiring back through
the wall to attach it to the monitoring source. Make sure that the holes are big enough to pull
the wire through.
 Attach and secure the camera. Plug the power cord into a socket.
 Install the DVR (Digital Video Recorder) in a secure spot by keeping it inside a locked
compartment to protect surveillance data.
 Plan the cable pathways from the cameras to the DVR. If working with indoor cables, position
them near skirting boards or ceiling cornices. For outdoor cameras, use conduit or trunking to
keep the cables stable and safe from tampering.
 Connect the network cable to the internet router. IP cameras use a Cat 5 or Cat 6 cable, whereas
analog HD cameras require a BNC cable and a DC pin connector.
 Connect each camera to the DVR or NVR. Then, connect the DVR to the screen for the video
feed.
 Once everything is connected and powered on, check the video feed to see if the cameras are
capturing their intended areas. Adjust their angles to account for blind spots. If some cameras
aren’t working, check the connections and network clips.
18.5 Security Camera Installation Tips
Follow these tips to make sure cameras record quality videos throughout the day.
 Install cameras 2.3m to 2.5m from the ground. This height is low enough to capture fine details
in the feed but high enough to be out of easy reach of vandals and thieves.
 Consider the sun, don’t point the cameras directly at the sun to prevent glare in the footage.
Consider the sun’s movement throughout the day and angle the cameras accordingly for indirect
light.
 Protect the cameras from the elements, place the cameras underneath eaves or inside wire cages.
 Mind the windows, avoid pointing indoor cameras out of windows. Doing so can cause
reflection issues that degrade video quality. Many cameras have infrared (IR) light technology
that reflects off glass. If the footage looks pale, then it’s likely a reflection problem.
 Complimenting the cameras with lighting, IR light technology gives security cameras some
low-light capability. But that’s not enough to capture fine details in a wide space. Bollard lights
with motion detection are good support for a CCTV security system.
18.6 Tools Required for a CCTV Installation
 Ladder
 Power drill
 Drill bits
 Electric heavy-duty screwdriver
 Small screwdrivers
 Pencil and pen
 Hammer
 BNC crimp tool
 Cable stripper
 Cutter and Stanley knife
 Cable tester
 Pliers
 Safety goggles, helmet, boots
 Fish Taps to feed cables in awkward places
 Insulation tape
 Labels to mark cable


Raw plugs
Multimeter
Conclusion
As learners can see from this manual on CCTV fundamentals, there is quite a lot to it, and with some
experience in DIY, installations can be effective. Installing CCTV can result in a high-quality and longlasting installation. Install to strict standards and use high-quality components.