Sociology of the Family
Textbook
Editor: Lela Menabdishvili
Created by: Avtandil Sulaberidze (director)
Giorgi Tsuladze
Tsitsino Gvritishvili
Nino Gomelauri
IT support: Marina Khachaturova
The textbook is based on books published abroad about sociology, demography and family
sociology. Together with family macro and micro sociology the theoretical methods and approaches of
well-known sociologists are also used individual scientific researches of Georgian scientists in sociology
of the family and demography.
The history of family origin is considered, the family essence is defined, basic concepts, functions and
structures. The changes in family behavior are described as the theoretical and practical methods of
family demographic and sociological research, as well as the goals of family policy, the ways and means
of its implementation.
The textbook is intended for students of higher education, public servants, social workers, NGOs and
readers interested in family matters.
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Sociology of the Family
Textbook
Contents
Introduction
1. Principles of Family Sociology
1.1. The subject of family sociology
1.2. The place of family sociology in the social sciences system
1.3 Macro and micro sociology of Family
1.4. About "Famillism"
2. Marriage as the main factor of family formation
2.1. Marriage
2.2. Concepts of marriage
2.3. Marriage indicators
3. Marital dissolution
3.1. Divorce is one of the kinds of marital dissolution
3.2. Statistical indicators of divorce study
3.3. Digging and crushing indicators
4. The essence of the family: functions and structures
4.1. The essence of family
4.2. The basic concepts of the family
4.3. Family structure typology
5. A brief history of sociological development of family
5.1. From promiscuity to the modern family
5.2. Modern family
5.3.The future of the family
6. Sociological study of family perspective, basic methodological approaches and sources
6.1. Evolutionary approach to family sociology
6.2 Study as a family as a social institution based on a functional approach
6.3. Empirical study of the family
6.4. Family as an institution and small group analysis
6.5. Basic paradigms of sociological explanations of family changes
6.6. Main theoretical study of family micro-sociological approaches
7. Sources of social survey
7.1. Population census
7.2. Current registration of demographic events
7.3. Population registers
7.4. Special selective surveys
8. Sociological essence of the family as a social institution
8.1. Historical changes of the family as a social institution
8.2.Pre-Familistic period
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8.3. Family in preindustrial period
8.4. Medieval patriarchal family
8.5. Family lifestyle industry in the previous epoch
8.6. Family and industrialization
8.7. Efficiency criteria for family institute
9. Family Socialization
9.1. Common socialization as the formation of dispositional structure of social behavior of a
person in the family
9.2. Family socialization and children’s rights
9.3 Historical peculiarities of family socialization
10. Family unity and family life cycle, relationships in the family
10.1. Family as a social-symbolic unity
10.2. Effect of joint life in the family
10.3. Family life cycle
10.4. Incomplete family life cycle
10.5. Family genealogical research
10.6. Interpersonal relationships in the family
11. Family behavior
11.1. Family behavior dispositions
11.2. Conformity with the needs of spouses
11.3. Marriage and divorce behavior
11.4. Socialization or parental behavior
11.5. Self-management (self-preservative, existential) behavior
11.6. Sexual Behavior
11.7. Reproductive behavior
11.8. Violence in the family as a deviant behavior
12. Family policy
12.1. Social essence of family policy
12.2. The necessity of family policy
12.3. Basic principles of family policy
12.4. Strategic Goals and Views of Family Policy on Prospective Policies
12.5. Theoretical-methodological demands for family policy development (on the example of
Georgia)
In the last decades of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, social
sciences pay a special attention researching family issues. This is due to modern family crisis,
the reduction of the effective performance of the main functions and the necessity of revealing
the factors that cause crisis. From the distant past (Plato, Aristotle) there has always been an
interest in marriages, family, and kinship as specific as the generation renewal, existence,
upbringing and protection. Great attention was paid to the family issues by classical sociologists
and intellectuals (McLennan, Bachofen, Engels and others).
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Since the family is the most important institution of generation reproduction and
socialization, it is not accidental that almost every country in the world finances family research
centers, publishes a lot of literature on family and marriage. Besides, all the sociology manuals
are the divisions of the family and children's socialization.
Unfortunately, researches conducting towards sociology of family are scarce in Georgia,
let alone family sociology guidelines. The reason for this is probably the fact that in the Soviet
Union, as "bourgeois science," in the 1930s, demography and sociology were banned along with
genetics; the taboo was broken in the late 1950s. The formation of demography and sociology, as
science in Georgia, begins in the second half of the 1960s. As for family sociology, research in
this direction had done by academician Paata Gugugshvili, Professor Mzia Bekaia, Professor E.
Menabdishvili, and Professor G. Logua. But serious scientific fundamental research had never
conducted. Accordingly, we had neither sociological faculties nor talks about teaching sociology
discipline in our country.
Therefore, socio-economic crisis in Georgia is less perceived as a family prism. The
relations were broken off between society and family. The family cannot fulfill its duties as a
mediator between the society and the individual.
Our goal is to fill partly the lack of knowledge in sociology of the family in society. The
point is that the approach is not only to study family sociology but also to fulfill its specific
functions - before the birth of their children, before their preservation and socialization of new
generations, as the function of the family is to carry out social system and interests of society. It
operates by the established norms regulating social actions that are controlled by family, society
and its institutions. Every process that is taking place in the family is reflected in all areas of
society. As a social institution, families are considered as one of the independent subsystems of
the public system. Therefore, from the numerous problems of family sociology, it contains only
the possibility to understand the essence of the family.
Initially, the purpose of the bookmakers was to show the meaning of the family only on
mascrolevel, but the lectures given to students demonstrated the necessity to include family
micro sociology theories (family behaviors).
For creating this textbook we familiarized with a lot of published works about sociology
issues among which we have used books edited by Ron Hammond and A. Antonov. The point is
that in comparison to other textbooks family theoretical-methodological issues are better
reported. Introduction of foreign literature allowed us to guide the views of the well-known
researchers of sociology of the family such as P. Sorokin, E. Giddens, E. Durkheim, J. Murdoch,
U. Burgess, Le Ple, R. Hill, T. Parsons, U. Goode, H. Spencer, D. Popenoe, K. Zimmermann,
Z. Freud, J. Moreno, G. Homans, P. Blau, M. Weber, J. Habermas, M. Archer, A. and G. Myrdal,
A. Carlson, M. Matskovski and others. Apart from foreign scientists, we considered the
demographic issues of the family from the "Basics of Demography" published in previous years.
The first chapter of the thesis is dedicated to the essence of family sociology and its place
in the social sciences. For studying the family as bio-social phenomenon, together with
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methodological basis, macro and micro sociological approach is considered for family as a small
social group and institution.
There are brief contents of family research in the social system such as Ethnography and
Social Anthropology, family law, family and household economics, psychology, social
psychology, in particular, social pedagogics, medicine and health sociology and characterized by
family research. Main points are given to family sociology and demography relationships.
One of the methodological basis for explaining family phenomenon is to study its macro
and microlevels. While maintaining a single sociological approach to studying the community,
the difference between the family macro and micro sociology is on the research site. On the other
hand, family micro sociology reaches the family structure changes in the family cycle, taking
into consideration the dynamic interaction and family behavior. Another aspect of family micro
sociology is the relationship of family members in the context of family unity.
In the last decade of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, the modern
family crisis, the effective reduction of its major functions (reproductive, socialization),
promoted the formation of “familism”.
In sociology of the family, the function of “familism” represents to study the quality of
the family, community and other social institutions, to create a comprehensive survey of the
scientific models for surveying family issues, which are able to reflect on community, as well as
individual and family behavior at the level of macro and micro processes in the development of
the dialectical relationship i.e. to conduct family as a social system analysis. One of the most
important functions of familistic is to develop evidence-state family policy concept, principles
and basic directions of the individual events.
The second chapter of the textbook is to consider the main factor of marriage as a family
formation. The study of the marital status of the society deserves considerable attention, since it
is not only a foundation for the family but also determines its viability.
Marriage is the process by which two people make their relationship public, official,
permanent and is permissible by law. It regulates their relationship, dependence on their children
and determines the place of each of them in public life. It is a social-demographic process that is
characterized and regulated by socio-cultural norms that many social sciences studies, also
sociology of the family.
The textbook discusses the concepts related to marriage and family origin, which are
introduced in the sociology of the family. Marriage indicators and their calculation formulas are
given.
The third chapter of the textbook is about marriage dissolution as a result of the death of
one of the spouses or marriage annulment. It is noted that divorce is a difficult social
process. The divorce level is determined by many circumstances, including the social-cultural
and marriage norms characterized by this stage of social development of a particular country, the
condition of women in a society, family life style, etc.
The sociology of the family discusses divorce as a form of marriage and family structure
of the population, its interaction with other social-demographic processes and its impact on the
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population's reproduction. The sociology of the family is interested in separate cases of marriage
annulment, as well as the combination of such cases in wedding cohorts (family micro
sociology).
Separate paragraph is dedicated to the marital dissolution caused by death. The sociology
of the family examines it as one of the reasons for marital dissolution.
The fourth chapter of the textbook discusses the essence of family, functions and
structures. It emphasizes the qualities of a small group of social organization structure and
institution.
Family dynamics are the patterns of relating, or interactions, between family members.
Each family system and its dynamics are unique, although there are some common patterns.
These three-fold relationships - marriage-parenting-and-relation allow us to talk about
developing the family and its specific forms.
The meaning of the family is discussed from its varied functions that follow the needs of
the whole community or person. One of the functions that are preserved (the creation of a
descendant, and the other) in the different cultural (historical) or socio-economic conditions (e.g.
economical) or weakening (productive). The third is gradually increasing social importance
(implementation of emotional relationships of family members of socialization, recreation
organization and other functions). The family does not have basic and secondary functions. All
its functions are principle. But the most important is the necessity to determine special function
was due to separating specific and non-specific functions of the family.
Specific features of the family the child-bearing (reproductive function), preservation of
children (existential function) and children's upbringing (socialization function) remain in every
stage between family and society. Non-specific functions of the family are related to
accumulating and transferring the property, status, organization, consumption and consumption,
health, family care, etc.
The typology of family structures is analyzed. It is noted that the types of family
structures are diverse and are created according to the nature of the wife, the relationship of the
family and the parent. There are certain criteria on which families are grouped which are: criteria
of power, peculiarities of family power and influence distribution, social condition of spouses or
parents or relatives, spatially-territorial localization. Types of families with these signs are
accompanied by explanations.
The 5th chapter of the textbook provides a brief history of family sociological
development. There is emphasized that the family was originated in the primitive society. The
first form of the family replaced the previously existing sexual relations. Coupled family, which
was based on the family name, with human labor and living-life unity, was not stable and was
destroying. As a solid social and productive group, the family was formed in the late Neolithic
epoch with the collapse of the tribes, private property and class. This is a monogamous family,
which is based on the accumulation of private property and demand for its transfer to the direct
successor. As a result of the industrialization of the society, modern families have emerged. It is
characterized by the existence of strong centrifugal tendencies. In the value system increasing
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predominance of individualism and rationalism is uppermost. The new structure of the family is
due to the sharp expression of its nucleation. In the family there is an active process of
democratization of intellectual relations, which transfers roles between family members not by
traditions but by their personal qualities and ability.
All family researchers agree that history has not created a family alternative yet and that
the necessity of family institution is without doubt. Moreover, the stability or instability of public
life is directly related to the family situation. The destruction of the family is one of the
conditions for society's degradation.
Chapter six of the textbook analyzes the basic methodological approaches and sources of
family sociology.
It is noteworthy that describing the family history mainly begins from the mid-19th
centuries works done by J. Bachofen, J. McLennan, L. Morgan and Engel’s.
The essence of the evolutionary approach is to study the variability of family as a
universal social institution and its forms in different types of society. The ideas of the two camps
of evolutionary approaches are expressed in the form of family forms of change.
For the first camp supporters (M. Nemkoff, U. Ogborne, J. Burgess and others) the family
is a direct result of social change, it is a passive unit of social change that only adapts the
changing events. For the second camp the family is more active in social processes. Individual
growth, freedom of choice and perfection of standard of living (H. Spenser, F. Chapin, N.
Anderson, E. Lindeman, C. Kyle) are important for the family.
Functional approach in sociology of the family is directed towards the identification of
the whole human history, which is characteristic of different types of family but, unlike the
evolutionary approach, it is not only the universality of the family but also concentration on
family life, as a social phenomenon socio-cultural function.
The textbook is characterized by a series of conceptual development of specific aspect of
the family as a social institution displayed by T. Parsons, K. Davis, R. Barton, E. Westermarck,
B. Malinowski, J. Founder of Murdoch and Alternative Sociology Zimmermann's opinions and
provisions that have enabled to establish a functional approach in sociology of the family.
In the 19th century, the famous French sociologist Le Ple laid the foundation of the
family's empirical research. He was influenced by Connell’s idea that for perception of the
society it is necessary to be familiar with the family. Le Pen's budgetary researches were based
on the classification of families, starting from marriage until it was dissolved.
In the 19th century U. James, K. Kyle, U. Thomas, Ph. Znanetsky, E. Piece, Z. Freud and
their followers started to research the family as a social-psychological group. The relationship
between personality and society within such approach will be discussed at the first level of
interpersonal relationships. The research aims to identify the factors that determine the strength
of the family as a group. Burgess family foundation helped in developing of such an approach.
Introduced the practice of measuring family communication in time. The American sociologist
R. Hill contributed greatly to the development of the theoretical schemes and concepts of family
research. Hill has adopted five approaches, within which the concepts can be studied by family
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as both institution and as a small group. Sociological approaches to family are based on two
scientific paradigms - "liberal-progressive" and "conservative-crises". We have two different
ideological approach -individual, egocentric and family-centric, familistic, which besides the
interest of the individual also takes into consideration interests of the society.
These theories of individual type are challenged by the alternative sociology of the
family, whose starting point is not the individual, but the family as a whole unity.
There are separate paragraphs dedicated to the basic theoretical approaches, their
foundations and thesis. Structural functionalism (T. Parsons), structural-interactionism (J. Midd),
exchange theory (G. Becker), the concept of children's center (P. Aries), ethnomethodology (A.
Schütz), psychoanalysis (Z. Freud). As well as the use of experimental - psychodrama and
sociometry (J. Moreno) in social science.
Chapter seven of the textbook discusses family sociology research sources, among which
are descriptions of the population, current registration of demographic cases, population register
and selective survey of population.
Each source is discussed separately, their essence, significance, the socio-economic
development of the country and the demographic situation in terms of different objectives.
Special place takes selective examinations, as for explaining social-demographic
processes analysis of actual statistical material is not enough. Examples of selection are based on
the random principle. The characterization of random selective system is represented. There is
shown absolute certainty of the method of selective survey.
Chapter 8 of the textbook discusses the sociological essence of the family as a social
institution, the way it changes during the period and the causing results of the factors and
consequences. The criteria of the efficiency of the family institute are analyzed.
Extensive discussion of the pre-industrial epoch's lifestyle has been based on five
fundamental signs - family economy, power of kinship connections, indivisible connections to
land, older generation priority and large family. These signs provided the strength of the epoch
between other institutions.
It is realized that development of capitalism caused basic changes in people’s lifestyle.
There are signs to differ the models of traditional and modern family. Familism values system
where duties take first place, family responsibilities, the values of children, according to the
"modernization" is becoming less solid, leaves the place for individualism, independence,
personal achievements, "Family-center Instead of the Triumph "system, the egocentrism
system", many large families gradually disappear, divorces are increased and the number of
marriages are decreased, forms of unregistered co-residence and the birth of children born
without registered marriages are also increased etc.
Chapter 9 of the textbook is dedicated to family socialization, the general socialization as
a basis for the formation of a disposition structure of social behavior of a person in the
family. Defining the essence of socialization is given in broad and narrow sense; Socialization
agents and children's socialization modalities, which are related to family type transformation
and stereotypes of poorly socialized children.
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There are different theories of socialization - Psychoanalysis (Freud), J. Piaget transition
theory from the egocentrism to relativism, as well as advances of J. Midd in identity theory.
Children’s rights are discussed in relation with family socialization. Elementary or
primary socialization and adult’s normative-fragmentary. Such an individual must take
responsibility for his/her own behavior.
Modern family cannot fully implement social competence in crisis situations. Disruption
of the family, its mediatorial role leaves the individual face to face to the state. Such a situation
reveals the role of family in the process of socialization.
Historical peculiarities of family socialization are discussed. The "modernization" factors
of economic development in the second half of the 20th century have led to a number of
protracted and negative trends that tell us about deep crisis of the family institution.
An important place in the textbook is dedicated to the family life cycle, and internal
affairs. It is crucial to distinguish the difference between sociological and psychological
approaches. Family sociology is focused on the family as a unified, total autonomous
formation, examines family life cycle change laws, reducing the length of the cycle regularities
nuclear family, the family of the societal changes the results, the formation of individualpsychological orientations.
Sociology of the family determines the social potential of large and nuclear family,
stability and unbalanced family potential of the whole life cycle, which is studied by different
criteria and directions, but the most accurate, is the consistency of the parent's stage.
In 1940 American Demographer Paul Glik, who was one of the first introducers of the
concept of family cycle. From this period the concept of "family life cycle" is used. It is also
worth mentioning the idea of living cycles in the study of peasants' families by Russian
sociologists (e.g. P. Sorokin).
In sociology of the family, family life cycle is studied on the basis of five family events
(marriage, the birth of the first and last grandchild, the death of spouse), which constitutes the
whole cycle of family life.
In the center of scientific interest are part of families where there are destructive
situations, separations, divorces, deaths, they change according to cycle stages and are
incomplete cycle of family life.
The most important lines of the family life cycle (complete and incomplete). The
statistical information allows family macro and micro-social study. At the same time, family
development ideology offers a new system of general national and regional levels for family
social dynamics, family and demographic policy.
Despite family life cycle, which mainly focuses on the future of family life, sociology of
the family pays attention to genealogical methods of research. Study of family genealogy within
instrumental and phenomenological approaches acquires the status of an independent direction in
sociology of the family, whose main task is to observe the duration of succession and existence
of family surnames with genealogical data.
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Another direction of family micro-sociological research is considered - interpersonal
relationships in the family.
The basis of the social approach of family relations is the identification of character
configurations, dynamics of changing structural changes, and the interaction of these structures
with personality. Quality of family roles, and the quality of separation from non-negotiable roles
- is the focus of the sociological institute.
Along with interpersonal interaction and interrelated relationships, family behavior is the
main component of sociology of the family. Family behavior involves all the specific
manifestations of social behavior that effects on matrimony, parenthood kinship. Each of them
implies negative development of events.
Behavioral interpretations of family life include the possibility of social-symbolic study
of family life. The structure of the disposable regulation of behavior includes the means of
measuring the behavior of the individual elements of the structure, along with the possibilities of
interpersonal interaction. That is to discuss the family behavior, not only the individual behavior,
but also the structure of family integrity and the results.
The systemic interpretation of family interaction, the convergence of the needs of spouses
is analyzed by the English sociologist R. By Whitfield submitted after the example of Maslow
pyramid.
Marital and divorce behaviors are discussed within dispositional regulation structure.
However, the attachment of marriage and divorce behavior factors not only regulates the
settlement of these factors, but it also provides successful functioning of the husband and wife as
a result of dispositive interaction.
In sociology of the family, socialization or parental behavior takes certain place to raise
children with socially competent personality.
Objectives that are facing family represent part of disposition. It is very difficult to
place all aspects of social behavior in one system of disposition, especially when it refers to
determine the value of family and children.
The concept of dispositional regulation of social behavior is based on A. Antonov’s study
of individual self-motivation behavior, researching self-motivating needs. Individual selfmotivation requirements, as part of the general hierarchy of needs, are discussed by A.
Maslow According to the Dynamic Concept.
Another type of family behavior is also discussed such as sexual behavior - the behavior
and relationship system that regulates sexual desire, sexual satisfaction. Sexual behavior involves
physiological, psychological and socio-cultural processes.
Explanations and contents of the "sexual role", "sex culture", "and sexual scrips" are
given. Sexual script is part of system of disposition that is familiarized by individual and has
become part of it, and therefore drives his sexual behavior from "inside" (U. Simon, J.
Gannon). Types of Sexual Values System: Legality, situational ethics, hedonism, ascetics and
rationalism. In modern society, sexual behavior is discussed as main trends and regularities.
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To explain reproductive behaviors A. Antonov used V. Iadov’s approach dispositional
regulation of social behavior of the person whereas G. Tsuladze used approaches based on D.
Uznadze's theory of moods psychology.
The distinction between Antonov's Tsuladze’s reproductive theories is that reproductive
behavior is a behavior related to the production of offspring; it includes such patterns as the
establishment of mating systems, courtship, sexual behavior, parturition, and the care of young
whereas with Antonov’s approach, the system disposition represent the main psychological
mechanism for behavior regulation and is determined by the satisfaction of the child's needs. The
general side of these theories is the aspect that the fertility change is mainly caused by the need
for children.
The review of reproductive behavior indicators are also very crucial, in particular
revealing indicators of reproductive behavior. Reproductive health issues are closely related to
family planning aspects.
There is a separate paragraph for the violence in the family as a debating behavior.
Violence in the family is considered a violation by a family member, violation of constitutional
rights or freedom, psychological, economic and sexual abuse, suicide by a family member or an
attempt to commit suicide.
Types of Domestic Violence - physical, economic, psychological, sexual are considered
three categories of victims of violence - women, children and older people. The causes of
domestic violence are analyzed, the cyclical nature of violence, its development stages and
phases.
The last chapter of the textbook is dedicated to family policy. The essence of family
policy is different from other areas of social life. It is highlighted that family policy should be the
most common way to maintain the family rules of life and to avoid hindering trends. This
approach leads to the needs of family policy which would control the process of family
disorganization, family and child-rearing functions which aimed at preventing family and
community relationships in order not to weaken the role of the individual in the family.
The basic principles of family policy are discussed: 1) family sovereignty; 2) freedom of
choice; 3) Public Agreement; 4) Unity and social participation in the goals of federal and
regional policy.
It is emphasized that the strategic goal of family policy should be to strengthen the family
as a social institution.
There are a number of views on prospective policy: Zimmermann, Gunnar and Alva
Myrdal, A. Carlson and others. The "Swedish Socialism" and the former Soviet Union approach
to family policy and the results of these approaches are set out. There are also represented home
policy programs of Neoconservatives, Republicans and Democrats.
Theoretical-methodological demands for family policy development are submitted after
the example of Georgia, as in the post-Communist country of the transition phase, almost all
kinds of problems are related to each other and the new issues of family policy are subject to new
concerns.
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Identification and analysis of key factors affecting family development should be based
on the general goal and priority of family policy.
In conclusion family policy developed at the scientific level, is a unified system of
complex, legal, socio-economic, cultural and other measures to support independent
management of the functions of the family.
Systemic approach to family policy allows implementing state programs macro, mezzo
and micro level simultaneously, in particular, socio-economic, cultural and other directions. In
addition, the strategic development program of each of them should be developed based on the
goal of individual priority of family policy.
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